NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY APPROACH IN THE TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE

DISEASES

Presented by:G.swetha M.pharmacy

CONTENTS

Definition of autoimmune diseasesTypes of autoimmune diseasesNovel drug delivery approach in the treatment of

rheumatoid arthritisNovel drug delivery approach in the treatment of

PsoriasisConclusionReferences

Definition of autoimmune diseases:

This definition includes a variety of diseases which can be

described by irregular functioning of immune system that causes an

individuals immune system to generate antibodies which attack their own

body tissues.

Types of autoimmune diseases:

Rheumatoid arthrits

Psoriasis

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Multiple sclerosis

Rheumatoid arthritis:

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown

etiology,characterized by joint synovial inflammation and progresssive

cartilage and bone destruction resulting in graduall immobility.

Drugs used for rheumatoid arthritis: First line agents:Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and

corticosteroids used as first line agents.

Examples:Ibuprofen,Diclofenac

Second line agents:disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs are used as

second line agents.

Example:sulfasalazine,methotrxate,d-pencillamine.

Side effects assosciated by NSAIDS:

NSAIDS which act by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and the formation

of prostaglandins,are known to cause GI toxicity leading to peptic

ulcers,renal toxicity. Corticosteroids include side effects like thinning

of bones,high blood pressure.

The currently available dosage forms of NSAIDS and steroids like

tablet,capsules are not able to prevent above mentioned adverse

effects of these drugs,therefore a high and frequent dosing is

necessary to achieve an effective concentration of drug at inflamed

target sites Novel drug system came into picture.

Drug targetting approach: Most of the current therapies for RA do not achieve target

specificity an to reach effective drug concentrations in affected joint

tissues,high dose of drug must be administered, which may leads to

side effects.reduction in drug doses may exhibit lesser toxicity but

may lead to decreased therapeutic efficacy.

To overcome this problem various approches had been made.in RA

some circumstances known to acyivate cellular immune

response .An increased presence of macrophages in the inflammed

area.Nano scaled drug carriers improve delivery of drug to site of

action called as drug targetting.

Novel drug caarier system for arthritis:

Liposomes:

These are spherical vesicles made of phospholipid bilayer

comparable to mammalian cell membrane.

Diclofenac sodium loaded liposomes preparation:

These liposomes were prepared by thin film hydration technique

using soya lecithin, cholestrol followed by sonication and then

incorporation into 1%carbapol gel.The particle size,entrapment

efficiencyof liposomes were found to be 230nm,62%

Niosomes: Niosomes are vesicles of microscopic lamellar structures formed by

admixture of nonionic surfactant of alkyl group, cholestrol and

nonionic surfactant.

Celcoxib niosomal preparation: Celcoxib proniosomes are prepared by using surfactant(span40,

span60),alcohol(ethanol,isopropyl alcohol) celcoxib of 100mg

solution in ratio of 5:5:4W/W/W.the gel formulation was made using

hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.The entrapment efficiency found to

be 93.8%

Drugs Delivery approaches

Polymers/lipids Results

Diclofenac LiposomesMicrocapsules

Cetyl alcholCellulose acetate pthalate

Enhance skin delivery.Better efficacy.High drug loading.

Ibuprofen NanosuspensionsMicroemulsions cholesteryl

Decrease side effects.Good stability.

Methotrxate Microspheres Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose pthalate

Better targeting.

Prednisolone LiposomesNanoparticles

Mannitol,cholestrol,lecithin

Better targeting.Prolonged release

Psoriasis:

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder marked by periodic flare-ups of sharply

defined red patches covered by flaky surface.

Drugs used for Psoriasis:

The drugs which are used in treatment of Psoriasis are Dithranol,

Tretinoin,calcipotriol, tacalcitol,coal tar,otezla.

Side effects associated with these drugs:

The currently available these drugs which cause side effects like Scaling,burning,

stinging,local irritation.,nausea,headache.

To overcome these side effects which are associated with these drugs

topicaaldelivery vehicle which has been designed to attain desirable attributes in

an Psoriatic skin.

Drug targetting approach: Several topical therapeutic agents available for the treatment of

Psoriasis.Nevethless none of them can be regarded as an ideal drug

molecule.This may either due to inherent side effects or their

incorporation in conventional vehicles.

To overcome these side effects scientists develop the carrier based

technology can modify the physicochemical properties of drug and

helps to decrease the side effects assosciated with particular

moieties.

Novel drug carriers used in Psoriasis:

Liposomes:

These are spherical vesicles made of phospholipid bilayer

comparable to mammalian cell membrane.The use of liposomes as

drug carriers seems to be promising, exhibiting therapeutic

prospects with a reduction of side effects.

Solid lipid nanoparticles:

Tretinoin isotretinoin encapsulated in SLNs showed higher uptake

and enhanced skin targeting effect with good stability.

Microemulsions:

These are dispersion systems involving oil and water stabilized by

surfactant.

Methotrexate which were prepared as microemulsions they showed

better drug delivery.

Also developed chitosan coated methoxsalen microemulsion

providing controlled release and transdermal flux of drug across

skin

drug Delivery approach

Polymers /lipids

results

Tretinoin Liposomes Cetyl alcohol Increase stability of drug.

MethotrexateMicroemulsion

surfactants Greater stability.Enhaced drug uptake,provides photostability.

Cyclosporin Microemulsion surfactants Increase stability.

CONCLUSION: Autoimmune diseases which are chronic diseases not well treated

by an conventional dosage forms assosciated with many side

effects.so novel drug delivery approach came into picture to target

the specific site only and simultaneously to decrease the side

effects.

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