S lid WasteManagement

LGU : Local Government UnitIC : Information CampaignSWM : Solid Waste Management

Definition of Terms

Solid or semi-solid material - which are non soluble in nature.

In Simple Words  Solid wastes are any discarded (abandoned or considered waste-like) materials. Solid wastes can be solid, liquid, semi-solid or containerized gaseous material.

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What is Solid Waste?

Waste was mainly composed of:

• ash from fires• wood• bones• vegetable waste

Ancient History

Households or Municipal Wasteincludes food,

paper, cardboard, plastic, textiles, leather, glass, metal, ashes, electronics waste etc.

Source of Waste

Business and Industrial Wasteincludes toxic

chemicals, oil, debris from construction site, packaging waste, ashes etc.

Agriculture Wasteincludes

pesticides, crops, water coming from the fields also consists of small amount of toxic chemicals.

Biomedical Waste or Hospital Wastemedicine

bottles, expired medicines, syringes, medical instruments such as scissors, blades etc.

Nuclear Wasteincludes

radioactive substances coming from reactors, fuel (uranium, thorium, plutonium etc). Its highly dangerous and requires proper disposal.

Hazardous Waste

includes toxic chemical, acids, corrosive, ignitable and reactive materials, gases etc.

Hotel Wasteincludes left

over food, empty bottles, and different kinds of trash

Bio-degradablecan be degraded (food,

fruits and others)

Non-Biodegradablecannot be degraded

(plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, containers and others)

Classif ication of Waste According to their Properties

Solid Waste Composition

• Affects our socio-economic conditions• Affects our climate• Affects our coastal and marine environment• Affects our health

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Impact of Waste to the society I f no t m anage d p r ope r l y

Envir nmental LawsIn the Ph i l ipp ines

• This law aims for the reduction of solid waste through source reduction and waste minimization measures, treatment and disposal of solid waste in accordance with ecologically sustainable development principles.

Ecological Solid Waste Management) Act of 2000 (RA 9003)

The 3R’s

• The said act gives strong emphasis on the role of municipal and local government units (LGUs) providing for the creation of Solid Waste Management Communities up to the barangay level. This requires the participation of nongovernment offices, people’s organizations, church leaders, schools, businesses and community organizations.

Provision of RA 9003

• Effective September 5, 1938

• Prohibits the dumping into rivers of refuse waste matter or substance of any kind.

• Punishment of imprisonment of not more than six months or by a fine of not more than P200 or both.

Commonwealth Act No. 383 Ant i -dumping Law

• Effective November 7, 1975• Penalizes improper disposal of garbage and

other forms of being dirty. • Violators may be imprisoned for not less

than five days or more than a year or pay a fine or not less that P100 or more than P2,000 or both.

Presidential Decree 825

• Effective 1991

• Mandates local government units to exercise powers, functions and responsibilities in providing basic services and facilities related to general hygiene, sanitation, beautification and solid waste collection, transport and disposal.

Republic Act 7160(Loc a l G ove r nm e nt Code )

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SOLID WASTE

Meth ds fDisposal

Solid WasteManagement Hierarchy

These are the following methods for disposal of the solid waste.

• LAND FILLS• INCINERATION• BIOLOGICAL REPROCESSING• RECYCLING• OCEAN DUMPING• PLASMA GASIFICATION

Methods of Disposal

LAND FILL It is the most traditional method of waste

disposal. Waste is directly dumped into disused

quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. Disposed waste is compacted and covered

with soil to prevent vermin and wind-blown litter.

Methods of Disposal

Advantages:• Landfill site is a cheap

waste disposal option for the local council.

• Jobs will be created for local people.

• Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of by landfill in comparison to other waste disposal methods.

• The gases given off by the landfill site could be collected and used for generating power.

Disadvantages:• Dangerous gases are given

off from landfill sites that cause local air pollution and contribute to global warming.

• Local streams could become polluted with toxins seeping through the ground from the landfill site.

• Once the site has been filled it might not be able to be used for redevelopment as it might be too polluted.

Methods of Disposal

Land Required for Disposal of MSW

Emission of Methane from Land Fill

Methods of Disposal

OCEAN DUMPING Ocean dumping is the dumping or placing

of materials in the ocean, often on the continental shelf.

A wide range of materials is involved, including garbage, construction and demolition debris, sewage sludge, dredge material, waste chemicals, and nuclear waste.

Sometime hazardous and nuclear waste are also disposed but these are highly dangerous for aquatic life and human life also.

Methods of Disposal

Advantages:• Convenient • Inexpensive • Source of nutrients for

fishes and marine mammals.

• Vast amount of space is available.

• All type of wastes are disposed

Disadvantages:• There are three main direct

public health risks from ocean dumping: (1) occupational accidents,

injuries, and exposures (2) exposure of the public

to hazardous or toxic materials washed up on beach sand.

(3) human consumption of marine organisms that have been contaminated by ocean disposal

• Highly dangerous for aquatic life.

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING Materials such as plants, food scraps, and

paper products can be decomposed into the organic matter.

The organic matter that is produced from this type of recycling can then be used for such things as landscaping purpose or agricultural uses.

Usually this method of recycling is done by putting the materials in a container and let to stay there until it decomposes.

Methods of Disposal

RECYCLING PROCESS• COLLECTION: The first step required for

recycling is collecting recyclable materials from communities. Today many major cities and larger communities offer a curbside pick up service for recyclable materials.

• SORTING: The second step involves processing the recyclable materials. This includes sorting the materials into groups, cleaning them and getting them ready to be sold to manufacturers who will turn the materials into new products.

Methods of Disposal

RECYCLING PROCESS

• MANUFACTURING: It is the third step in the recycling process. The collected material is sent to industries those convert them into new products.

• PURCHASING: The last step involves the purchasing of recycled products. When consumers purchase products that have been made with post consumer material the recycling process has been completed and then can be repeated.

RECYCLING SAVING

MATERIAL ENERGY SAVINGALUMINIUM 95%CARDBOARD 24%GLASS 5-30% (100Liters of Oil)PAPER 50%PLASTIC 70%STEEL 60%

Advantages:• Reduction of air and water

pollution.• Reduction in the release of

harmful chemicals and greenhouse gases from rubbish.

• Saves space required as Waste Disposal Landfill.

• Reduce financial expenditure in the economy.

• Helps in conserving a lot of energy resources like petroleum and coal deposits.

Disadvantages:• Recycling is not a solution

to managing every kind of waste material

• For many items recycling technologies are unavailable or unsafe

• In some cases, cost of recycling is too high.

INCINERATION Incineration is a waste treatment process

that involves the combustion of solid waste at 1000C.

The first incinerators for waste disposal were built in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. in 1874 to a design patented by Albert Fryer.They were originally known as destructors

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Methods of Disposal

waste materials are converted into ash, flue gas, and heat.

The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and gases due to organic waste.

the heat generated by incineration is used to generate electric power

Advantages:• Minimum of land is needed

compared to other disposal methods.

• The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the initial value.

• No risk of polluting local streams and ground waters as in landfills.

• Incineration plants can be located close to residential areas.

• Gases are used to generate power.

Disadvantages:• Expensive • Required skilled labor.• The chemicals that would

be released into the air could be strong pollutants and may destroy ozone layer (major disadvantage).

• high energy requirement

•  Chimneys and tiled stoves in private households alone discharge approximately 20 times more dioxin into the environment than incineration plants.

• According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the combustion percentages of the total dioxin and furan inventory from all known and estimated sources in the U.S. (not only incineration) for each type of incineration are as follows: 35.1% backyard barrels; 26.6% medical waste; 6.3% municipal wastewater treatment sludge; 5.9% municipal waste combustion; 2.9% industrial wood combustion. Thus, the controlled combustion of waste accounted for 41.7% of the total dioxin inventory.

INCINERATION PLANT OBERHAUSEN, GERMANY

Plasma gasification is a new garbage disposal solution using plasma technology.

Uses electrical energy and the high temperatures (4000°C to over 7000°C) created by an plasma torches.

Almost completely breaks down the waste into syngas which are used to generate electricity.

The remaining material (slag) is used to produced material for building projects.

Methods of DisposalPlasma Gasification

Plasma gasification is a new garbage disposal solution using plasma technology.

Uses electrical energy and the high temperatures (4000°C to over 7000°C) created by an plasma torches.

Almost completely breaks down the waste into syngas which are used to generate electricity.

The remaining material (slag) is used to produced material for building projects.

Methods of DisposalPlasma Gasification

WHAT IS PLASMA? Fourth state of matter. It is an ionized gas at high

temperature, capable of conducting current due to free electrons.

Created by applying an electric arc to a low- pressure gas.

Consists of a tungsten rod (cathode) and a water-cooled copper (anode).

Shaped in the form of a nozzle Gas is introduced in the

electrode gap and a dc arc is established between the electrodes to create plasma.

PLASMA TORCHES

HOW PLASMA GASIFIRE WORKS

S l i d Wa s t e M a n a g e m e n tIn the Ph i l ipp ines

Example of

Topic :“Experience Implementation of

Solid Waste”

Location: San Francisco, Cebu City

PH ILI PPI NESOv er v i e wThe accumulation of waste has been a constant problem in the Philippines due to following:

Over-increasing Population

that contributes to the increase in solid waste generation

Urbanization & Economic Growth

The garbage of the municipality for the past 10 years become a major problem which:

oAlmost 45 thousand people produced around 12 tons of garbage per day.

oGarbage are left to streets, vacant lot, which become breeding places for flies and other insects that spread communicable diseases.

oSome are thrown in drainage and canals which block the sewerage system that cause floods even with minimal rainfall.

o Some are burned resulting in air pollution.

San Francisco , Cebu City10 Ye ar s Ago

The LGU of the municipality of San Francisco, lead by their mayor, successfully enacted all the policies, objectives, guiding principles of municipal ordinance based on the “R.A.9003”. It also consider and modifies the system to better suit the needs and resources of the community.

1. They created Solid Waste Management Office with competent personnel

2. Create a clear structure to run the Office3. Allocate Budget Annually for Equipments

and other Programs

Solution to the Problem

Solution to the ProblemCREATE A CLEAR STRUCTUREFOR OPERATION 17 garbage crew

including drivers 2 persons assigned to

the shredder machine for bio-waste

1 person assigned for shredder machine of residual waste

2 persons assigned for MRF gardening

1 person assigned for vermi composting

2 persons assigned for recycle hollow block making & bricks making

1 person assigned for pillow making

Solution to the Problem

PROVIDE LOGISTIC IN OPERATION 1 Compactor Truck 3 Open Dump Truck 1 Shredder for Bio

Waste 1 Shredder for Residual

Waste

1 Pay loader 1 back hoe 10 bicycle 13 portable handheld

radio transceiver

OperationsInformat ion Campaign

Conduct information drive at School and Universities to Educate Students of different

AgesConducted IC in schools pertainingto the proper segregation of solidwaste in school

Orientation about proper solid waste management at Cebu Technological University

Educate People fron Local Government Employee down to Purok Level

Conducted IC in Barangays about the implementation of the municipal comprehensive solid waste managementordinance.

Create a BARANGAY ECOLOGICAL SWM TEAM to helpand spread the campaign

Educate Business Sectors & conduct House to House Campaign

Distributed flyers, leaflets, to vendors at the municipal public market to insure that garbage will be properly segregated

Distribution of leaflets, flyers at houses on regarding the proper segregations of garbage generated in households.

Conduct Orientations and Putting up SignagesConduct orientation of the violators atbarangays. The said violator are subject to render a community service at the area.

Putting up Solid Waste Management Signage's

Color Coded Trash Bin and Orientation for SWM Enforcers

Green–for biodegradable wastesYellow–for residuals/special wasteBlue–for recyclable/reusable waste

A 3- day orientation seminar fro SWM Enforcers regarding the implementation of SWM Ordinance of the municipality

Operations Information Campaign

Impact Increase awareness Increase attendance in

coastal cleanup activities and purok street cleaning

More support gathered in tree growing activities

People have learned proper disposal of solid waste and initiated to clean up their surroundings.

Litter cans can now be seen in barangay MRF.

Change in attitude : Most households makes

segregation as a daily routine their lessening the workload of the garbage collectors. And to the solid waste management team during their house to house monitoring

90% of residents have stopped burning their garbage because of the intensive campaign.

Material Recovery Facil it iesMRF Garbage Operat ion Flow Chart

The garbage collection trucks at the material recovery facility, were ready for the collection in any routing schedule at the barangay’s but a condition of “No Segregation No Collection is the policy” is implemented

The SWM enforcer checked the garbage in the household one hour before arrival of the garbage truck to insurethe solid wastes are properly segregated

Material Recovery Faci l i t iesCol lect ion Management

• When the garbage truck arrived at the MRF, all residual waste, recyclables and special wastes, weighed and recorded for Documentation purposes

Material Recovery Facil it iesRec od i ng Pu rp ose s

Composition of Solid Waste

Biodegradable : 2449.02kg/dayRecyclable : 251.05kg/dayResiduals : 1210.10kg/daySpecial Waste : 52.93kg/day

Total = 4,105.11 kg/day

Material Recovery Facil it iesRec od i ng Pu rp ose s

Plastic shredder

Pillow making shredded plastic cellophane as raw materials inside.

Shredder machine for plastic cellophane 2Hp engine that can shred about 50 kls a day

Hollow block with mixing shredded Plastic cellophane

Bio-Shredder

Bio-shredder machine can shred of about 4 cubic meter bio waste per day

Still Matting Composting Facility

Vermi Coposting Facility

Windraw Composting Facility

Ecological Garden

Use old/used tires as base where we can plant lemon trees and at the same time lessen the risk of dengue victims where mostly used tires is mosquito’s favorite breeding area.

Vegetable & Medicinal Garden

HOW DOES A MRF WORK?

“Solid waste” is hazardous to health so it has to be handled carefully

and disposed properly in order to protect our health and to maintain good environment.

Sol id Waste Management

Summary

PREPARED BY:Leajo RenalesRedem CariñoLeeyen Malic

Ryan Dela Cruz