Social cognitive theory by albert bandura

Social Cognitive Theory

By Albert Bandura

CONTENTS

• Biographical Background

• An Agentic Perspective

• Learning through Observation

• Aggression and Inhumane Behavior

• Moral Disengagement and Self-Efficacy

Biographical Background of Albert Bandura

Biographical Background

• Born on December 4, 1925 in Mundare, Alberta, Canada

• Youngest and only boy of the six children

• Bandura graduated in 1949 from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver

• Became a clinical intern at the Wichita (Kansas) Guidance Center


• Accepted a position at Stanford University

• Became a full professor in 1964 and in 1974, he was awarded an endowed chair

• At Stanford, He began field studies on social learning of aggression particularly considering the role of modelling


• He focused on Observational

Learning

• He was elected president of the

APA in 1973

• Received a Gold medal Award

for Life Achievement in the

science of Psychology in 2006

An Agentic Perspective


• An Agentic Perspective emerges on Bandura’s Socio Cognitive view of

personality

• He viewed people as AGENTS, or originators of experience.

• Bandura conceived HUMAN AGENCY as the ability to act and make

things happen


Human Agency entails intentionality which enables us to behave purposefully

FORETHOUGHT: permit us to anticipate outcomes

• Example:when a person is deciding,

that person has his options . With each options he has to anticipate outcomes in order for that person decides depending on what might comes out after.



SELF REACTIVENESS: allows us to motivate and regulate

actions.

• Example:

Drinking on a beer house gives a person pleasure and it will give that person the motivation to drink yet he will regulate his actions in order for him to get away from self-censured stuff.



SELF REFLECTIVENESS: gives us the ability to reflect on our

thoughts and behavior and make changes as needed.

• Example:

Back to the deciding situation, when a person chooses one of his options and everything went wrong, that person will reflect and will make changes for the better.

Learning through Observation

Learning through ObservationThe Bobo Doll

• In a famous and influential experiment known as the Bobodoll experiment, Albert Bandura and his colleagues were able to demonstrate one of the ways in which children learn aggression.

• The experiment involved exposing children to two different adult models; an aggressive model and a non-aggressive one.


• After witnessing the adult's behavior, the children would then be placed in a room without the model and were observed to see if they would imitate the behavior they had witnessed earlier.

• Bandura and his colleagues believed that the experiment demonstrates how specific behaviors can be learned through observation and imitation.


• In a follow-up study conducted in 1965, Bandura found that children were more likely to imitate aggressive behavior if the adult model was rewarded for his or her actions

• They were far less likely to imitate if they saw the adult model being punished or reprimanded for their hostile behavior.


• Several studies involving television commercials and videos containing violent scenes have supported this theory of modeling.

• Albert Bandura believed television was a source of behavior modeling.

Learning through Observation

Observational Learning

• In his early writing, Bandura emphasizes the power and pervasiveness of social modeling and the process of learning through observation

• Bandura suggests that observational learning occurs either intentionally or accidentally

• Observational Learning is done through imitation or modeling

Learning through ObservationDifference of Imitation and Modeling

Individuals observe and just copy the action.

Example:

Drawing or painting objects by just copying a subject

Imitation

Learning through ObservationDifference of Imitation and Modeling

Individuals observe specific models.

Observers sometimes are able to solve problems correctly even after the model fails to solve the same problem.

Observers draw similar conclusions from different responses and create rules of behavior that permit them to go beyond what they have seen or heard.

Modeling

Example:

Drawing or painting objects by using the object only as a pattern. The individual could just copy or change some of the patterns to the art piece.

Learning through ObservationFactors that Influence Modeling

o Characteristics of the Model

• We are more likely to be influenced by someone who we believe is similar to ourselves rather than by someone who is different.

• According to research, people who are physically attractive influence more people.

o Attributes of the Observer

• People who are lacking in self-esteem or who are incompetent are especially prone to follow the structure and style of the model.

• A highly motivated individual will also emulate a model in order to master a desired behavior.

Learning through ObservationFactors that Influence Modeling

• Participants are more likely to emulate a behavior if they believe that such actions will lead to positive short- or long-term results.

o Reward consequences associated with the

behavior

Learning through ObservationProcess of Observational Learning

• In order for learning to take place, you need to pay attention.

• Models should be noticeable enough for the observer to focus on learning a specific task

Attentional Process

• The ability to store information or remember it.

• It can be through verbal or imaginal

• Verbal- remembering the words itself

• Imaginal- developing a visual image

Retention Process


Once we “know” how a behavior should look and remember the elements or steps, we still may not perform it smoothly.

In the production phase, practice makes the behavior smoother and more expert.

Motor Production Process

• We may acquire a new skill or behavior through observation, but we may not perform that behavior until there is some motivation or incentive to do so.

Motivational Process


Example: Driving a Car

• Pay

Attention

Attentional

Process

• Remember the

right

buttons/pedals

Retention

Process

• Practice

driving on

your own

Motor Production

Process

• Arrive

school in

time

Motivational

Process

Learning through ObservationReinforcement in Observational Learning

• Being rewarded with objects and stuff

Example:

Winning a competition and being rewarded with a medal.

Extrinsic Reinforcement

• Being rewarded by the feedback or the outcome of the behavior done.

Example:

Playing a difficult piece of music well leads to feeling of accomplishment.

*self-satisfaction

Intrinsic Reinforcement


• is learning by observing others.

• if people can learn by watching, they must be focusing their attention, constructing images, remembering, analyzing, and making decisions that affect learning.

Vicarious ReinforcementExample:

A child who sees a sibling being spanked for a misdemeanour quickly learns not to do the same thing.


• controlling your own reinforces.

• This reinforcement is important for both students and teachers.

• We want our students to improve not because it leads to external rewards, but because the students value and enjoy their growing competence.

Self-Reinforcement

Example:

One runner might be satisfied by completing a mile in five minutes; another would want to finish it in less time

Aggression and Inhumane Behavior


Defined as the physical or verbal behavior that tends to cause harm .

2 Kinds of Aggression

Hostile – driven by anger

Instrumental – means to some other end Ex .Self-defense

Aggression


Albert Bandura believes that everyday life exposes us to aggressive models.

Aggression

Family• aggressive children have parents who discplined them by

screaming , slapping and beating

Culture

• by experience or by observing others . Aggression are

motivated by variety of Aversive Experiences (pain

,frustration and insults)

• Examples : Aggressiveness of African-Amercans when they

are called Negro .

Mass Media

• violent scenes

• Examples: Bandura's experiment on the children's

behavior after watching aggressive film , movie and

cartoon . Wrestling as entertainment


Defined as the unkind , cruel and barbaric behavior .

Causes of Inhumane Behavior

Too much exposure to violence .

Inappropriate or less reinforcement .

Inhumane Behavior


Multiple Effects of Violence

Overwhelming of the nervous system

Aggressive style behavior

Desensitization or habituation of viewers to violence(emotional numb )

Shaping the image of reality (distorted)

For Albert Bandura there are Multiple Effects of viewing/watching violence .

Moral Disengagement and Self-Efficacy


Moral Disengagement is defined as the process of convincing the self that ethical standards do not apply to one self in a particular context , by separating moral reactions from inhumane conduct by disabling the mechanism of self-condemnation .

Supports destructive behavior by reducing pro-social feeling prior self-censure and encouraging cognitive and emotional reactions .


Social Cognitive Theory bases moral agency in a self-regulatory system in which one controls one's behavior by monitoring and evaluating in terms of internal standards and situational circumstances .

ExternalSanctions(Reinforcer)

Child (adopted moral standards from parents/infuences)

Older We are developing our own moral standards and self-regulation .

Self-Sanctions

Accept behavior Reject Behavior



Self-Efficacy is defined as the people's belief that they can successfully perform behaviors that will produce desired effects .

Cental mechanism of self-regulation .

Govern our thoughts , motivations, and actions.

Sucessful Work

Skill Self-Efficacy


Mastery of Experience and Hard-won achievements alter our beliefs through comparison with others and from social influences , as well from physical and emotional states .

Self-efficacy can be change . Different periods of life create different challenge that can alter our development of agency and self-efficacy beliefs .

Efficacy beliefs structure the ways we select , construct and manage our environment and adapt to changing social conditions .


Collective Self-Efficacy refers to a group's shared belief in the ability to organize and carry out actions that lead to fulfillment of a certain group goals .

Effects of Self-Efficacy

Academic confidence and success

Vocational choices , educational preparation and levels of accomplishments

Modifies the biological systems of the body involved in health and disease by contolling our behavior and environment .

Essence of Social Cognitive Theory

The social influences shaped our behavior.

Humans are product of learning .

Emotional arousal stemming from aversive experiences motivates aggression ,

Observational models may strengthen or weaken every existing response .

THANK YOU

Social Cognitive Theory

By Albert Bandura

Prepared By:

Brillo, Nicole

Dalida, Mc Frederick

Dela Cruz, Ma. Nancy

II-10 BS-Psychology

Education

Social cognitive theory by albert bandura