Schmalleger ch04 lecture

Criminal JusticeCriminal JusticeA Brief IntroductionA Brief Introduction

CHAPTER

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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger

ELEVENTH EDITION

Policing: Purpose and Organization

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The Police MissionThe Police Mission

• Enforcing the law Majority of time is spent answering

nonemergency public service calls. Only about 10% to 20% of all calls

involve situations that actually require a law enforcement response.

Police cannot enforce all laws.

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• Apprehending offenders Many offenders are only caught as the

result of extensive police work involving investigation.





• Preventing crime Anticipating, recognizing, and appraising

a crime risk and the initiation of action to eliminate or reduce it

Techniques and programs Prevention programs are organized

efforts that focus resources on reducing a specific form of criminal threat.





• Predicting crime CompStat• A crime-analysis and police-management

process built on crime-mapping that was developed by the NYPD in the mid-1990s





• CompStat process First, information from 911 calls and

officer reports is collected and analyzed. This information is then mapped using

special software developed for the purpose.

The resulting map sequences, generated over time, reveal the time and place of crime patterns and identify hot spots of ongoing criminal activity.





• Preserving the peace Focus on quality-of-life offenses as

crime-reduction and peacekeeping strategy• A minor violation of the law that

demoralizes community residents and businesspeople• Involve acts that create physical disorder

or that reflect social decay





• Preserving the peace Restore a sense of order, reduce the

fear of crime, and lessen the number of serious crimes that occur

Broken windows model of policing





• Providing services Calls received by 911 operators are

prioritized and then relayed to patrol officers, specialized field units, or other emergency personnel



American Policing Today: From the American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local LevelFederal to Local Level

• Federal agencies Law enforcement officers authorized to

perform any of the following:• Conduct criminal investigations• Execute search warrants• Make arrests





• Background of the FBI Began in 1908 as the Bureau of

Investigation. 13,000 special agents assigned to 56

field offices and 400 satellite offices Operates the Combined DNA Index

System (CODIS)





• State Agencies Centralized model The tasks of major criminal

investigations are combined with the patrol of state highways.





• State Agencies Centralized state police agencies

generally:• Assist local law enforcement in

investigations.• Operate a centralized identification

bureau.• Maintain a centralized criminal records

repository.





• Decentralized model Draws clear distinction between traffic

enforcement on state highways and other state level law enforcement functions by creating at least two separate agencies

Usually have a number of other adjunct state-level law enforcement agencies





• Local agencies Majority of agencies employ fewer than

ten full-time officers. Sheriffs are the elected chief officer of a

county law enforcement agency.





• Fusion Centers New concept in policing A multiagency law enforcement facility

designed to enhance cooperative efforts through a coordinated process for collecting, sharing, and analyzing information in order to develop actionable intelligence





• Private Protective Services Independent or proprietary commercial

organizations that provide protective services to employers on a contractual basis





• International Police Agencies International Criminal Police

Organization (Interpol)• International law enforcement

organization that began operations in 1946• 182 member nations today





• European Police Office (Europol) Integrated police intelligence-gathering

and information dissemination arm of the member nations of the European Union• Maastricht Treaty, 1992• Started limited operation in 1994• Works with Interpol on international

terrorism, drug trafficking, and human trafficking



Police AdministrationPolice Administration

• Police management The administrative activities of

controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities





• Organizations with line operations only Authority flows from top down. All line operations are involved in

providing field services.

• Staff operations Include support roles such as

administration





• Chain of Command The unbroken line of authority that

extends through all levels of an organization, from the highest to the lowest

• Unity of Command Every individual officer has only one

supervisor.





• Span of Control The number of police personnel or the

number of units supervised by a particular officer



Historical Developments in Historical Developments in American PolicingAmerican Policing

• The Political Era 1840s-1930 Close ties between police and public

officials. Police tended to serve the interests of

powerful politicians and their cronies.

• The Reform Era 1930-1970s Pride in professional crime-fighting.

Focused most of the resources on solving "traditional" crimes





• The Community Policing Era 1970s-Today Continues to characterize much of

contemporary policing today. Stresses the service role of police

officers and envisions a partnership between the police agencies and their communities





• The New Era 2001-Today Made its appearance only recently and

is still evolving.





• The Legalistic Style of Policing Enforce the letter of the law Hands-off approach to behaviors that

are simply bothersome Characteristic of the reform era





• The Watchman Style of Policing Primarily concerned with order

maintenance Control illegal and disruptive behavior Characteristic of the political era





• The Service Style of Policing Meet the needs of the community Police see themselves more as helpers

than as soldiers in a "war on crime". Common today



Police-Community Relations (PCR)Police-Community Relations (PCR)

• An area of police activity that recognizes the need for the community and the police to work together effectively

• Based on the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve




Police-Community Relations (PCR)Police-Community Relations (PCR)

• Represents a movement away from an exclusive police emphasis on the apprehension of law violators and increasing the level of positive police-citizen interaction




Police-Community RelationsPolice-Community Relations

• Team policing The reorganization of conventional

patrol strategies into "an integrated and versatile police team assigned to a fixed district"• Was experimented with during the 1960s

and 1970s• Officers given considerable authority in

processing complaints, from receipt through resolution





• Team policing The reorganization of conventional

patrol strategies into "an integrated and versatile police team assigned to a fixed district"• A technique to deliver total police

services to a neighborhood





• Strategic policing Something of a holdover from the

reform era Emphasizes increased capacity to deal

with crimes that are not well controlled by other methods

Makes use of innovative enforcement techniques





• Problem-solving policing Crimes are caused by existing social

conditions. Makes use of community resources Attempts to involve citizens in crime

prevention through education, negotiation, and conflict management





• Community policing A philosophy that promotes

organizational strategies which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques

Goes beyond strategic policing and problem-solving policing

Community policing is a two-way street.





• Community policing involves at least one of four elements:1. Community-based crime prevention2. Reorientation of patrol activities to

emphasize the importance of nonemergency services





• Community policing involves at least one of four elements:3. Increased police accountability to the

public4. Decentralization of command,

including greater use of civilians at all levels of police decision-making





• Purposes of the Community Policing Act of 1994 Substantially increase the number of

officers interacting with the public Provide additional and more effective

training to enhance problem-solving skills





• Purposes of the Community Policing Act of 1994 Encourage innovative programs to

permit community members to assist law enforcement

Encourage new technologies to assist law enforcement in preventing crime





• Critique of community policing Difficult to determine effectiveness and

citizen satisfaction with the program Not all police officers or managers are

willing to accept non-traditional images of police work.

Efforts to promote community policing can demoralize the department



Evidence-Based PolicingEvidence-Based Policing

• Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) A now-defunct federal agency

established under Title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 to funnel federal funding to state and local law enforcement agencies





• Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) Research-rich years of 1969 to 1982 Established a tradition of program

evaluation within police-management circles





• Scientific police management The application of social science

techniques to the study of police administration for the purpose of increasing effectiveness, reducing the frequency of citizen complaints, and enhancing the efficient use of available resources• NIJ• BJS





• Scientific police management The application of social science

techniques to the study of police administration for the purpose of increasing effectiveness, reducing the frequency of citizen complaints, and enhancing the efficient use of available resources• NCJRS



The Kansas City ExperimentThe Kansas City Experiment

• The first large-scale scientific study of law enforcement practices

• Focused on the practice of preventive patrol

• Divided the patrol zones into proactive, reactive, and control

• No significant differences in crime rate or citizen fear of crime




• Directed patrol A police-management strategy designed

to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques

Put the most officers on the street where and when crime is most prevalent.



Evidence-Based Policing TodayEvidence-Based Policing Today

• Evidence-based policing involves the use of the best available research on the outcomes of police work to implement guidelines and evaluate agencies, units, and officers.

• EBP uses research into everyday police procedures to evaluate current practices.




Evidence-Based Policing TodayEvidence-Based Policing Today

• EBP has been called the single "most powerful force for change" in policing today.

• Successful law enforcement executives will have to be consumers and appliers of research. They must use research in their

everyday work.



Discretion and the Individual Discretion and the Individual OfficerOfficer

• Police Discretion The exercise of choice in the decisions

to investigate or apprehend, the disposition of suspects, carrying out of official duties, and the application of sanctions

• Patrolling officers often decide against a strict enforcement of the law, preferring instead to handle situations informally.