Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance and Reformation 1500s1500s

Renaissance: “Rebirth” Renaissance: “Rebirth” 1500s1500sWhy does the Renaissance happen?Why does the Renaissance happen?

1) Crusades1) Crusades Contact with the advanced Arab civilization.Contact with the advanced Arab civilization. Books of ancient Greece and Rome are back.Books of ancient Greece and Rome are back. Chemistry, medicine and gunpowderChemistry, medicine and gunpowder

2) Marco Polo 2) Marco Polo Trade brings luxuries and new ideas.Trade brings luxuries and new ideas.

3) Universities 3) Universities New ideas lead to questions. New ideas lead to questions. Even the Church!Even the Church!

HumanismHumanism: Belief in the power of the : Belief in the power of the human mind. human mind.

o Don’t have to wait for God to provide Don’t have to wait for God to provide answers.answers.

o Humans can answer and question.Humans can answer and question.

New thinking happens first in…New thinking happens first in…Italian city-statesItalian city-states: Florence, Venice, : Florence, Venice, Pisa, Genoa, and Rome. Pisa, Genoa, and Rome. o Cities rich from trade. Cities rich from trade. o Cities war and compete in all things.Cities war and compete in all things.o Wealthy families sponsor artists. Wealthy families sponsor artists. o European creativity is unleashed.European creativity is unleashed.

Leonardo da Leonardo da VinciVinciRenaissance inventor, painter and sculptor.

*1452-1519 mostly in Florence.

*One of the greatest minds in history.

* wrote backwards to confuse spies from other cities* sketched helicopters, machine guns, submarines, and tanks*incredible sketches of the human body and its workings* one sketch recently sold for 11 million dollars at auction

““The Last SupperThe Last Supper” – da ” – da VinciVinci 15’ by 30’ on the wall of an Italian church. 15’ by 30’ on the wall of an Italian church. Moment Jesus tells disciples “One of you will Moment Jesus tells disciples “One of you will

betray me.”betray me.”

Da Vinci’s Last Supper Da Vinci’s Last Supper restored!restored!

Mona LisaMona Lisa – –

* most valuable * most valuable painting the world by painting the world by da Vinci.da Vinci.

• Woman is unknown.Woman is unknown.• Perhaps a self-portrait Perhaps a self-portrait

of Leonardo as a of Leonardo as a woman.woman.

Don’t believe him! It’s all lies. I have

never pictured myself as a drag

queen!

DavidDavid: most : most famous sculpture famous sculpture of Michelangelo. of Michelangelo.

MichelangeloMichelangelo – – 1475 – 1564 A.D. 1475 – 1564 A.D. sculptor, painter worked in sculptor, painter worked in Florence and Rome for the Popes.Florence and Rome for the Popes.

PietaPieta:: Mary Mary holding the dead holding the dead Jesus after the Jesus after the crucifixioncrucifixion

Bibilical King Bibilical King who killed who killed Goliath.Goliath.

Pope hired Michelangelo to paint the Pope hired Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of ceiling of the Sistine Chapelthe Sistine Chapel – Biblical scenes from the Old – Biblical scenes from the Old Testament. Masterpieces. Testament. Masterpieces.

Spent four years painting. Much of it on his Spent four years painting. Much of it on his back many feet above the floor.back many feet above the floor.

Recently cleaned to reveal true splendor.Recently cleaned to reveal true splendor. Most famous scene: God creating Adam.Most famous scene: God creating Adam.

Ceiling of the Sistine Ceiling of the Sistine ChapelChapel

God Creating Adam: Ceiling of the God Creating Adam: Ceiling of the Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel

DonateDonatellolloGreat Great

Renaissance Renaissance sculptor in sculptor in Florence, Florence,

Italy 1386-Italy 1386-1466 A.D. 1466 A.D. Considered Considered the founder the founder of modern of modern

sculpturesculpture..

RaphaelRaphael

William William ShakespeareShakespeare Greatest English, possibly Greatest English, possibly human playwright ever. human playwright ever. Lived from 1564-1616 A.D.Lived from 1564-1616 A.D.

Ideas from the stories of Ideas from the stories of ancient Rome and English ancient Rome and English history.history.

Most famous works- Romeo Most famous works- Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, and Julius Caesar.and Julius Caesar.

Famous quotes from Shakespeare!Famous quotes from Shakespeare!

““To be or not to be that is the question.” To be or not to be that is the question.” ““All that glitters is not gold”All that glitters is not gold” ““O Romeo, Romeo wherefore art thou O Romeo, Romeo wherefore art thou

Romeo?”Romeo?” ““All the world’s a stage…”All the world’s a stage…” ““Parting is such sweet sorrow…”Parting is such sweet sorrow…” ““Beware the Ides of March.”Beware the Ides of March.” ““Then the world is my oyster”Then the world is my oyster” ““A plague on both your houses”A plague on both your houses” ““Cowards die many times before their deaths”Cowards die many times before their deaths”

CopernicusCopernicus

Copernicus 1473-1543 Polish 1473-1543 Polish astronomerastronomer

Heliocentric universeHeliocentric universe: the : the sun-centered universe. The sun-centered universe. The Earth revolves around the Earth revolves around the sun. sun.

Theory? did not get a lot of Theory? did not get a lot of attention and ideas were attention and ideas were ignored.ignored.

Some insisted theory was Some insisted theory was fact and were burned by the fact and were burned by the Church.Church.

Ptolemaic/Aristotelian View of Universe. Endorsed by Medieval Catholic Church. Earth Centered!

Copernican view of the universe. Sun centered!

GalileoGalileo – 1564-1642– 1564-1642

Disproved many of Aristotle’s Disproved many of Aristotle’s theories such as the heavier an theories such as the heavier an object is the faster it falls.object is the faster it falls.

Improved on the telescope. Improved on the telescope. Discovered moons of Jupiter and Discovered moons of Jupiter and mountains on the moon.mountains on the moon.

Wrote vigorously in support of Wrote vigorously in support of Copernicus’ theory! Said it was a Copernicus’ theory! Said it was a FACT. The Earth moved around FACT. The Earth moved around the sun!the sun!

Catholic Church condemned him. Catholic Church condemned him. Moving the earth from the center Moving the earth from the center of the universe made the earth, of the universe made the earth, God’s greatest creation, less great, God’s greatest creation, less great, less perfect. Galileo recanted less perfect. Galileo recanted under threat of torture by the under threat of torture by the Inquisition.Inquisition.

Spent the remainder of his life 12 Spent the remainder of his life 12 years under house arrest by the years under house arrest by the Church.Church.

Niccolo MachiavelliNiccolo Machiavelli -1469 -1527 in -1469 -1527 in Florence, Italy. Lived his life for politics and Florence, Italy. Lived his life for politics and patriotism. Associated with corrupt, patriotism. Associated with corrupt, totalitarian government because of a totalitarian government because of a pamphlet he wrote called pamphlet he wrote called The Prince.The Prince.

““A prince never lacks legitimate reasons to A prince never lacks legitimate reasons to break his promise.”break his promise.”

““Hatred is gained as much by good works as Hatred is gained as much by good works as by evil.”by evil.”

It is better to be feared than loved, if you It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both.cannot be both.

““Politics have no relation to morals.”Politics have no relation to morals.” ““The first method for estimating the The first method for estimating the

intelligence of a ruler is to look at the men intelligence of a ruler is to look at the men he has around him.”he has around him.”

"The end justifies the means.""The end justifies the means." "Men in general judge more from "Men in general judge more from

appearances than from reality. All men have appearances than from reality. All men have eyes, but few have the gift of penetration."eyes, but few have the gift of penetration."

"I desire to go to Hell, not to Heaven. In Hell "I desire to go to Hell, not to Heaven. In Hell I shall enjoy the company of popes, kings I shall enjoy the company of popes, kings and princes, but in Heaven are only beggars, and princes, but in Heaven are only beggars, monks, hermits and apostles."monks, hermits and apostles."

Renaissance Popes didn’t want left out of the competition between the Renaissance Popes didn’t want left out of the competition between the merchant cities for the great artists. Popes sponsored many artists to merchant cities for the great artists. Popes sponsored many artists to decorate their churches and palaces.decorate their churches and palaces.

Popes also had their St. Peter’s cathedral rebuilt into the magnificent Popes also had their St. Peter’s cathedral rebuilt into the magnificent

St. Peter’s Basilica St. Peter’s Basilica – (1570) Renaissance Church in Vatican City, – (1570) Renaissance Church in Vatican City, Rome. Commemorates Rome. Commemorates the spot of St. Peter’s burial. Peter a.k.a. “The the spot of St. Peter’s burial. Peter a.k.a. “The Rock”Rock”

Vatican City in Rome Vatican City in Rome ItalyItaly

Egads! It’s a country!Egads! It’s a country!

ReformationReformationRenaissance sparked by a new way of thinkingRenaissance sparked by a new way of thinking….…. HumanismHumanism: Belief in the importance and : Belief in the importance and

power of the human mind. No longer look to power of the human mind. No longer look to God to provide all the answers. Humans can God to provide all the answers. Humans can answer and question.answer and question.

The Renaissance Catholic Church was rotten The Renaissance Catholic Church was rotten and needed fixed.and needed fixed. Meanwhile humanism Meanwhile humanism encouraged people to think for themselves and encouraged people to think for themselves and many knew that change was needed. Church many knew that change was needed. Church didn’t want anything that affected their power. didn’t want anything that affected their power. Something would have to give. Needed a spark Something would have to give. Needed a spark or a great religious thinker.or a great religious thinker.

One man, big changeOne man, big change

Martin LutherMartin Luther: troubled : troubled German monk convinced German monk convinced he was going to Hell. he was going to Hell. How do you know for sure How do you know for sure

if you’ve been forgiven?if you’ve been forgiven? Studied the Bible Studied the Bible

thoroughly for himself to thoroughly for himself to find answers.find answers.

Started to have different Started to have different ideas from the Church.ideas from the Church.

Different?? Uh-oh!Different?? Uh-oh! Luther’s ideasLuther’s ideas 1)1) “Justification by faith”“Justification by faith” – it is only through – it is only through

God and Jesus that you can get to Heaven. God and Jesus that you can get to Heaven. Only God can forgive you of sin.Only God can forgive you of sin.

2)2) “Individual priesthood”“Individual priesthood” – Don’t need a – Don’t need a priest to tell you what the wisdom of the Bible. priest to tell you what the wisdom of the Bible. Read it for yourself.Read it for yourself.

HOW is this different from the Catholic HOW is this different from the Catholic Church?Church?

Catholic doctrine!Catholic doctrine! Catholic church teaches…Catholic church teaches… 1)1) Good works can get you to heaven. Good works can get you to heaven.

ConfessionConfession PenancePenance CrusadesCrusades Building churchesBuilding churches Donating money to the churchDonating money to the church

2) 2) People should not read the BiblePeople should not read the Bible Become confused – heresyBecome confused – heresy Written in LatinWritten in Latin You’ll know they are corruptYou’ll know they are corrupt

Luther kept these ideas to Luther kept these ideas to himself until one day…the himself until one day…the Church had a massive new Church had a massive new fundraiser to rebuild St. Peter’s fundraiser to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome.Cathedral in Rome.

IndulgenciesIndulgencies: Documents that freed their : Documents that freed their owners from the penalties of sin.owners from the penalties of sin.

The Afterlife according to The Afterlife according to the Medieval Catholic the Medieval Catholic

ChurchChurch HeavenHeaven

PurgatoryPurgatory – detention. Wait here for a time – detention. Wait here for a time to work off the penalty for sins then you go to work off the penalty for sins then you go to heaven. Unless you have an indulgence. to heaven. Unless you have an indulgence.

LimboLimbo – where the unbaptized go. Babies.– where the unbaptized go. Babies.

HellHell

““As soon as the coin in the As soon as the coin in the coffer sings, a soul from coffer sings, a soul from

purgatory springs!”purgatory springs!” Church’s new indulgence got your Church’s new indulgence got your

ancestors out of purgatory. ancestors out of purgatory. Luther was outraged and so…Luther was outraged and so…

95 Theses95 Theses: 1517 A.D. Luther tacks his : 1517 A.D. Luther tacks his beliefs to the church doors in beliefs to the church doors in Wittenberg, Germany. Wittenberg, Germany. All heck breaks loose.All heck breaks loose.

The Church is not The Church is not pleasedpleased Church at first tries to reason Church at first tries to reason

with Luther.with Luther. When Luther does not back When Luther does not back

down they condemn him. down they condemn him. They delay in quieting him. They delay in quieting him.

• Ideas might have been contained and disappeared. Ideas might have been contained and disappeared. No radios, no TV, no newspapers in the Middle Ages. No radios, no TV, no newspapers in the Middle Ages. But not this time.But not this time. •A new invention made it impossible to stop Luther’s A new invention made it impossible to stop Luther’s heresy.heresy.•Gutenberg Printing PressGutenberg Printing Press: 1440 A.D. movable : 1440 A.D. movable carved letters that could now print off books, carved letters that could now print off books, pamphlets, etc. pamphlets, etc.

•Books faster, cheaper, easier. Books faster, cheaper, easier. •Ideas are everywhere quickly!Ideas are everywhere quickly!

Luther’s ideas spread like wildfire. Luther’s ideas spread like wildfire. Northern German princes support Northern German princes support Luther. Many angry with Church. Luther. Many angry with Church.

Luther is excommunicated. He will not Luther is excommunicated. He will not recant. recant.

Luther forms his own church…Luther forms his own church…Catholics call them…Catholics call them…

ProtestantsProtestants: Those who protest : Those who protest against the against the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.

Luther rips the church Luther rips the church apartapart

Luther forms his own churchLuther forms his own church Lutheran ChurchLutheran Church: Luther’s Church. : Luther’s Church.

Much of Catholic Church ritual is Much of Catholic Church ritual is discarded.discarded.

ConfessionConfessionRosaryRosaryHoly WaterHoly WaterMassMassMary and Mary and the Saintsthe Saints

† IndulgenciesIndulgencies†LentLent†Educated clergyEducated clergy†PurgatoryPurgatory

Revolution spreadsRevolution spreads John CalvinJohn Calvin-- creates a creates a

religious theocracy in religious theocracy in the Geneva, Switzerland. the Geneva, Switzerland. Law based on a literal Law based on a literal interpretation of the interpretation of the BibleBible

TheocracyTheocracy: : government government by by religious law. religious law.

Calvin’s ideas are more Calvin’s ideas are more strict than Martin Lutherstrict than Martin Luther

Calvin’s ideasCalvin’s ideas Literal interpretationLiteral interpretation: Bible is fact. Stories : Bible is fact. Stories

are not symbolic, but literal. are not symbolic, but literal. God created the God created the earth in 7 days. Samson killed 1,000 with a earth in 7 days. Samson killed 1,000 with a donkey’s jawbone. Woman was created from donkey’s jawbone. Woman was created from Adam’s rib, etc.Adam’s rib, etc.

Total depravity of mankindTotal depravity of mankind: Humans are : Humans are sinful, beastly creatures. Strict law is sinful, beastly creatures. Strict law is necessary to control them.necessary to control them.

Salvation of the Elect - 144,000Salvation of the Elect - 144,000 – God – God knows all. God knows who will be saved and knows all. God knows who will be saved and who will not. It has been who will not. It has been predeterminedpredetermined by by God. Only 144,000 souls can be saved. Want God. Only 144,000 souls can be saved. Want to be one of the elect. Know them by their to be one of the elect. Know them by their actions.actions.

Revelations and 144,000Revelations and 144,000 Rev 7:4 And I heard the number of those who were sealed, Rev 7:4 And I heard the number of those who were sealed,

one hundred forty-four thousand, sealed out of every tribe one hundred forty-four thousand, sealed out of every tribe of the people of Israel: of the people of Israel:

Rev 14:1 Then I looked, and there was the Lamb, standing Rev 14:1 Then I looked, and there was the Lamb, standing on Mount Zion! And with him were one hundred forty-four on Mount Zion! And with him were one hundred forty-four thousand who had his name and his Father's name written thousand who had his name and his Father's name written on their foreheads.on their foreheads.

Rev 14:3 and they sing a new song before the throne and Rev 14:3 and they sing a new song before the throne and

before the four living creatures and before the elders. No before the four living creatures and before the elders. No one could learn that song except the one hundred forty-four one could learn that song except the one hundred forty-four thousand who have been redeemed from the earth.thousand who have been redeemed from the earth.

Geneva – Party Town Geneva – Party Town EuropeEurope

Spies throughout the city and neighbors Spies throughout the city and neighbors inform on their own. Brutal punishments!inform on their own. Brutal punishments!

A child who struck his parents was A child who struck his parents was beheadedbeheaded

Any single woman with child was drownedAny single woman with child was drowned So was her impregnator.So was her impregnator.

Adultery punished with deathAdultery punished with death After a plague, 14 woman burned at the After a plague, 14 woman burned at the

stake for witchcraftstake for witchcraft

All in Geneva had to behave as All in Geneva had to behave as one of the elect! Strict moral one of the elect! Strict moral

law! law! Church attendance was Church attendance was

mandatorymandatory no feastingno feasting no dancingno dancing no singingno singing no picturesno pictures no statuesno statues no relicsno relics no church bellsno church bells no candlesno candles no playsno plays

no jewelryno jewelry no immodest no immodest dressdress no speaking no speaking disrespectfully to disrespectfully to elderselders no swearingno swearing no gamblingno gambling no cardsno cards no huntingno hunting no reading no reading immoral booksimmoral books no naming no naming children anything children anything but names from the but names from the Old Testament. (On Old Testament. (On Board)Board)

What was good about What was good about Calvin’s Geneva?Calvin’s Geneva?

Instilled morals and work ethic in Instilled morals and work ethic in followers.followers.

Inspired modern churches Inspired modern churches Reformed, Baptist, Presbyterian, Reformed, Baptist, Presbyterian,

Jehovah’s Witnesses.Jehovah’s Witnesses.

Reformation doesn’t end!Reformation doesn’t end!

Reformation continuesReformation continues Henry VIIIHenry VIII – King of England. – King of England.

Wrote a book against Wrote a book against Protestantism. Protestantism. Given title “Defender of the Given title “Defender of the

Faith.” Faith.”

Married to Catherine, Married to Catherine, daughter of the King of Spain. daughter of the King of Spain. Numerous stillbirths. No son. Numerous stillbirths. No son.

Asked the Pope for an Asked the Pope for an annulment. annulment.

Leviticus 20:21 And if a man shall take his Leviticus 20:21 And if a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: they brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: they shall be childless.shall be childless.

Deuteronomy 25:5 If brethren dwell together, Deuteronomy 25:5 If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no child, the and one of them die, and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger: her husband's brother shall go to a stranger: her husband's brother shall go to her, and take her to him to wife.her, and take her to him to wife.

I am Henry!I am Henry! Pope delays! Fears angering Spanish Pope delays! Fears angering Spanish

king.king. Disgusted Henry makes his own Church Disgusted Henry makes his own Church

to get a divorce.to get a divorce. Anglican ChurchAnglican Church – – Church of Church of

EnglandEngland. Same rituals and structure as . Same rituals and structure as the Catholic Church. the Catholic Church. Differences – King is head of the Church and Differences – King is head of the Church and

you can get a divorce.you can get a divorce. Henry ended up with six wives in the Henry ended up with six wives in the

end. end.

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation

Church addresses abuses to win back Church addresses abuses to win back Protestants.Protestants. JesuitsJesuits: Monkish teachers who use reason : Monkish teachers who use reason

and good deeds to win back the and good deeds to win back the Protestants.Protestants.

Church ReformsChurch Reforms Good works Good works andand faith get you to heaven faith get you to heaven SeminarySeminary – schools to train church leaders – schools to train church leaders

– priests– priests

Reforms do not win back ProtestantsReforms do not win back Protestants

Wars of Religion!Wars of Religion! Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada: 1588 Philip II of : 1588 Philip II of

Spain sends a massive fleet of 130 Spain sends a massive fleet of 130 galleons galleons

After England Catholic armies After England Catholic armies would sweep through Germany.would sweep through Germany. War blessed by the Pope. A crusade to War blessed by the Pope. A crusade to

destroy Protestants!destroy Protestants!

Destroyed by storms!Destroyed by storms!

30 Years War30 Years War – 1618-1648 Catholic – 1618-1648 Catholic and Protestant Germans turn on and Protestant Germans turn on each other. Sweden, Denmark, each other. Sweden, Denmark, France all get involved in the war to France all get involved in the war to support their religion.support their religion.

ALL THIS IN THE NAME OF GOD!ALL THIS IN THE NAME OF GOD! Sick of religious wars many sought Sick of religious wars many sought

an escape to a new land to worship an escape to a new land to worship freely…freely…

-Too many words on slide-Too many words on slide - Know how to pronounce words, know what they - Know how to pronounce words, know what they

meanmean -spelling and grammar-spelling and grammar -rehearse-rehearse -body language-body language - Don’t distort pictures- Don’t distort pictures -Don’t read presentation-Don’t read presentation - Don’t use two different fonts – looks plagarized- Don’t use two different fonts – looks plagarized - Don’t understand plagarism- Don’t understand plagarism Intro., Conclusions, paragraphs WHY!Intro., Conclusions, paragraphs WHY!