Slide 1 of 42

Type - 11. If in a certain code, LUTE is written

as MUTE and FATE is written as GATE, then how will BLUE be written in that code ?(a) CLUE (b) GLUE(c) FLUE (d) SLUE

Sol. (a).The first letter of the word is moved one step forward to obtain the first letter of the code, while the other letters remain unaltered.

2. If FISH is written as EHRG in a certain code, how would JUNGLE be written in that code ?(a) ITMFKD (b) ITNFKD(c) KVOHMF (d) TIMFKD

Sol. (a).Each letter in the word is moved one step backward to obtain the corresponding letter of the code.

3. In a certain code, ROAD is written as URDG. How is SWAN written in that code ? (a) VXDQ (b) VZDQ(c) VZCP (d) UXDQ

Sol. (b).Each letter in the word is moved three steps forward to obtain the corresponding letter of the code.

4. In a certain code, FAVOUR is written as EBUPTS. How is DANGER written in that code ?

(a) CBFFDS (b) CBMHDS

(c) EBFHDS (d) EBHHFSSol. (b).

The first, third and fifth letters are each moved one step backward, while the second, fourth and sixth letters are each moved one step forward to obtain the corresponding letters of the code.

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5. In a certain code, PRODUCTIONS id written as QQPCVEUHPMT. How is ORIENTATION written in that code ?(a) PQJDOVBSJNO (b) PQJDOUBUJPO(c) PSJFOVBSJNO (d) NSHFMVBSJNO(e) None of theseSol. (a).The first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth and eleventh letters in the word are each moved one step forward ; the second, fourth, eight and tenth letters are each moved one step backward, while the middle (i.e. sixth) letter is moved two steps forward to obtain the corresponding letters of the code.

6. In a certain code, BASIC is written as DDULE. How is LEADER written in that code ?(a) NGCFGT (b) NHCGGU(c) OGDFHT (d) OHDGHU

Sol. (b).The letters at the odd-numbered positions in the word are each moved two steps forward while those at the even-numbered positions are each moved three steps forward to obtain the corresponding letters of the code.

7. If in a certain language, MIRACLE is coded as NKUEHRL, then how is GAMVLE coded in that language ?(a) JDOCMF (b) CLEMNK(c) HCPFQK (d) AELGMN

Sol. (c).The first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh letters in the word are moved one, two, three, four, five, six and seven steps forward respectively to obtain the corresponding letters of the code.

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9. In a certain code, SPRING is written as UNUFRC. How will the word MOBILE be written in that code language ?(a) KQEFPA (b) OMDGNC (c) OMDGPA(d) OMEFPA (e) None of theseSol. (d).The first, third and fifth letters in the word are moved two, three and four steps forward respectively while the second, fourth and sixth letters are moved two, three and four steps backward respectively to obtain the corresponding letters of the code.11. In a certain code, POETRY is written as QONDSQX and OVER is written as PNUDQ. How is MORE written in that code language ? (a) LNNQD (b) NNNQD (c) NLNQD(d) NLPQD (e) None of theseSol. (c).The first letter of the word is replaced by a set of two letters — one following it and the other preceding it — in the code. The remaining letters of the word are each moved one step backward to obtain the remaining letters of the code, in order.

8. In a certain code, BELIEF is written as AFKKDI. How is SELDOM written in that code ?(a) RDKCNL (b) RFKENM(c) RFKFNP (d) TFKENP(e) None of theseSol. (c).The first, third and fifth letters of the word are each moved one step backward ; the second, fourth and sixth letters are moved one, two and three steps forward respectively to obtain the corresponding letters of the code.

10. If DELHI can be coded as CCIDD, how would you code BOMBAY ?(a) AJMTVT (b) AMJXVS(c) MJXVSU (d) WXYZAX

Sol. (b).The first, second, third, fourth, ….. letters of the word are moved one, two, three, four, …. steps backward respectively to obtain the corresponding letters of the code.

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13. If POND is coded as RSTL, how is HEAR written in that code ? (a) GHIJ (b) GHIZ (c) JIGZ(d) JCLZ (e) None of these

Sol. (c).The first, second, third and fourth letters of the word are moved two, four, six and eight letters forward respectively to obtain the code.

15. If SYSTEM is coded as SYSMET and NEARER as AENRER, then FRACTION will be coded as - (a) CARFNOIT (b) NOITFRAC(c) FRACNOIT (d) CARFTIONSol. (a).The letters in the first half and second half of the word are written in the reverse order to obtain the code.

12. If BOMBY is written as MYMYMY, how will TAMIL NADU be written in that code ?(a) TIATIATIA (b) MNUMNUMNU(c) IATIATIAT (d) ALDALDALD (e) None of theseSol. (b).The letters at the third and sixth places are repeated thrice to code BOMBAY as MYMYMY. Similarly, the letters at the third, sixth and ninth places are repeated thrice to code TAMIL NADU as MNUMNUMNU.14. In a certain code, INACTIVE is written as VITCANIE. How is COMPUTER written in the same code ?(a) PMOCRETU (b) ETUPMOCR(c) UTEPMOCR (d) MOCPETURSol. (b).All the letters of the word, except the last letter, are written in a reverse order to obtain the code.

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Type - 21. If in a certain language, POPULAR is

coded as QPQVMBS, which word would be coded as GBNPVT ?(a) FARMER (b) FAMOUS (c) FRAMES(d) FARMES (e) FAMOTH

Sol. (b).Each letter of the word is one step behind the corresponding letter of the code.

2. If in a certain language, UTENSIL is coded as WVGPUKN, which word would be coded as DMSFXG ?(a) BKQEVE (b) BKQDWE (c) BKQDWF(d) BKQDVE (e) BKQDVF

Sol. (e).Each letter in the word is two steps behind the corresponding letter of the code.

3. If ROBUST is coded as QNATRS in a certain language, which word would be coded as ZXCMP ? (a) BZEOR (b) AYDNQ (c) AWDLQ(d) YYBNO (e) YWBLO

Sol. (b).Each letter in the word is one step ahead of the corresponding letter of the code.

4. If EHFNRQ is the code for BECKON, which word has the code QDFWXULQ ?

(a) NCAUTIRN (b) NACUTIRN

(c) NATCRIUN (d) NACTURIN

(e) NACUTRINSol. (d).Each letter of the word is three steps behind the corresponding letter of the code.

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6. If in a certain language, GRASP is coded as BMVNK, which word would be coded As CRANE ? (a) FUDQH (b) HWFSJ (c) GVERI

(d) XMVIZ (e) BQZMDSol. (b).

Each letter of the word is five steps ahead of the corresponding letter of the code.

8. If in a certain language, TRIANGLE is coded as SQHZMFKD, which word would be coded as DWZLOKD. (a) EXAMPLE (b) FIGMENT (c) DISMISS(d) DISJOIN (e) None of these

Sol. (a).Each letter of the word is one step ahead of the corresponding letter of the code.

5. In a certain code, REFRIGERATOR is coded as ROTAREGIRFER. Which word would be coded as NOITINUMMA ?(a) ANMOMIUTNI (b) AMNTOMUIIN(c) AMMUNITION (d) NMMUNITIOA(e) None of theseSol. (c).The order of letters of the word is reversed in the code. So, reverse the order of the letters in the code to get the word.

7. If in a certain language, COVET is written as FRYHW, which word would be written as SHDUO ?(a) QUAKE (b) REPAY (c) STINK(d) PEARL (e) TIEVP

Sol. (d).Each letter of the word is three steps behind the corresponding letter of the code.

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10. If in a certain code, SWITCH is written as TVJSDG, which word would be written as CQFZE ?(a) BARED (b) BRAED (c) BREAD(d) BRADE (e) BRDAE

Sol. (c).Each letter at odd place in the word is one step behind and each letter at even place in the word is one step ahead of the corresponding letter of the code.

12. If FULFNHW is the code for CRICKET, then EULGH is the code for which word ?(a) PRIDE (b) BRIDE (c) BLADE(d) BLIND (e) None of theseSol. (b).Each letter of the word is three steps behind the corresponding letter of the code.

9. In a code language, SOLID is written as WPSLPIMFHA. What does the code- word ATEXXQIBVO refer to ?(a) WATER (b) WAGER(c) EAGER (d) WAFER

Sol. (a).Clearly, the word can be obtained by moving the letters at even-numbered positions in the code, three steps forward and omitting those at odd-numbered positions.

11. If in a certain language, REMOTE is coded ROTEME, which word would be coded as PNIICC ? (a) NPIICC (b) PICCIN (c) PINCIC(d) PICNIC (e) PICINC

Sol. (d).The groups of second and third letters and fourth and fifth letters in the word interchange places in the code.

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14. If LBAEHC is the code for BLEACH, then which of the following is coded as NBOLZKMH ?(a) OBNKZLHM (b) LOBNHMKZ(c) OCPMALNI (d) MANKYJLG(e) BNLOKZHMSol. (e).The word is divided into groups of two letters each and then letters in each pair are reversed.

13. If in a certain language, SHIFT is coded as RFFBO, which word would be coded as LKUMB ? (a) MMXQG (b) MLVNC (c) KJVLA(d) MJVLC (e) KJTLA

Sol. (a).The first, second, third, fourth and fifth letters in the word are respectively one, two, three, four and five steps ahead of the corresponding letter of the code.

15. In a certain code, DECEMBER is written as ERMBCEDE. Which word will be written as ERMBVENO in that code ?(a) AUGUST (b) SEPTEMBER(c) OCTOBER (d) NOVEMBERSol. (d).The word is divided into groups of two letters each and then these groups are written in the reverse order.

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Type - 3

Directions :

Below are given letters A to Z. Under each capital letter, a small letter is written which is to be used as a code for the capital letter.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Zo z f t g l q n a v s w c b y h u d j r p x m e k i

In each of the following questions, a group of six capital letters is given and its equivalent code is given in one of the columns (a), (b), (c) or (d). Study the group of letters given in each question and with the help of codes given above, choose the code equivalent from amongst (a), (b), (c) or (d) as your answer.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

qvscjx ctloig zrmtis qvsliztdjiwr wguxzg ataydx nxadjwafchij gjbflr tdihwr gjbrfl

wguxgz dmthpr wgurvs ataydpqujoxs ataynp wguxgz tdiwrhgiavyu naxowd grpmil qvpjrp

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1. ESNTCF

Sol. (d).The code for ESNTCF is gjbrfl.

2. DRZPLT

Sol. (c).The code for DRZPLT is tdihwr.

3. ICMPZS

Sol. (a).The code for ICMPZS is afchij.

4. HIVALR

Sol. (b).The code for HIVALR is naxowd.

5. BTWDZK

Sol. (c).The code for BTWDZK is zrmtis.

6. IDIORV

Sol. (c).The code for IDIORV is ataydx.

7. LEQVEB

Sol. (a).The code for LEQVEB is wguxgz.

8. GJKMSV

Sol. (a).The code for GJKMSV is qvscjx.

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10. In a certain code, FIRE is written as QHOE and MOVE as ZMWE. Following the same rule of coding, what should be the code for the word OVER?(a) MWED (b) MWEO(c) MWOE (d) MWZO

Sol. (b).

The code for OVER is MWEO.12. In a coding system, SHEEP is written

as GAXXR and BLEAT as HPXTN. How can SLATE be written in this coding system ?(a) GPTNX (b) GPTXN(c) GPXNT (d) PTGXN

Sol. (a).

The code for SLATE is GPTNX.

9. If R is denoted by N, D is denoted by T, I by U, O by I, E by R, T by O, U by D, N by C and C by E, then how will the word INTRODUCE be written ?(a) UCONIDTER (b) UCONITDER(c) UCONTIDER (d) UCOINTDER(e) None of theseSol. (b).

11. In a coding system, PEN is written as NZO and BARK as CTSL. How can we write PRANK in that coding system ? (a) CSTZN (b) NSTOL(c) NTSLO (d) NZTOL

Sol. (b).

The code for PRANK is NSTOL.

I N T R O D U C E

U C O N I T D E R

Letter

F I R E M O V

Code Q H O E Z M W

Letter

P E N B A R K

Code N Z O C T S L

Letter

S H E P B L A T

Code G A X R H P T N

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14. In a code language, TUTORIAL is written as DODNGLCF and DANCE is written as YCJMZ, how can EDUCATION be written in that code ?(a) ZYMODCLNJ (b) ZYOMCDLNJ(c) ZYOMDCLNJ (d) ZYOTNLCMD(e) None of theseSol. (b).

The code for EDUCATION is ZYOMCDLNJ.

13. In a particular way of coding, the word CENTRAL is coded as ABCDEFG and PLANETARIUM as HGFCBDFEIJK. With the same coding, how can we express the word LANTERN ? (a) GFCDFEG (b) GFCDEFG(c) GFCDBEC (d) GFCDBEB

Sol. (c).

The code for LANTERN is GFCDBEC.15. If MINERAL is written as QRSTUVW and

SOUND is written as ABCSD, then how will READER be written in the same code ?(a) SBFEFS (b) UTVDTU(c) TUDVUT (d) QDZCDQ

Sol. (b).

The code for READER is UTVDTU.

Letter

C E N T R S L P I U M

Code A B C D E F G H I J K

Letter

M I N E R A L S O U D

Code Q R S T U V W A B C D

Letter

T U O R I A L D N C E

Code D O N G L C F Y J M Z

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Type - 41. If REQUEST is written as S2R52TU,

then how will ACID be written ?(a) 1394 (b) IC94 (c) BDJE(d) B3J4 (e) None of these

Sol. (e).Clearly, vowels A, E, I, O, U are coded as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 respectively. Each of the consonants in the word is moved one step forward to give the corresponding letter of the code. So, the code for ACID becomes 1D3E.

2. If each of the letters in the English alphabet is assigned odd numerical value beginning A = 1, B = 3 and so on, what will be the total value of the letters of the word INDIAN ?(a) 86 (b) 88 (c) 89(d) 96 (e) None of theseSol. (d).Clearly, we have :

So, INDIAN = I + N + D + I + A + N = 17 + 27 + 7 + 17 + 1 + 27

= 96.

Letter

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N

Code

1 3 5 7 9 11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

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3. In a certain code, the word DEAL is coded as 4 5 1 12. Following the same rule of coding, what should be the code for the word LADY ?(a) 12 4 1 25 (b) 12 1 4 25(c) 10 1 4 23 (d) 12 1 4 22

Sol. (b).Clearly, each letter is coded by the numeral denoting its position in the English alphabet.Thus, A is coded as 1, B as 2, C as 3, D as 4, …., L as 12, M as 13, …., Y as 25, Z as 26.So, the code for LADY is 12 1 4 25.

4. If A = 2, M = 26, Z = 52, then BET = ?(a) 44 (b) 54 (c) 64(d) 72

Sol. (b).Clearly, each letter is assigned a numerical value which is twice the numeral denoting its position in the English alphabet.B, E and T and 2nd, and 20th letters respectively.So, BET = B + E + T = (2 × 2) + (5 × 2) + (20 × 2) = 54.

5. If A = 26, SUN = 27, then CAT = ?(a) 24 (b) 27 (c) 57

(d) 58Sol. (c).

Clearly, each letter is represented by the numeral denoting its position from the end of the English alphabet i.e. Z = 1, Y 2, ….., M = 14, …., B = 25, A = 26.Then, SUN = S + U + N = 8 + 6 + 13 = 27.So, CAT = C + A + T = 24 + 26 + 7 = 57.

6. If in a certain code, BAT = 23 and CAT = 24, then how will you code BALL ?(a) 27 (b) 28 (c) 32(d) 120

Sol. (a).C is one step ahead of B and the code for CAT is 1 more than that for BAT. Thus, the letters are coded by numerals denoting their positions in the English alphabet.i.e. A = 1, B = 2, …., Z = 26.So, BALL = B + A + L + L = 2 + 1 + 12 + 12 = 27.

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7. If GO = 32, SHE = 49, then SOME will be equal to -(a) 56 (b) 58 (c) 62(d) 64Sol. (a).In the given code, Z = 1, Y = 2, X = 3, …., C = 24, B = 25, Z = 26.So, GO = 20 + 12 = 32 and SHE = 8 + 19 + 22 = 49.Similarly, SOME = S + O + M + E

= 8 + 12 + 14 + 22 = 56.

8. If AT = 20, BAT = 40, then CAT will be equal to -(a) 30 (b) 50 (c) 60(d) 70

Sol. (c).Taking A = 1, B = 2, …., T = 20, …., Z = 26, we have :AT = A × T = 1 × 20 = 20 ; BAT = B × A × T = 2 × 1 × 20 = 40.So, CAT = C × A × T = 3 × 1 × 20 = 60.

9. If ZIP = 198 and ZAP = 246, then how will you code VIP ?(a) 174 (b) 222 (c) 888 (d) 990

Sol. (b).Taking Z = 2, Y = 3, …., N = 14, …., B = 26, A = 27, we have :ZIP = (Z + I + P) × 6 = (2 + 19 + 12) × 6 = 33 × 6 = 198.So, VIP = (V + I + P) × 6 = (6 + 19 + 12) × 6 = 37 × 6 = 222.

10. If DEER = 12215 and HIGH = 5645, how will you code HEEL ?(a) 2328 (b) 3449 (c) 4337 (d) 5229Sol. (d).Clearly, each letter is coded by a numeral which is 3 less than the numeral denoting the position of the letter in the English alphabet. The code for the word is obtained by joining together physically the number codes for the individual letters.H, E, L are 8th, 5th and 12th letters respectively. So, their codes are 5, 2 and 9 respectively. Thus, the code for HEEL becomes 5229.

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11. If E = 5 and HOTEL = 12, how will you code LAMB ? (a) 7 (b) 10 (c) 26(d) 28Sol. (a).We have : A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, …., Y = 25, Z = 26.Clearly, the code for a word is obtained by dividing the sum of the individual values of its letters by the number of letters in the word.

12. If ZEBRA can be written as 2652181, how can COBRA be written ?(a) 302181 (b) 3152181(c) 31822151 (d) 1182153Sol. (b).Putting A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, ….., X = 24, Y = 25, Z = 26, we have :ZEBRA Z/E/B/R/A 26/5/2/18/1 2652181.COBRA C/O/B/R/A 3/15/2/18/1 3152181.

H + O + T + E + LThus, HOTEL = 58 15 20 5 12 60 12.5 5

L + A + M + B 12 1 13 2So, LAMB = 4 428 7.4

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13. If WORK is coded as 4 12 9 16, then how will you code WOMAN ? (a) 4 12 14 26 13 (b) 4 26 14 13 12(c) 23 12 26 14 13 (d) 23 15 13 1 14(e) None of these

Sol. (a).Clearly, each letter is coded by the numeral obtained by subtracting from 27, the numeral denoting the position of the letter in the English alphabet. W, O, M, A, N and 23rd, 15th, 13th, 1st and 14th letters. So, their codes are (27 23), (27 15), (27 13), (27 1), (27 14) i.e. 4, 12, 14, 26, 13 respectively.

14. If ACNE can be coded as 3, 7, 29, 11, then BOIL will be coded as -(a) 5, 29, 19, 27 (b) 5, 29, 19, 25(c) 5, 31, 21, 25 (d) 5, 31, 19, 25

Sol. (d).In the given coding system, we have :

So, the code for BOIL is 5, 31, 19, 25.

Letter

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

Code

3 5 7 9 11 13

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

29

3115. In O = 16, FOR = 42, then what is

FRONT equal to ?(a) 61 (b) 65 (c) 73

(d) 78Sol. (d).

We have : A = 2m B = 3, …., Z = 27. Then, FOR = F + O + R = 7 + 16 + 19 = 42.FRONT = F + R + O +N + T

= 7 + 19 + 16 + 15 + 21 = 78.

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Type - 5

Directions :

The number-group in each question below is to be codified according to the following letter codes :

Number 5 1 3 0 2 4 8 7 6 9Letter code X L M P D B E F K J

You have to find out which of the answers (a), (b), (c) or (d) has the correct coded form of the given number group. If none of the coded forms is correct, mark (e) i.e. ‘None of these’ as your answer.

1. 173846(a) LFMEKB (b) LMFEBK (c) LFMEBK(d) LFEMBK (e) None of theseSol. (c).1 is coded as L, 7 as F, 3 as M, 8 as E, 4 as B, 6 as K.So, the code for 173846 is LFMEBK.

2. 862941(a) EDKJBL (b) EKDJLB (c) EKJDBL(d) EKDJBL (e) None of theseSol. (d).8 is coded as E, 6 as K, 2 as D, 9 as J, 4 as B, 1 as L.So, the code for 862941 is EKDJBL.

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3. 430675(a) BMKPFX (b) BMPKFX (c) BMPKXF(d) BMPFKX (e) None of theseSol. (b).4 is coded as B, 3 as M, 0 as P, 6 as K, 7 as F, 5 as X.So, the code for 430675 is BMPKFX.

4. 790853(a) FJPEXM (b) FPJEXM (c) FJPEMX(d) FPJEMX (e) None of theseSol. (a).7 is coded as F, 9 as J, 0 as P, 8 as E, 5 as X, 3 as M.So, the code for 790853 is FJPEXM.

5. 901273(a) JPLDFM (b) JPDLFM (c) JLPDFM(d) JPLDMF (e) None of theseSol. (a).9 is coded as J, 0 as P, 1 as L, 2 as D, 7 as F, 3 as M.So, the code for 901273 is JPLDFM.

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Directions :

In each of the questions given below, a group of digits followed by four combinations of letter codes labeled (a), (b), (c) and (d) are given. You have to find out which of the combinations is correct coded form of the group of digits as per the following codes and conditions. If none of these four combinations in correct, give (e) i.e. ‘None of these’ as the answer.

Digit 9 3 2 8 1 5 7 6 4 0Latter code M E B N K R H T D J

6. 328496(a) YBNDTM (b) XBNDTX (c) EBNTDM(d) YBNDTY (e) None of theseSol. (e).3 is coded as E, 2 as B, 8 as N, 4 as D, 6 as T, 9 as M.So, the code for 328469 is EBNDTM.

7. 631420(a) TEKBDW (b) TEKDBW (c) TEKDBJ(d) TKDEBW (e) None of theseSol. (b).Since the last digit is 0, so 0 shall be coded as W. 6 is coded as T, 3 as E, 1 as K, 4 as D, 2 as B. So, the code for 631420 is TEKDBW.

Conditions :

(i) If the first digit is an odd number and the last digit is an even number, both are to be coded as ‘X’.(ii) If the first digit is an even number and the last digit is an odd number, both are to be coded as ‘Y’.(iii) If either the first or the last digit is 0, then 0 is to be coded as ‘W’.

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8. 640598(a) TDJRMN (b) TDWRMN (c) XDJRMN(d) TDJRMY (e) None of theseSol. (a).6 is coded as T, 4 as D, 0 as J, 5 as R, 9 as M, 8 as N.So, the code for 640598 is TDJRMN.

9. 893561(a) XMERTY (b) NMERTK (c) XMERTX(d) YMERTY (e) None of theseSol. (d).Since the given number-group begins with an even number and ends with an odd number, so both the first and last digits i.e. 8 and 1 shall be coded as Y. 9 is coded as M, 3 as E, 5 as R, 6 as T. So, the code for 893561 is YMERTY.

10. 743506(a) XDERWT (b) HDERWT (c) XDERJX(d) YDERJY (e) None of these

Sol. (c).Since the first digit is an odd number and the last digit is an even number, so both 7 and 6 shall be coded as X.4 is coded as D, 3 as E, 5 as R, 0 as J. So, the code for 743506 is XDERJX.

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Directions :Study the following information carefully to answer these questions : The digits from 0 to 9 are coded as shown below along with the exceptions I and II :

Digit 3 8 0 7 4 6 9 2 5Code H $ R A M % L K ξ

11. What will be the code for 764981 ?(a) A%ML$ (b) Y%ML$ (c) Y%ML$#(d) A%ML$# (e) None of theseSol. (c).Since the number begins and ends with an odd digit, so 7 shall be coded as Y and 1 as #. The codes for 6, 4, 9, 8 are %, M, L, $ respectively.So, the required code is Y%ML$#.

12. What dose MHLEK% represent ?(a) 439526 (b) 439520 (c) 436529(d) 489526 (e) None of these

Sol. (a).M, H, L, E, K, % are codes for 4, 3, 9, 5, 2, 6 respectively. So, MHLEK% represents 439526.

Exception I :If a number begins and ends with a non-zero odd digit, then the first and the last digits are to be coded as Y and # respectively.Exception II :If a number begins and ends with an even digit (including zero), then the first and the last digits are to be coded as and X respectively.

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13. What will be the code for 278140 ?(a) A$MR (b) A$MX (c) KA$MR(d) YA$M# (e) None of theseSol. (b).Since 27 8140 has even digits at the first and last places, so 2 shall be coded as and 0 as X. The codes for 7, 8, 1, 4 are A, $, , M respectively.So, the required code is A$MX

14. What will be the code for 173548 ?(a) AHEK$ (b) AREM$ (c) AHEM$(d) AHME$ (e) None of theseSol. (c).1 is coded as , 7 as A, 3 as H, 5 as E, 4 as M, 8 as $.So, the code for 1735 48 is AHEM$.

15. What does R%LAK represent ?(a) 069725 (b) 697210 (c) 069751(d) 064721 (e) None of these

Sol. (e).R, %, L, A, K and are codes for 0, 6, 9, 7, 2 and 1 respectively.So, R%LAK represents 069721.

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Type - 6Directions :

In each of the following questions, a word is represented by only one set of numbers as given in any one of the alternatives. The sets of numbers given in the alternatives are represented by two classes of alphabets as in the two given matrices. The columns and rows of Matrix I are numbers from 0 to 4 and those of Matrix II from 5 to 9. A letter from these matrices can be represented first by its row and then the column number e.g., in the matrices for questions 1 to 4, M can be represented by 14, 21, etc ; O can be represented by 20, 32 etc. Similarly you have to identify the correct set for the word given in each question.

Matrix I0 1 2 3 4

0 F O M S R1 S R F O M2 O M S R F3 R F O M S4 M S R F O

Matrix II5 6 7 8 9

5 A T D I P6 I P A T D7 T D I P A8 P A T D I9 D I P A T

(Questions)

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1. MOST(a) 40, 44, 22, 89 (b) 33, 20, 11, 79(c) 21, 00, 03, 88 (d) 02, 13, 34, 56

Sol. (d).From matrix I, M can be coded as 02, 14, 21, 33 or 40.

From matrix I, O can be coded as 01, 13, 20, 32 or 44.From matrix I, S can be coded as 03, 10, 22, 34 or 41.

From matrix II, T can be coded as 56, 68, 75, 87 or 99.Clearly, (d) is the only set of correct codes.

2. ROAD(a) 42, 32, 79, 58 (b) 23, 32, 98, 99(c) 11, 13, 67, 69 (d) 04, 20, 55, 78

Sol. (c).From matrix I, R can be coded as 04, 11, 23, 30 or 42.

From matrix I, O can be coded as 01, 13, 20, 32 or 44.From matrix II, A can be coded as 55, 67, 79, 86 or 98.

From matrix II, D can be coded as 57, 69, 76, 88 or 95.Clearly, (c) contains the correct codes.3. STOP

(a) 10, 56, 44 , 97 (b) 41, 68, 01, 77(c) 22, 75, 32, 86 (d) 33, 99, 42, 59

Sol. (a).From matrix I, S can be coded as 03, 10, 22, 34 or 41.

From matrix II, T can be coded as 56, 68, 75, 87 or 99.From matrix I, O can be coded as 01, 13, 20, 32 or 44.

From matrix II, P can be coded as 59, 66, 78, 85 or 97.

4. FOAM(a) 24, 01, 55, 22 (b) 00, 01, 67, 33(c) 12, 13, 67, 23 (d) 43, 52, 56, 33

Sol. (b).From matrix I, F can be coded as 00, 12, 24, 31 or 43.

From matrix I, O can be coded as 01, 13, 20, 32 or 44.From matrix II, A can be coded as 55, 67, 79, 86 or 98.

From matrix I, M can be coded as 02, 14, 21, 33 or 40.

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Matrix I0 1 2 3 4

0 A E S T H1 T H A E S2 E S T H A3 H A E S T4 S T H A E

Matrix II5 6 7 8 9

5 P O R K L6 K L P O R7 O R K L P8 L P O R K9 R K L P O

(Questions)

5. EAST(a) 44, 32, 21, 03 (b) 32, 31, 02, 04(c) 20, 43, 33, 11 (d) 13, 12, 14, 10

Sol. (d).From matrix I, E can be coded as 01, 13, 20, 32 or 44.

From matrix I, A can be coded as 00, 12, 24, 31 or 43.From matrix I, S can be coded as 02, 14, 21, 33 or 40.

From matrix I, T can be coded as 03, 10, 22, 34 or 41.

6. ROSE(a) 95, 75, 02, 32 (b) 88, 76, 31, 32(c) 86, 67, 33, 44 (d) 57, 87, 32, 33

Sol. (a).From matrix II, R can be coded as 57, 69, 76, 88 or 95.

From matrix II, O can be coded as 56, 68, 75, 87 or 99.From matrix I, S can be coded as 02, 14, 21, 33 or 40.

From matrix I, E can be coded as 01, 13, 20, 32 or 44.

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7. SOLE(a) 41, 57, 87, 31 (b) 33, 99, 66, 44(c) 21, 75, 44, 02 (d) 02, 78, 87, 13

Sol. (b).From matrix I, S can be coded as 02, 14, 21, 33 or 40.

From matrix II, O can be coded as 56, 68, 75, 87 or 99.From matrix II, L can be coded as 59, 66, 78, 85 or 97.

From matrix I, E can be coded as 01, 13, 20, 32 or 44.

8. LAKE(a) 97, 00, 77, 12 (b) 66, 12, 58, 40(c) 85, 31, 77, 44 (d) 77, 43, 76, 31

Sol. (c).From matrix II, L can be coded as 59, 66, 78, 85 or 97.

From matrix I, A can be coded as 00, 12 24, 31 or 43.From matrix II, K can be coded as 58, 65, 77, 89 or 96.

From matrix I, E can be coded as 01, 13, 20, 32 or 44.

9. LEST(a) 97, 32, 21, 34 (b) 87, 32, 21, 31(c) 85, 02, 04, 22 (d) 66, 00, 20, 34

Sol. (a).From matrix II, L can be coded as 59, 66, 78, 85 or 97.

From matrix I, E can be coded as 01, 13, 20, 32 or 44.From matrix I, S can be coded as 02, 14, 21, 33 or 40.

From matrix I, T can be coded as 03, 10, 22, 34 or 41.

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Matrix I0 1 2 3 4

0 F A N O I1 I O F A N2 A N O I F3 O F I N A4 N I A F O

Matrix II5 6 7 8 9

5 S E H B T6 H S E T B7 B T S E H8 E H T B S9 T S E H B

(Questions)

10. NEST(a) 02, 56, 55, 59 (b) 14, 67, 66, 67(c) 21, 76, 77, 76 (d) 33, 85, 88, 86

Sol. (a).From matrix I, N can be coded as 02, 14, 21, 33 or 40.

From matrix II, E can be coded as 56, 67, 78, 85 or 97.From matrix II, S can be coded as 55, 66, 77, 89 or 96.

From matrix II, T can be coded as 59, 68, 76, 87 or 95.

11. FAITH(a) 43, 42, 41, 78, 89 (b) 31, 34, 23, 76, 79(c) 24, 31, 10, 59, 57 (d) 12, 20, 40, 68, 65

Sol. (b).From matrix I, F can be coded as 00, 12, 24, 31 or 43.

From matrix I, A can be coded as 01, 13, 20, 34 or 42.From matrix I, I can be coded as 04, 10, 23, 32 or 41.

From matrix II, T can be coded as 59, 68, 76, 87 or 95.From matrix II, H can be coded as 57, 65, 79, 86 or 98.

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12. FINE(a) 31, 32, 33, 82 (b) 24, 19, 21, 78(c) 12, 10, 13, 67 (d) 00, 04, 02, 56

Sol. (d).From matrix I, F can be coded as 00,12, 24, 31 or 43.

From matrix I, I can be coded as 04, 10, 23, 32 or 41.From matrix I, N can be coded as 02, 14, 21, 33 or 40.From matrix II, E can be coded as 56, 67, 78, 85 or 97.

13. HEAT(a) 79, 53, 20, 87 (b) 65, 56, 13, 57(c) 57, 56, 01, 59 (d) 29, 85, 34, 93

Sol. (c).From matrix II, H can be coded as 57, 65, 79, 86 or 98.

From matrix II, E can be coded as 56, 67, 78, 85 or 97.From matrix I, A can be coded as 01, 13, 20, 34 or 42.From matrix II, T can be coded as 59, 68, 76, 87 or 95.

14. BOTH(a) 88, 30, 85, 86 (b) 75, 22, 76, 79(c) 69, 67, 68, 59 (d) 58, 02, 68, 65

Sol. (b).From matrix II, B can be coded as 58, 69, 75, 88 or 99.

From matrix I, O can be coded as 03, 11, 22, 30 or 44. From matrix II, T can be coded as 59, 68, 76, 87 or 95.From matrix II, H can be coded as 57, 65, 79, 86 or 98.

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Matrix I0 1 2 3 4

0 D O B A I1 O B A I D2 B A I D O3 A I D O B4 I D O B A

Matrix II5 6 7 8 9

5 W N R M L6 N R M L W7 R M L W N8 M L W N R9 L W N R M

(Questions)

15. DRAW(a) 41, 66, 23, 55 (b) 32, 75, 44, 76 (c) 23, 57, 30, 68 (d) 14, 89, 12, 78Sol. (d).From matrix I, D can be coded as 00, 14, 23, 32 or 41.

From matrix II, R can be coded as 57, 66, 75, 89 or 98.From matrix I, A can be coded as 03, 12, 21, 30 or 44.From matrix II, W can be coded as 55, 69, 78, 87 or 96.

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Type - 71. If ‘white’ is called ‘blue’, ‘blue’ is called

‘red’, ‘red’ is called ‘yellow’, ‘yellow’ is called ‘green’, ‘green’ is called ‘black’, ‘black’ is called ‘violet’ and ‘violet’ is called ‘orange’, what would be the colour of human blood ?

Sol. (c).The colour of the human blood is ‘red’ and as given, ‘red’ is called ‘yellow’. So, the colour of human blood is ‘yellow’.

3. If ‘pen’ is ‘table’, ‘table’ is ‘fan’, ‘fan’ is ‘chair’ and ‘chair’ is ‘roof’, on which of the following will a person sit ?

Sol. (c).A person will sit on a ‘chair’ but a ‘chair’ is called ‘roof’. So, a person will sit on the ‘roof’.

4. If ‘bat’ is ‘racket’, ‘racket’ is ‘football’, ‘football’ is ‘shuttle’, ‘shuttle’ is ‘ludo’ and ‘ludo’ is ‘carrom’, what is cricket played with ?

Sol. (a).Cricket is played with a ‘bat’ and ‘bat’ is called ‘racket’. So, cricket is played with a ‘racket’.

(a) Red (b) Green (c) Yellow(d) Violet (e) Orange

2. If ‘oranges’ are ‘apples’, ‘bananas’ are ‘apricots’, ‘apples’ are ‘chillies’, ‘apricots’ are ‘oranges’, and ‘chillies’ are ‘bananas’, then which of the following are green in colour ?

Sol. (d).‘Chillies’ are green in colour and as given, ‘chillies’ are ‘bananas’. So, ‘bananas’ are green in colour.

(a) Apricots (b) Apples (c) Chillies(d) Bananas (e) Oranges

(a) Fan (b) Chair (c) Roof(d) Table (e) Pen

(a) Racket (b) Football (c) Bat(d) Shuttle (e) Carrom

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5. If ‘sky’ is ‘star’, ‘star’ is ‘cloud’, ‘cloud’ is ‘earth’, ‘earth’ is ‘tree’ and ‘tree’ is ‘book’, then where do the birds fly ?

Sol. (c).Birds fly in the ‘sky’ and as given, ‘sky’ is ‘star’. So, birds fly in the ‘star’.

7. If ‘book’ is called ‘watch’, ‘watch’ is called ‘bag’, ‘bag’ is called ‘dictionary’ and ‘dictionary’ is called ‘window’, which is used to carry the books ?

Sol. (a).Clearly, a ‘bag’ is used to carry the books but a ‘bag’ is called ‘dictionary’. So, a ‘dictionary’ will be used to carry the books.

8. If ‘cushion’ is called ‘pillow’, ‘pillow’ is called ‘mat’, ‘mat’ is called ‘bed sheet’ and ‘bed sheet’ is called ‘cover’, which will be spread on the floor ?

Sol. (b). ‘Mat’ will be spread on the floor. But ‘mat’ is called ‘bed sheet’. So, a man will sleep on the ‘window’.

(a) Cloud (b) Sky (c) Star

(d) Data inadequate (e) None of these

6. If ‘room’ is called ‘bed’, ‘bed’ is called ‘window’, ‘window’ is called ‘flower’ and ‘flower’ is called ‘cooler’, on what would a man sleep ?

Sol. (a). A man sleeps on a ‘bed’ and as given, ‘bed’ is called ‘window’. So, a man will sleep on the ‘window’.

(a) Window (b) Bed (c) Flower(d) Cooler (e) None of these

(a) Dictionary (b) Bag (c) Book(d) Watch (e) None of these

(a) Cover (b) Bed sheet(c) Mat

(d) Pillow (e) None of these

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9. If ‘orange’ is called ‘butter’, ‘butter’ is called ‘soap’, ‘soap’ is called ‘ink’, ‘ink’ is called ‘honey’ and ‘honey’ is called ‘orange’, which of the following is used for washing clothes ?

Sol. (e).Clearly, ‘soap’ is used for washing the clothes. But, ‘soap’ is called ‘ink’. So, ‘ink’ is used for washing the clothes.

11. If ‘bangle’ is called ‘cassette’, ‘cassette’ is called ‘table’, ‘table’ is called ‘game’ and ‘game’ is called ‘cupboard’, then which is played in the tape recorder ?

Sol. (c).Clearly, a ‘cassette’ is played in the tape-recorder. But a ‘cassette’ is called ‘table’. So, a ‘table’ will be played in the tape-recorder.

12. If ‘black’ means ‘pink’, ‘pink’ means ‘blue’, ‘blue’ means ‘white’, ‘white’ means ‘yellow’, ‘yellow’ means ‘red’ and ‘red’ means ‘brown’, then what is the colour of clear sky ?

Sol. (d).The colour of clear sky is ‘blue’. But, as given, ‘pink’ means ‘blue’. So, the colour of clear sky is ‘pink’.

(a) Honey (b) Butter (c) Orange(d) Soap (e) Ink

10. If ‘sand’ is called ‘air’, ‘air’ is called ‘plateau’, ‘plateau’ is called ‘well’, ‘well’ is called ‘island’ and ‘island’ is called ‘sky’, then from where will a woman draw water ?

Sol. (b).A woman shall draw water from a ‘well’ but a ‘well’ is called ‘island’. So, the woman will draw water from an ‘island’.

(a) Well (b) Island (c) Sky

(d) Air (e) None of these

(a) Bangle (b) Cassette (c) Table(d) Cupboard (e) None of these

(a) Brown (b) Red (c) Blue

(d) Pink (e) None of these

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13. If ‘rain’ is ‘water’, ‘water’ is ‘road’, ‘road’ is ‘cloud’, ‘cloud’ is ‘sky’, ‘sky’ is ‘sea’ and ‘sea’ is ‘path’, where do aeroplanes fly

Sol. (b).The aeroplanes fly in the ‘sky’ and the ‘sky’ is called ‘sea’. So, the aeroplanes fly in the ‘sea’.

15. If ‘dust’ is called ‘air’, ‘air’ is called ‘fire’, ‘fire’ is called ‘water’, ‘water’ is called ‘colour’, ‘colour’ is called ‘rain’ and ‘rain’ is called ‘dust’, then where do fish live ?

Sol. (c).Fishes live in ‘water’ and as given, ‘water’ is called ‘colour’. So, fishes live in ‘colour’.

(a) Road (b) Sea (c) Cloud(d) Water (e) None of these

14. If ‘water’ is called ‘food’, ‘food’ is called ‘tree’, ‘tree’ is called ‘sky’, ‘sky’ is called ‘wall’ on which of the following grows a fruit ?

Sol. (c).A fruit grows on a ‘tree’ and ‘tree’ is called ‘sky’. So, a fruit grows on the ‘sky’.

(a) Water (b) Food (c) Sky

(d) Tree (e) Wall

(a) Fire (b) Water(c) Colour (d) Dust

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Type - 81. In a certain code language, ‘col tip

mot’ means ‘singing is appreciable’, ‘mot baj min’ means ‘dancing is good’ and ‘tip nop baj’ means ‘singing and dancing’, which of the following means ‘good’ in that code language ?

Sol. (b).In the first and second statements, the common code-word is ‘mod’ and the common word is ‘is’. So, ‘mot’ means ‘is’. In the second and third statements, the common code-word is ‘baj’ and the common word is ‘dancing’. So, ‘baj’ means ‘dancing’. Thus, in the second statement, ‘min’ means ‘good’.

(a) not (b) min (c) baj

(d) Cannot be determined (e) None of these

2. In a certain code language, ‘mink yang pe’ means ‘fruits are ripe’, ‘pe lao may mink’ means ‘oranges are not ripe’ and ‘may pe nue mink’ means ‘mangoes are not ripe’. Which word in that language means ‘mangoes’ ?

Sol. (c).In the second and third statements, the common code-words are ‘pe’, ‘mink’ and ‘may’ and the common words are ‘are’, ‘not’ and ‘ripe’.So, in the third statement, ‘nue’ means ‘mangoes’.

(a) may (b) pe (c) nue (d) mink

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3. In a certain code language, ‘tom kun sud’ means ‘dogs are barking’, ‘kun jo mop’ means ‘dogs and horses’ and ‘mut tom ko’ means ‘donkeys are mad’. Which word in that language means ‘barking’ ?

Sol. (a). In the first and second statements, the common code-word is ‘kun’ and the common word is ‘dogs’. So, ‘kun’ means ‘dogs’.In the first and third statements, the common code-word is ‘tom’ and the common word is ‘are’. So, ‘tom’ means ‘are’. Thus, in the first statement, ‘sud’ means ‘barking’.

(a) sud (b) kun (c) jo(d) tom (e) ko

4. In a code language, ‘mok dan sil’ means ‘nice big house’, ‘fit kon dan’ means ‘house is good’ and ‘warm tir fit’ means ‘cost is hogh’. Which word stands for ‘good’ in that language ?

Sol. (d).In the first and second statements, the common code-word is ‘dan’ and the common word is ‘house’. So, ‘dan’ means ‘house’.In the second and third statements, the common code-word is ‘fit’ and the common word is ‘is’. So, ‘fit’ means ‘is’.Thus, in the second statement, ‘kon’ stands for ‘good’.

(a) mok (b) dan (c) fit (d) kon

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5. If ‘ski rps tri’ stands for ‘nice Sunday morning’, ‘the sti rps’ stands for ‘every Tuesday morning’ and ‘ski ptr qlm’ stands for ‘nice market place’, which word stands for ‘Sunday’ ?

Sol. (c).In the first and second statements, the common code-word is ‘rps’ and the common word is ‘morning’. So, ‘rps’ stands for ‘morning’.In the first and third statements, the common code-word is ‘ski’ and the common word is ‘nice’. So, ‘ski’ stands for ‘nice’.Thus in the second statement, ‘tri’ stands for ‘Sunday’.

(a) vog (b) nat (c) dor

(d) bis (e) None of these

6. In a certain language, ‘pre nat bis’ means ‘smoking is harmful’, ‘vog dor nat’ means ‘avoid harmful habit’ and ‘dor bis yel’ means ‘please avoid smoking’. Which of the following means ‘habit’ in that language ?

Sol. (a).In the first and second statements, the common code-word is ‘nat’ and the common word is ‘harmful’. So, ‘nat’ means ‘harmful’.In the second and third statements, the common code-word is ‘dor ’ and the common word is ‘avoid’. So, ‘dor’ means ‘avoid’. Thus, in the second statement, ‘vog’ means ‘habit’.

(a) ski (b) rps (c) tri (d) qlm

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7. In a certain coding system, ‘rbm std bro pus’ means ‘the cat is beautiful’, ‘tnh pus dim std’ means ‘the dog is brown’, ‘pus dim bro pus cus’ means ‘the dog has the cat’. What is the code for ‘has’ ?Sol. (d).In the third statements, the common code-word ‘pus’ occurs twice and the word ‘the’ also occurs twice. So, the code-word for ‘the’ is ‘pus’.Now, in the first and third statements, the common code-word ‘pus’ stands for ‘the’. So, the other common code-word ‘bro’ stands for the other common word i.e. ‘cat’. Similarly, in the second and third statements, the common code-word ‘dim’ stands for the common word ‘dog’.Thus, in the third statement, the remaining code-word i.e. ‘cus’ stands for ‘has’.

(a) lon (b) sig

(c) fin (d) None of these

8. In a certain code language, ‘put tir fin’ means ‘delicious juicy fruit’, ‘tie dip sig’ means ‘beautiful while lily’ and ‘sig lon fin’ means ‘lily and fruit’. Which of the following stands for ‘and’ in that language ?

Sol. (a).In the first and third statements, the common code-word i.e. ‘fin’ and the common word is ‘fruit’. So, ‘fin’ stands for ‘fruit’.In the second and third statements, the common code-word is ‘sig’ and the common word is ‘lily’. So, ‘sig’ stands for ‘lily’.Thus, in the third statement, ‘lon’ stands for ‘and’.

(a) std (b) dim (c) bro (d) cus

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9. In a certain code language, ‘dom pul ta’ means ‘bring hot food’, ‘pul tir sop’ means ‘food is good’ and ‘tak da sop’ means ‘good bright boy’. Which of the following does mean ‘hot’ in that language ?

Sol. (d).We can find the code for ‘food’ from the first and second statements. Now, to find the code for ‘hot’, we need the code for ‘bring’ which cannot be determined from the given information.

(a) ja (b) ma (c) kop(d) top (e) ki

10. In a certain code language, ‘po ki top ma’ means ‘Usha is playing cards’, ‘kop ja ki ma’ means ‘Asha is playing tennis’, ‘ki top sop ho’ means ‘they are playing football’ and ‘po sur kop’ means ‘cards and tennis’. Which word in that language means ‘Asha’ ?

Sol. (a).In the first and second statements, the common code-words are ‘ki’ and ‘ma’ and the common words are ‘is’ and ‘playing’. So, ‘ki’ and ‘ma’ are the codes for ‘is’ and ‘playing’.In the second and fourth statements, the common code-word is ‘kop’ and the common word is ‘tennis’. So, ‘kop’ stands for ‘tennis’.Thus, in the second statement, ‘ja’ stands for ‘Asha’.

(a) dom (b) pul (c) ta(d) Cannot be determined (e) None of these

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11. If ‘cinto baoli tsi nzro’ means ‘her village is Sarurpur’, ‘mhi cinto keepi tsi oind’ means ‘her first love is literature’ and ‘oind geit tsi cinto pki’ means ‘literature collection is her hobby’, which word would mean ‘literature’ ?

Sol. (c).In the first and second statements, the common code-words are ‘cinto’ and ‘tsi’ and the common words are ‘her’ and ‘is’. So, ‘cinto’ and ‘tsi’ are the codes for ‘her’ and ‘is’. In the second and third statements, the common code-words are ‘cinto’, ‘tsi’ and ‘oind’ and the common words are ‘her’, ‘is’ and ‘literature’.Now, ‘cinto’ and ‘tsi’ are codes for ‘her’ and ‘is’. So, ‘oind’ stands for ‘literature’.

(a) cinto (b) baoli (c) oind (d) geit

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Directions :(Questions)

In a certain code language, (A) ‘pit dar na’ means ‘you are good’.(B) ‘dar tok pa’ means ‘good and bad’.(C) ‘tim na tok’ means ‘they are bad’.

12. In that language, which word stands for ‘they’ ?

Sol. (c).In statements (A) and (C), the common code-

word is ‘na’ and the common word is ‘are’. So, ‘na’ stands for ‘are’.

In statements (B) and (C), the common code-word is ‘tok’ and the common word is ‘bad’. So, ‘tok’ stands for ‘bad’.

Thus, in the statement (C), ‘tim’ stands for ‘they’.

(a) na (b) tok (c) tim (d) pit(e) None of these

13. To find the answer to the above question, which of the given statements can be dispensed with ?

Sol. (e).Since all the given statements have been used

to find the answer, so none of the given statements can be dispensed with.

(a) Only A (b) Only B (c) A or B (d) B and C(e) None of these

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Directions :(Questions)

In a certain code language, (A) ‘pic vic nic’ means ‘winter is cold.(B) ‘to nic re’ means ‘summer is hot’.(C) ‘re pic boo’ means ‘winter and summer’.(D) ‘vic tho pa’ means ‘nights are cold’.

14. Which word in that language means ‘summer’ ?

Sol. (b).In statements (B) and (C), the common code-

word is ‘re’ and the common word is ‘summer’. So,‘re’ means ‘summer’.

(a) nic (b) re (c) to (d) pic(e) vic

15. Which of the given statements is superfluous and can be dispensed with while answering the above question ?

Sol. (c).Clearly, both statements (A) and (D) are

superfluous.

(a) Only A (b) Only D(c) Both A and D (d) Neither A nor D(e) None of these