Ps chapter 2

Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.1Chapter 2 Building Speaker Confidence

Essentials of Essentials of Public SpeakingPublic Speaking

Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D.

5th Edition5th Edition

BuildingSpeaker

Confidence

Chapter 2

Cheryl HamiltonCheryl Hamilton

Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.2Chapter 2– Building Speaker Confidence

Isocrates, a Greek contemporary of Plato and Isocrates, a Greek contemporary of Plato and AristotleAristotle, , is one of the prestigious Ten Attic is one of the prestigious Ten Attic Orators. However, he suffered from speaker Orators. However, he suffered from speaker anxiety and had a voice that wouldn’t project. anxiety and had a voice that wouldn’t project. Even so, he and founded the first permanent Even so, he and founded the first permanent and financially successful school of rhetoric. and financially successful school of rhetoric. For over 50 years his graduates became For over 50 years his graduates became prominent Greek citizens. Most scholars prominent Greek citizens. Most scholars agree that his program of study and his agree that his program of study and his philosophy of educating “the good man skilled philosophy of educating “the good man skilled in speaking” have greatly influenced education in speaking” have greatly influenced education even to the present time even to the present time (Conley, 1990, p. 20).(Conley, 1990, p. 20).

Flashback . . .Flashback . . .


Key IdeasKey Ideas

The situational and trait anxietyThe situational and trait anxiety Define Define Positive ImageryPositive Imagery and explain how it and explain how it

helps manage trait anxietyhelps manage trait anxiety Strategies for managing anxietyStrategies for managing anxiety


Types of AnxietyTypes of Anxiety

Situational – Situational – anxiety caused by factors present in a specific speaking situation

Trait – Trait – internal anxieties an individual brings to to the speaking situation


Characteristics of Situational Characteristics of Situational AnxietyAnxiety Feeling nervous in a new speaking situationFeeling nervous in a new speaking situation Situational anxiety is normal and necessary Situational anxiety is normal and necessary

to dynamic communicationto dynamic communication Experienced speakers get situational anxiety Experienced speakers get situational anxiety

(e.g. Mike Wallace, Billy Graham, Lee (e.g. Mike Wallace, Billy Graham, Lee Iacocca, talk show host Susan Powter)Iacocca, talk show host Susan Powter)


Characteristics of Trait AnxietyCharacteristics of Trait Anxiety

A feeling of dissimarlity to other speakersA feeling of dissimarlity to other speakers A feeling of anxiety due to prior speaking A feeling of anxiety due to prior speaking

historyhistory A feeling of subordinate statusA feeling of subordinate status


Managing Situational AnxietyManaging Situational Anxiety

Prepare and practicePrepare and practice– Prepare using notes and visuals– Practice out loud at least three times

Warm-up before speakingWarm-up before speaking Use deep breathingUse deep breathing Plan a relaxing introductionPlan a relaxing introduction


Managing Situational AnxietyManaging Situational Anxiety

Concentrate on meaningConcentrate on meaning– Make sure your listeners are following your

organization– Pay close attention to audience feedback

Used visual aidsUsed visual aids– Visual aids keep your hands occupied– Visual aids shift attention away from you– Visual aids help you remember what you are going to

say


Managing Trait Anxiety:Managing Trait Anxiety:The power of Positive The power of Positive ImageryImagery

Positive imagery is “creating a positive, vivid, and detailed mental image of yourself giving a successful and confident speech. When you imagine yourself speaking confidently, you become more confident just as you would if you had actually given a successful speech.


Why Positive Imagery WorksWhy Positive Imagery Works

Positive imagery helps you generate Positive imagery helps you generate enthusiasmenthusiasm

Positive imagery helps us get a positive Positive imagery helps us get a positive picture of ourselvespicture of ourselves

Positive imagery helps us create a vision of Positive imagery helps us create a vision of succeeding as a speakersucceeding as a speaker


Mastering Positive ImageryMastering Positive Imagery

Negative words to Negative words to avoidavoid

have tohave to

ought toought to

need toneed to

Positive Positive AlternativesAlternatives

want towant to

like tolike to

enjoy enjoy

Step 1Develop the habit of positive self-talk



Picture yourself as the speaker that you Picture yourself as the speaker that you would like to bewould like to be

Identify the speaking characteristics you Identify the speaking characteristics you would like to havewould like to have

Write 10 positive statements that describe Write 10 positive statements that describe those positive characteristicsthose positive characteristics

Step 2Refocus negative mental pictures

into positive ones






Step 2Refocus negative mental pictures

into positive ones


Writing Positive StatementsWriting Positive Statements

Weak:Weak: I will try to look directly at my listeners when I speak Better:Better: I’m making direct eye contact with

my listeners as I speak

Weak:Weak: My voice does not shake when I speakBetter:Better: My voice is strong and steady when I speak


Examples of Positive StatementsExamples of Positive StatementsExamples of Positive StatementsExamples of Positive Statements

I feel as relaxed and confident giving a formal I feel as relaxed and confident giving a formal presentation as I do entertaining good friends in presentation as I do entertaining good friends in my own living room.my own living room.

I enjoy giving presentations regardless of the size I enjoy giving presentations regardless of the size of the audience.of the audience.

I am a warm, relaxed, and entertaining speaker.I am a warm, relaxed, and entertaining speaker.

I feel as relaxed and confident giving a formal I feel as relaxed and confident giving a formal presentation as I do entertaining good friends in presentation as I do entertaining good friends in my own living room.my own living room.

I enjoy giving presentations regardless of the size I enjoy giving presentations regardless of the size of the audience.of the audience.

I am a warm, relaxed, and entertaining speaker.I am a warm, relaxed, and entertaining speaker.


Examples of Positive StatementsExamples of Positive StatementsExamples of Positive StatementsExamples of Positive Statements

I am a dynamic speaker.I am a dynamic speaker. When I’m in front of a group words flow easily When I’m in front of a group words flow easily

for me.for me. People respond well to my presentations.People respond well to my presentations.

I am a dynamic speaker.I am a dynamic speaker. When I’m in front of a group words flow easily When I’m in front of a group words flow easily

for me.for me. People respond well to my presentations.People respond well to my presentations.






Step 3Compete only with yourself


Keys to VisualizationKeys to Visualization Keys to VisualizationKeys to Visualization


Managing Trait Anxiety: Other Managing Trait Anxiety: Other MethodsMethods Relaxation with deep breathingRelaxation with deep breathing

– Learning to relax using deep muscle relaxation and breathing

– Learning to remain relaxed while visualizing a series of communication situations progressing from low anxiety to high anxiety


Managing Trait AnxietyManaging Trait Anxiety

Cognitive Restructuring Cognitive Restructuring (Fremouw & Scott, (Fremouw & Scott, 1979); Meichenbaum, 1985 1979); Meichenbaum, 1985 – Identifying irrational self-talk that produces speaker

anxiety – Developing alternative coping statements – Practicing the coping statements in stressful situations


Managing Trait AnxietyManaging Trait Anxiety

Skills Training (Kelly, 1989; Phillips, 1977, Skills Training (Kelly, 1989; Phillips, 1977, 1991) 1991) – Identifying speaking goals– Determining behavior or skills needed to achieve the

speaking goals– Developing procedures for judging the success of each

goal

Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.22

TechnologyTechnology

Electronic visuals such as PowerPointElectronic visuals such as PowerPoint Adds to credibility and confidenceAdds to credibility and confidence Easy to prepare and reviseEasy to prepare and revise Helps keep thoughts on trackHelps keep thoughts on track Make sure to practice with themMake sure to practice with them

Chapter 2 Building speaker Confidence


“ “ The only difference between The only difference between

the pros and the novices is the pros and the novices is thatthat

the pros have the pros have trainedtrained their their

butterflies to fly in butterflies to fly in formation.”formation.” Edward R. MurrowEdward R. Murrow

Remember . . . Remember . . .

Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.24Chapter 2 Building Speaker Confidence

Essentials of Essentials of Public SpeakingPublic Speaking

Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D.

5th Edition5th Edition

BuildingSpeaker

Confidence

Chapter 2

Cheryl HamiltonCheryl Hamilton

Education

Ps chapter 2