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Protected Cultivation in Horticulture Genhua Niu [email protected]

Protected Cultivation in Horticulture; Gardening Guidebook for Texas

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Protected Cultivation in Horticulture

Genhua Niu

[email protected]

Agriculture production is threatened by

severe climate.

Shortage of irrigation water affects

organic agriculture.

Global climate change models show

increases in frequency of extreme drought

and wet periods.

Where is future agriculture?

• The Central Valley is one of the world's most productive agricultural regions.

• On less than 1 percent of the total farmland in the United States, the Central Valley produces 8 percent of the nation's agricultural output by value.

• Water quantity and quality are the biggest threaten

The California Central Valley

Types of protected cultivation -

overview

US greenhouse production

High Tech

Low Tech (low to high tunnel)

Chinese style solar greenhouse

Closed plant production system –

Plant factory

Outline

Types of protected cultivation -

overview

US greenhouse production

High Tech

Low Tech (high tunnel)

Chinese style solar greenhouse

Closed plant production system –

Plant factory

Outline

Type of protected cultivation

Rain shelter /screen or net house

Plastic and Glass greenhouses

Plant Factory (Vertical Farming, Urban

Agriculture, etc.)

Screen house for vegetables

Plastic house for grape production

Jiaxing, China 2012

Texas

Japan – transplant production

Feb. 2009

Multi-layer tunnels to increase protection from heat loss

Stand alone greenhouse

Multi-span greenhouse

W

E

South roof

Outside thermal cover N S

North Wall

North RoofSouth Roof

¼ of the greenhouse in China is solar GH.

Solar greenhouse is the main type of greenhouse in northern China

From Prof. Ma Chenwei of CAU

Greenhouse with multi-layers, Beijing, China

Plant factory at Tamagawa University in Japan

Plant Factory, Beijing, China

Protection against the impact of heavy

rainfall

Protection against temperature extremes

Protection against biotic stresses due to

pests and diseases

Benefits of Protective Structures

Country Area (ha)

1. China 2,760,000

2. S. Korea 57,444

3. Spain 52,170

4. Japan 49,049

5. Turkey 39,400

6. Italy 26,500

7. Mexico 11,759

8. Holland 10,370

9. France 9,620

10. United States 8,425

Total areas of greenhouse production (Kacira)

The top 10 countries

Protected cultivation in China (by 2008)

小拱棚38.2%

大中型塑料棚38.9%

大型连栋温室0.39%

简易加温温室0.58%

普通日光温室3.46%

节能型日光温室18.5%

Plastic GH38.9%

Low tunnels38.2%

Solar GH18.5%

Simple Solar GH, 3.46%

Simple heating GH, 0.58%

Multi-span GH, 0.38%

Credit: Prof. Ma of CAU

Credit: Dr. M GU

Tunnels in China

Credit: Dr. M GU

Tunnels in China

Credit: Dr. M GU

Tunnels in China

Credit: Dr. M GU

Tunnels in China

Types of protected cultivation -

overview

US greenhouse production

High Tech

Low Tech (high tunnel)

Chinese style solar greenhouse

Closed plant production system –

Plant factory

Outline

U.S. Greenhouse production

Item West M_West S_West N_East S_East

Competition 22.6% 22.0% 26.7% 19.6% 23.9%

Energy costs 9.7% 20.3% 0% 39.1% 10.9%

Input costs 9.7% 20.3% 0% 17.4% 26.1%

Transportation 6.5% 0% 13.3% 4.3% 2.2%

Labor costs 29% 25.4% 40.0% 8.7% 23.9%

Water 9.7% 0% 6.7% 0% 2.2%

Other 12.9% 11.9% 12.9% 10.9% 10.9%

Challenges of the US Greenhouse Growers (based on 2010 survey, Kacira)

1. Labor costs 25.4%, 2 Competition 23%, 3 Energy costs 16%

2014 Survey results show:

U.S. Greenhouse Technology (High Technology)

• Climate is controlled automatically

• Ebb and flood floors or benches

• Automation and operation

• Thermal screen, bug screens

High Tech Greenhouses

EuroFresh Farms, Wilcox, Arizona

Founded in PA in 1990 by third generation

Dutch greenhouse owners.

1992, moved to Wilcox, Arizona with

abundant light.

In 2002, expanded to 318 acres in

Snowflake, AZ.

EuroFresh Farms, Wilcox, AZ

Glass venlo type, automatically

controlled climate.

Tomatoes and cucumbers and

other crops

Hydroponically grown tomatoes, bell peppers,

and cucumbers.

Fresh, Sustainable, Sweet, Quality

Leading grower and marketer of branded, high-

quality hydroponic greenhouse grown produce

in North America.

Village FarmsMarfa, TexasUS, Mexico, DR

Water conservation. Water and fertilizer are

recycled for four times. Use 86% less water

than field grown tomatoes.

Land Preservation. Use reusable coconut fiber

to support the plants.

Integrated pest management. Use beneficial

insects to control pests.

Recycling CO2. Pump the CO2 from heat boilers

back to the greenhouse.

Village Farms

Built in recent years in Maine.

Glass greenhouse, venlo type.

Rock wool hydroponic

Vine-ripened tomatoes.

BACKYARD FARMS

Houweling’s Tomatoes, CA (family

owned)

Windset Farms, NV (Many kinds of

vegetables)

Wholesum Harvest, AZ (many kinds

of vegetables)

Other high-Tech greenhouse production companies

Plastic Greenhouses(High Tunnel, Low Technology)

Growing system between

greenhouse and row covers;

inexpensive.

No precision control of environment.

But do modify the environment to

improve yield, quality, and extend the

growing season (spring, fall.

Prevention of rain, wind, creatures,

etc. Reduce the use of pesticide.

Other names: hoop houses, poly-

houses, or cold-frames

High Tunnels

It is relatively new using HT for the

production of vegetables, fruits and

flowers.

It is not until early 90s the potential

benefits of HT was reported for

production.

A few years ago, USDA NRCS started a

HT initiative program (subsidizing

growers).

Thousands of HTs have been built

through this program.

Status of High Tunnels in the U.S.

12-05-2009; Crystal Springs, MS

Credit: Dr. M GU

7:18 am; 12-05-2009 Crystal Springs

Credit: Dr. M GU

4:29 pm; 01-12-2011 Crystal Springs

Credit: Dr. M GU

High Tunnel in Lubbock

Credit: Dr. Wallace

HT Strawberries 4.12.13Credit: Dr. Wallace

Peppers Bell

Credit: Dr. Wallace

Peppers

Slide credit: Wallace

Multi Color Snapdragons HT Stocks Feb. 2013

Slide credit: J. MasabniCredit: Dr. Wallace

Blackeyes 7.31.13Credit: Dr. Wallace

Mississippi Purple 8.6.13Credit: Dr. Wallace

Types of protected cultivation -

overview

US greenhouse production

High Tech

Low Tech (high tunnel)

Chinese style solar greenhouse

Closed plant production system –

Plant factory

Outline

Protected Cultivation in China(with emphasis on Solar GH)

Credit: Prof. Ma of CAU

Chinese Style Solar Greenhouse

Credit: Prof. Ma of CAUCredit: Prof. Ma of CAU

Main Components of a Solar GH

SN

Outside

thermal cover

Span

North Roof

Roof height

Width

N. Roof

Wall height

No

rth

wal

l

South Roof

Slide Credit: Prof. Ma of CAU

Single Span, East – West.

Length: 50-100 m; Width: 6-12 m.

North wall: opaque, heavy material for

thermal insulation and heat retention.

South roof: arch shape with good light

interception.

Use thermal blanket on the roof at night.

Characteristics of Solar GH

Credit: Prof. Ma of CAUCredit: Prof. Ma of CAU

SN

Min temp outside

-15 ~ -10℃

Minimum temp inside

5 ~ 10℃

Average temp inside 21-25 C without heating during the day

Credit: Prof. Ma of CAU

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8

时刻(时)

气温(℃

)

室外气温

室内气温

25 ~30℃

18 ~ 20℃

Sunny day

Credit: Prof. Ma of CAUCredit: Prof. Ma of CAU

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8

时刻(时)

气温(℃

)

室外气温

室内气温

18 ~22℃

15 ~ 18℃

Cloudy day

Credit: Prof. Ma of CAU

Average light transmission

45%~60%

Conventional GH

60%~80%

Solar GH

Reasons for a better thermal environment

1. Better light interception

South-facing wall; fewer structuresOn average, 15% higher.

Credit: Prof. Ma of CAU

Solar energy

absorbed by

the floor

SN a

2. North Wall accumulates and store solar energy

Solar heat absorbed by north wall

For the same area, Solar GH absorbed 40-70% more solar energy.

Credit: Prof. Ma of CAU

3~5W/(m2·℃)

Conventional GH

1.2~1.6W/(m2·℃)

Solar GH

3. Better thermal insulation

Heat transfer coefficient

Credit: Prof. Ma of CAU

SN

1/3~1/2

1/2~2/3

150~350W/m2

100~250W/m2

4. Heat storage and “heating”

Solar heat stored during the day releases back to the greenhouse.

Credit: Prof. Ma of CAU

Protected cultivation in China

小拱棚38.2%

大中型塑料棚38.9%

大型连栋温室0.39%

简易加温温室0.58%

普通日光温室3.46%

节能型日光温室18.5%

Plastic GH38.9%

Low tunnels38.2%

Solar GH18.5%

Simple Solar GH, 3.46%

Simple heating GH, 0.58%

Multi-span GH, 0.38%

Credit: Prof. Ma of CAU

Most solar GHs are built by growers

themselves, no standard, leading to variations

in performance.

Low temperature and cold injury are common.

Lack of control facility and instruments

Low efficiency in management; laborious.

Use too much soil to build north wall.

Low land use efficiency.

Not well-documented in theory (design,

theoretical analysis, modeling, etc.)

Problems and Challenges

Low land use efficiency (< 50%)

Shading part can’t be used efficiently

Number of solar GH is increasing steadily in

various locations and quality is also improving.

Variety increased for various climate and usage.

Optimization of design and construction.

New materials to be developed with better

quality for thermal absorption and storage.

New materials for rooftop cover to replace straw

and shutter machine for easy operation.

Trends for future development

Improve solar energy use efficiency; utilize

energy from wind and geothermal.

Adding comprehensive environmental control

equipment.

Develop standards for solar GH design and

construction.

Fundamental research on thermal environment

and modeling.

Trends for future development

Types of protected cultivation -

overview

US greenhouse production

High Tech

Low Tech (high tunnel)

Chinese style solar greenhouse

Closed plant production system –

Controlled environment indoor

Outline

Vertical Farming –Indoor Controlled Environment

Greenhouse with multi-layers, Beijing, China

Tamagawa Univ

Plant Factory, Beijing, China

Advantages

• Higher production• Higher quality produce• Grow plants anywhere at any season• Local for local• Higher water use efficiency• Higher space use efficiency• Low use of agrochemicals

Challenges

• Higher initial investment• Higher degree of management• Not all crops are suitable to be

profitable in a controlled environment.

Established in 2003 to develop a highly efficient,

environmentally superior, urban based produce

growth system.

Between 2003-2007, a pilot facility was built in

Vancouver, Canada and was improved in the

following years.

Boston, MA.

TerraSphere

Full control of the growth environment (water,

nutrient, light, temperature).

Full containment so that plants are not exposed

to pollutants.

Continuous, year-round growth.

The ability to site facilities in virtually any

location.

TerraSphere

Vertical Tower Unit with

Spinning lights in the

middle.

Hydroponics

De-humidification,

heating, cooling

systems.

GREEN APPLIED SCIENCES (https://greenappliedsciences.com/)

High-Tech Greenhouse Planned for Vancouver parking Garage

Rooftop greenhouse and gardens

Gothan Greens was founded in 2008

To produce local, urban farm operation for

freshest, high quality culinary ingredients,

year-round.

First commercial scale rooftop greenhouse

was built in the U.S. in 2011.

Brooklyn, NY(Rooftop GH)

Uncommon Ground, a certified green restaurant in Chicago, hosts an organic farm on its rooftop.

Rooftop Garden/Farming, Chicago

Organic Rooftop Farm, Chicago, IL

Organic Rooftop Farm, Chicago, IL

Higher Ground Farm –Boston’s First Commercial Roof Farm

Book on Vertical Farm

The Vertical Farm: Feeding the world in

the 21st Century

By Prof. Dickson Despommier

Public Health in Environmental Health

Sciences at Columbia University

Indoor Vertical Farming - Microgreens

Microgreens: salad crop

shoots harvested for

consumption within 7 to 15

days after seeding, between

sprouts and baby salads.

Vertical farming for Microgreens

Grower Supply Vertical Lettuce and herb growing system

Vertical growing plant chambers by

Hort Americas

Books on Microgreensfrom Amazon.com

Scientists at USDA –ARS analyzed the key nutrients in 25

different varieties of vegetable microgreens.

Different microgreens contained widely differing amounts of

vitamins and carotenoids.

microgreens contained considerably higher levels of

vitamins and carotenoids, about five times greater—than

their mature plant counterparts.

Among the 25 microgreens tested, red cabbage, cilantro,

garnet amaranth, and green daikon radish had the highest

concentrations of vitamin C, carotenoids, vitamin K and

vitamin E, respectively.

Growing, harvesting, and handling conditions may have a

considerable effect on nutrient content.

ARS News Service – January 23, 2014Specialty Greens Pack a Nutritional Punch

Interests in controlled environment agriculture are steadily

increasing.

Vertical farming in a indoor controlled facilities is increasing

with high value crops – leafy greens, baby greens,

microgreens, medicinal plants, etc.

Led by Japan, many Asian countries are now growing

short-statue vegetables, herbs, and medicinal plants under

artificial lighting in controlled environment.

New indoor controlled growing facilities are being (or to be)

built in USA, Canada, The Netherlands, Singapore,

Mongolia.

Middle eastern countries are considering …

Worldwide Movement in Vertical Farming