The branch of biology that deals with identifying and naming organisms is taxonomy.

In the 1700s, Carl von Linne (Linnaeus) of Sweden determined a classification system for minerals, plants, and animals.Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Oder,

Family, Genus, SpeciesBinomial Nomenclature – 2 word

naming systemGenus and species

LatinDescriptive, no slang, universal

Bryophytes These are nonvascular plantsmosses and liverwortslimited in size due to the lack of

vascular tissuesMost primitive

Ferns are vascular plants that reproduce by spores

Ferns have no true leaves. Instead, ferns have fronds, which have the double purpose of food production and spore formation

newest fronds are called fiddleheads

Gymnosperms are plants that

reproduce with seeds that lay naked on scalesUsing a structure called a “cone.” Conifer leaves are specialized to be either needles or scalesevergreen, holding leaves year rounddeciduous, which means the leaves drop in the winter

Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds that develop within a fruiting body

All the major agricultural crops are angiosperms.

Two distinct types of angiosperm are monocots and dicots.

 

Single Cotyledon

Scattered Vascular Bundles

Parallel Veins

Fibrous Roots

Double Cotyledon

Vascular Rings

Netted Veins

Tap Roots

Monocot Dicot

The cell wall is a protective layer made of cellulose which surrounds the cell.

The cell membrane is a thin film comprised of 2 fatty layers that surround the cell and regulate the movement of material into and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid inside the cell membrane which surrounds the organelles.

Organelles are small structures inside the cell which carry out the physiological processes of the organism.

Chloroplasts are membranes filled with chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis.

Nucleus contains the chromosomes.It is surrounded by a membrane that

allows the movement of materials needed for protein synthesis to pass through.

Endoplasmic reticulum is a system of tubes which move compounds through the cell to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration.

Golgi apparatus processes, packages, and transports compounds through the cell.

Ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins.

Vacuole is a large storage compartment filled mostly with water.

A. Absorb all of the water and minerals that a plant needs to live.

B. Anchor the plant to the ground and support the above ground part of the plant.

C. Store food made through photosynthesis.

The first structure to emerge from the germinating seed is a root called a radicle.

This root becomes the primary root, and on some plants it is the most important root in the whole root system.

B. Other roots eventually branch out from the primary root. These are called secondary or lateral roots.

Root Cap

White in colorFresh smelling

Stems support the leaves

Stems move water, minerals, and manufactured food throughout the whole plant

Green stems help produce food through photosynthesis

Stems store food that has been manufactured by the plant.

herbaceous stems that are usually soft, green, and flexible

woody stems, which are generally hard and produce secondary growth

• Terminal bud – upward growth

• Apical meristem – growing point

• Lenticel – breathing pore

• Node – area of bud

• Internode – area between buds

• Lateral bud – side growth

Xylem – takes water and nutrients up

Phloem – takes sugars down

Cambium – makes new xylem and phloem

Xylem

Phloem

Vascular Cambium

Notice that monocots do not have cambium

A. A bulb is a very short flattened stem that has several fleshy leaves attached to it.

B. A corm is a spherical structure like a bulb. The entire structure is stem as opposed to stem and leaves. A gladiolus is a corm.

A rhizome is a thick underground stem that lies horizontally (Hostas and Mother-in-law’s Tongue)

A stolon is a horizontal stem that lies above the ground. (Strawberries)

A tuber is a rhizome with a tip that is swollen with stored food (potatoes)

Photosynthesis – making food from light, water, and carbon dioxide

Transpiration – releasing water and oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide

Blade – flat part for catching sunlight

Petiole – stem-like structure to hold leaf

Margin – edge of leafVein – conducts water and sugarsMidrib – central vein that connects to the stem

Epidermis = skinXylem = water upPhloem = sugars

downPalisade Mesophyll = site of photosynthesisSpongy Mesophyll = hold water & nutrientsStomata = pores that allow leaf to breathGuard cells = open and close stomata

The male part of a flower is called the stamen.

The stamen is made of the stalk-like filament which holds up the

sac-like anther.The anther contains pollen which

contains the sperm.Flowers that have only male parts are

called staminate.

The female part of a flower is called the pistil.

Made up of a sticky tissue at its end called the stigmareceptive to pollen.

Below the stigma is a rod-shaped middle part called the style and a swollen base containing eggs called the ovary.

Flowers that have only female parts are called pistillate.

Petal

Calyx

CorollaSepal

Once the pollen reaches the stigma, it forms a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary where sperm is deposited.

Plants may produce flowers that are perfect or imperfect.

A flower that has both male and female parts is called a perfect flower.

A flower that is missing either male or female parts is called an imperfect flower.

Plants may have flowers that are complete or incomplete.If a flower has sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens, it is referred to as a complete flower.If a flower is missing one of these parts, it is referred to as an incomplete flower.Imperfect flowers are always incomplete. Incomplete flowers may or may not be imperfect.