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JOHN FLORENTINO E. ECHON
Learning how to paraphrase your sources properly will help you avoid "accidental" plagiarism.
What is a paraphrase? Paraphrasing is following the author's original presentation of ideas, but restating those ideas in your own words.
• you want to express the author's idea but not necessarily the author’s language; support your ideas.
When is a paraphrase useful?
STEPS IN PARAPHRASING1.Introduce the source in a signal phrase. Here is a
common formula you can use: In "[name of article]," [author] writes… [State the main point of the text first.]
2. It should be about the same length as the original source.
3. Compare your version to the original. Make sure that you used your own words and sentence structure. 4. Remember that if you used any key words or phrases, enclose them in quotation marks. 5. Include a parenthetical citation.
APA style, developed by the American
Psychological Association, is used in the fields of
psychology, education, communication studies,
business and some pure sciences.
Direct Quotations
A direct quotation reproduces the
words of another writer verbatim
and is displayed in quotation marks
(if the quotation is fewer than 40
words) or as a block quotation (if
the quotation is 40 words or more)
A quotation is a word-for-word
repetition of written or spoken
language. When you include a direct
quotation in a paper, include the author,
date, and page number on which the
quotation can be found (or other
location information) in the citation.
How to Cite Direct Quotations
All of the following citations of a direct quote are in correct APA Style,
citing the author, year, and page number.
Examples
1. According to Palladino and Wade (2010), “a flexible mind is a healthy
mind” (p. 147).
2. In 2010, Palladino and Wade noted that “a flexible mind is a healthy
mind” (p. 147).
3. In fact, “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (Palladino & Wade,
2010, p. 147).
4. “A flexible mind is a healthy mind,” according to Palladino and
Wade’s (2010, p. 147) longitudinal study.
5. Palladino and Wade’s (2010) results indicate that “a flexible
mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).
LONG QUOTATIONS
If the source you are quoting is 40 or more words, start it on
a new line and indent the entire quote about a half inch from
the margin (same position as a new paragraph). Double
space and do not use quotation marks. Note different
position of period.
Miele (1993) found the following:
The “placebo effect,” which had been verified
in previous studies, disappeared when
behaviors were studied in this manner.
Furthermore, the behaviors were never
exhibited again even when reel [sic] drugs were
administered. Earlier studies were clearly
premature in attributing the results to a
placebo effect. (p. 276)
What if there is no page number?
Some sources such as websites may not have page
numbers. APA encourages you to put as much
information as possible for the reader. You may put the
paragraph number or the title of a heading and
paragraph number under that heading. Remember you
only need a page number for direct quotations, not
paraphrased or summarized information.
Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest
the need for a new “intellectual framework in
which to consider the nature and form of
regulation in cyberspace” (para. 4).
In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008)
found that “the level of perceived disability in
patient. . . physical condition” (Discussion section,
para. 1).
Secondary Sources
When referring to another work mentioned in the
source you are reading, give the author’s name of
the original source in your text. Cite the secondary
source in the parentheses using the words, “as
cited in.” Include the secondary source in the
references, but not the original work.
Hawkins was the first to study the long term effects
of abuse (as cited in Caruso et al., 2003).
Hawkins’ study found “no evidence of mistreatment”
(as cited in Caruso et al., 2003, p. 49).
Signal Verbs
The list of signal verbs below will help you integrate others’ ideas
into your sentences.
acknowledges concludes emphasizes replies advises
concurs expresses reports allows reveals
responds interprets agrees confirms criticizes
answers declares objects says believes
disagrees offers suggests lists writes
charges discusses opposes thinks claims
disputes remarks
The cross-pollination and fusion of musical genres over the last 2 decades
has exposed children to a diversity of musical styles (Viglione, 2010).
Technology has also made possible the distribution and sharing of music in
exciting new ways (Viglione, 2010). Music is shared through social media
sites, analyzed and tailored for the individual listener via sites like Pandora,
and simply given away by musicians on their websites (Viglione, 2010). As
a result, in the future, children will likely develop eclectic musical tastes
early and expect a diversity of musical styles at younger and younger ages
(Viglione, 2010).
SUMMARIZING
Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into
your own words, including only the main point(s).
Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized
ideas to the original source. Summaries are
significantly shorter than the original and take a broad
overview of the source material.