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STONE AGE
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PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
This was the type of architecture invented by the primeval man to get shelter and protection :
From variable extreme weather conditions.
From wild beasts and enemies.
PALEOLITHIC DWELLINGS
Structures created in wood and stone.
Fire used on paved hearths. No buildings for any special
purposes but dwellings. Categorized into 5 types:
CAVES
The oldest and most common types of dwellings.
Natural underground spaces, large enough for a human.
Example: Rock shelters, Grottos, Sea caves.
HUTS Located in southern
French cities. Oval in shape(8m-15m
X 4m-6m). Built close to sea
shores. Built using stakes with
stones as supports. Stout posts along axis. Floor made of organic
matter and ash.
MOLODOVA A more sophisticated sought. Wood framework covered with skins, held in place by
rough oval mammoth bones, enclosing 15 hearths.
DOLNI VESTONICE Palisade of mammoth
bones and tusks set into ground, filled with brush wood and turf.
Oval shape(16m x10m) Limestone used for
walls Central hearth capped
with an earthen dome. Summer structure
open to sky.
MEZHIRICH Consisted of
foundation wall of mammoth jaws and long bones, capped with skulls.
Roofed with tree branches, overlaid by tusks.
LEAN TOS Erected against one
wall of cave. Defined at base by
stones(12m x 4m). Skin curtain and roof
draped over posts. May have two
compartments, each having an entrance on the longer side.
TENTS Skirts weighed down
with pebbles. Paved interiors. Open air hearths. Wooden posts driven
into earth covered with skins.
At a later stage, were secured by reindeer antlers.
PIT HOUSES
More common in eastern Europe with severely low temperatures.
Oval trapezoidal, pear shaped size(5m-8m x2.5m-3.5m). Central post holes indicating existence of roof. Constructed by making shallow depressions in the ground
surrounded by a ring of mammoth bones and tusks.
MESOLITHIC PERIOD Villages arranged systematically. Houses aligned in rows. More regular plans. Artefacts came into existence. Settlements began around water bodies. Fishing, cultivation of cereals and vegetables
began. Animals were domesticated, farming tools were
developed. Dwellings were more durable as compared to that in
the Paleolithic age.
HUTS
The structure mainly comprised of bamboos.
Plans were trapezoidal in shape.
The size varied from 5.5-30m.
They had wide entrances facing the water bodies (rivers).
Floors were plastered with lime.
Posts were reinforced with stones.
PIT HOUSES Shallow oval pits
6m-9m long and 2-5m wide.
Roofs were made of timber.
Stone hearths were used as working slabs.
NEOLITHIC PERIOD Many changes took place. Production of food. Developments in agriculture lead to
settling down. Dwellings became more sustainable. Houses were built with
square/rectangular plans, with sections divided with animal skins.
TIMBER FRAMED HOUSES
Square plans:25’ x25’ Mud walls with 3’ deep
footings. These were more
durable as compared to the earlier ones.
Pitched and thatched roofs with overhanging caves.
Interiors raised, plastered with sunken hearths.
LONG HOUSES Rectangular plans(20’ x26’-150’). Oak posts made the framework covered with clay. Floors were defined with layers of clay over a base
of logs. It consisted of 3 types of plans:
TRIPARTITE: Entrance facing the east. Central part being the living
room. The third part containing deep
storage area.
BIPARTITE: Entrance Living room combined with
storage.
SINGLE BAY HOUSES:
Having living rooms only.
DRY STONE HOUSES Stone built houses with 3m thick cavity walls. Inner, outer caves were made of dry stones and the interiors
were covered with domestic refuse. Rectangular plan with circular corners. Thatched roofs with a smoke hole at the top positioned
over central hearth.
MONUMENTS
Settlements lead to building of monumental stone architecture.
These were mainly collective tombs. PASSAGE GRAVES GALLERY GRAVES
MEGALITHIC PASSAGE GRAVES
Covering mound (38m x32m) surrounded by wide space with wide ditch beyond.
Entrance passage 1m wide and 1.5m high. burial chamber(5sqm)
Smooth walls built with rectangular blocks and fine joints.
Three cells at three sides of the chamber.
Built mainly with masoned walls and corbelled roof.
MEGALITHIC GALLERY GRAVES
23m long chamber divided into twelve sections.
Covered with a rectangular mound .
EARTHERN LONG BARROWS
Trapezoid mound(40m x6m approx.) Wide entrance and porch with 4 posts. Earthen mound surrounded by a bedding trunch
over 1m deep and 0.5 m wide. Timber retaining wall 2m high. Mortuary houses exactly behind entrance,
constructed using three split tree trunks(600mm dia app.) placed 1m apart from each other supporting a ridge post.
Sloping timber formed triangular framework(1.5m high, 2.4m wide) at groung level.
Fussel’s lodge
MENHIRS Large, upright standing
stones. Uneven textured, square
shaped, tapered towards the top.
May exist as monoliths or a part of group.
Existed as identification marks at burial sites or otherwise.
DOLMENS Two or more stones
supporting a large one at the top.
Burial features. Also called
cromlechs (brythonic origin).
HENGES Open air ritual structures. The plan comprised of
concentric circles. An altar located in the
centre. Surrounded by five
trilithon pairs of stones. Followed by a circle of
blue stones. Example: The stone
henge.
BRONZE AGE DWELLINGS Enclosed timber framed and dry stone
farmsteads. Cooking area and storage were added
features.
TIMBER FRAMED HOUSES
Log built houses with central houses and lateral wings.
Large proportions and layout.
Contained large central hall(10 x5m),attached six rooms, five of them contained hearths.
Logs interlocked by means of notches cut near the extremities.
Entrance porch facing the street, living area and loft accessible by ladder.
Stone hearth on the left of entrance with a family bed located against southern wall.
Wooden floors, thatched roofs. Houses placed in rows oriented east-west.
CIRCULAR BRONZE AGE Linked group of earthwork enclosures and hut
platforms(734m x55m). Principal enclosures surrounded by a timber fence. Containing 4-5 additional huts(4.8m dia), both with a ring
about 250mm wide. Ring containing timber uprights supporting a thatched roof. Porch at the entrance.
BURIAL MOUNDS
Single grave burials. Variable forms in exterior
and interior forms and arrangements and groupings.
In their simplest form, barrows consisted of earth or stone.
Others were timber mortuary houses or stone cists.
NEW GRANGE
Stone revetments retaining the side supports to the burial chamber.
Sandstone paved floor at the northern and reed floor on the southern end.
TEMPLES AND RITUAL STRUCTURES
Structures had three to four rooms.(8.8m x 5.2m) Megaron like porch leading to a room containing a
hanging altar. Followed by a large squarish room with plastered
frieze. Two raised altars on raised clay platforms set
against side walls. Six supports for a reed thatched roof.
DEFENSIVE STRUCTURES
Palisaded forts in low lying areas.
Massive encircling ramparts enclosing a roughly circular or oval area.
Plank walls erected 2-3m apart with tie beams in between.
Space between palisades filled with rubble and earth.
Upland forts had timber replaced with stones.
A third type, consisting of parallel rows of timber laid in consecutive layers at right angles; forming a grid.
Interstices filled with wood chips, earth and stones.
STONE TOWERS
Circular towers ranging from 10 to 15m in diameter.
Built in dry stone walling. Some having an internal
corridor.(3m high)
Main chamber roofed by means of false corbelling.
Served both defensive and ritualistic purposes.
IRON AGE
Development in domestic architecture.
Traditional farmstrade maintained.
TIMBER FRAMED HOUSES
Circular timber structures.(15m diameter)
Timber palisaded enclosure.(120 x90m)
Palisade consisting upright stakes edge to edge in a trench.(300mm deep)
Main house defined by 4 groups of post holes.
Outer rings supported wall. Posts had continuous lintels
with sloping rafters. Both sets of posts had
continuous lintels overlaid by horizontal members, thatched roof attached.
Raised canopied roof containing smoke hole.
Elaborate porch. Central loft Ancillary buildings and
storage pits excavated within palisaded enclosures.
woodburry
DRY STONE HOUSES East facing open courtyards. Main living room at the rear
end. On the left, front open, roofed
shelter. Storage room at the right. Drains, external terraced areas
were added features. Roofed with stone slabs. Internal radial walls tapering in
plan.
Chysauster
FUNERARY MONUMENTS
Artificial shafts, ritual wells sunken to 12 to 40 m.
Ditch and earthwork enclosures (10 x10 m approximately).
Long , parallel sided rectilinear enclosures containing standing stones, post holes and hearths.
DEFENSIVE STRUCTURES
Parapets varying from sloping front earth work backed by stone or timber revetting.
Stone cladded fortifications reinforced with timber, fired occasionally for vitrification.
Gates in the east and the west. Century later, eastern gates were elaborated with
claw like structures and the western gates were enlarged.
Ramparts were reinforced with stones.
FORTIFIED BUILDINGS BROCH Approximately 20m wide. 10-15m high. 5m thick wall at the bottom. 10m wide central court
leading to narrow doorways accessible by oval intra mural chambers with corbelled roof.
Timber galleried accommodation built against the inner wall leading to a spiral staircase within the wall accessing the rampart at the top.
DUNS Similar to broch in
size and structure.