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OUR SPANISH HERITAGE

Our Spanish Heritage

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Page 1: Our Spanish Heritage

OUR SPANISH HERITAGE

Page 2: Our Spanish Heritage

SPANISH HERITAGE

Spain ruled the Philippines for three centuries (1565-1898)

Spain’s cultural legacy was more beneficial and comprehensive than her political and economic endowments.

Page 3: Our Spanish Heritage

CHRISTIANITY

Spain’s greatest legacy The Roman Catholic religion - originated in Asia, being founded by Jesus

Christ in Palestine; spread to Western Europe after Christ’s crucifixion, in the 16th and 17th centuries, propagated across the Atlantic to the New World and across the Pacific to the Philippines, making her then the greatest power.

--- the most outstanding achievement of Spanish missionaries who came with the Spanish conquistadores.

Page 4: Our Spanish Heritage

DIET AND DRESS

DIET

Spain introduced new food plants (wheat, corn, patatas, cacao, coffee, cabbages, chicos, papayas, guavas).

The Filipinos learned to : Eat Bread, ham, longanizas,beef(cattle’s

meat), mutton(sheep’s meat) and European canned goods

drink coffee, cacao & foreign wines Use drinking glasses, table knives & napkins

while eating

Page 5: Our Spanish Heritage

DRESS

For MEN: Western coat [called americana for it was

introduced from America (Mexico)], & trousers replaced jacket & bahag

Began to wear hats instead of putong Used slippers and shoes for footwear

For WOMEN:-replaced the sarong & used the saya (skirt) as

lower apparel; used the camisa with long & wide sleeves in place of the old short-sleeved jacket

Page 6: Our Spanish Heritage

Wore jewelry (gold earrings, rings, pendants, necklaces, bracelets) but not armlets and leglets

Used slippers, stockings, hair combs, mantillas & panuelos like Spanish women

By the middle of 17th century, the dress of Filipinos had become “almost Spanish”, according to Father Colin.

Page 7: Our Spanish Heritage

FAMILY LIFE

Simple & wholesome because of Christianity’s influence

The father was the master of the family yet he consults his wife regarding family matters

The mother was the first TUTOR of the children (taught them the alphabet & Christian prayers), and the custodian of the family fund & keys

Parents & children prayed the Angelus & rosary every night, prayed before each meal, and went to Church every Sunday, town fiestas & religious holidays

Page 8: Our Spanish Heritage

Broken homes were rare Children kiss their parents’ hands after

evening prayers, upon leaving their home & upon returning home

Page 9: Our Spanish Heritage

FILIPINO WOMEN

Position of Filipino WOMEN were elevated Respected by men If unmarried, they were chaperoned in

attending social gatherings Had NO freedom to study in universities,

engage in professions (law, medicine, engineering,etc.) and to mix freely with men

Permitted to engage in business Entered exclusive schools for girls operated

by nuns were they were trained on the “HOW To’s” of being a good wife or mother

Page 10: Our Spanish Heritage

Those who had no intention of marrying entered the nunnery in service of GOD

Maria Clara of Rizal’s novels represented the Filipino womanhood of the Spanish era – with traits of charm, modesty and religious devotion

Page 11: Our Spanish Heritage

INTRODUCTION OF THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR

Until 1845, the Phil. Calendar was 1 day behind that of European time

Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria corrected the Philippine Calendar.

Aug. 16,1844 - He issued an order proclaiming Tuesday, Dec.31,1844, to be Wednesday, Jan.1,1844, advancing the calendar by one day so that it would be in accord with world standard time.

Page 12: Our Spanish Heritage

SPANISH SURNAMES FOR FILIPINOS

First names of Filipinos were from the saintsex. Juan from San Juan

Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria issued an order on Nov. 21, 1849 which gave Spanish surnames to the Filipino families. He sent lists of Spanish family names to the authorities of provinces & towns (ex. Gomez, Reyes, Santos).

Many Filipino families became loyal to their Malayan descendants’ surnames (ex. Batungbakal, Magbanua, Sumulong, Tonogbanua, Kalaw, Makapagal)

Page 13: Our Spanish Heritage

LATIN ALPHABET & SPANISH LANGUAGE

Filipinos easily adopted Latin alphabet & Spanish language

Enriched our national language called PILIPINO– there are 5,000 Spanish loan-words in our national language

Filipinos became the sole Spanish-speaking nation in Asia.

Page 14: Our Spanish Heritage

PRESERVATION OF PHILIPPINE LANGUAGES

Spanish friars studied & used our native language in spreading Christianity instead of the Spanish language

Spanish missionaries were the first to write grammars & dictionaries for Filipino languages

1610 – 1st tagalog grammar was published, entitled Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala, written by Fr. Francisco Blancas de San Jose, a Spanish Dominican missionary, who was known as the “Demosthenes of the Tagalog Language”, because of his mastery in Tagalog

Page 15: Our Spanish Heritage

PRINTING

1593- the Dominicans in Manila established the 1st Filipino press (47 years before the appearance of the 1st printing press in U.S)

Printed books by means of old xylographic method (printing using engraved wood blocks). It still exists at the University of Santo Tomas Press & is one of the oldest printing establishments in the world.

Page 16: Our Spanish Heritage

EARLY FILIPINO PRINTERS

Tomas Pinpin – 1st Filipino printer, “Prince of Filipino Printers”.-- 1st Tagalog author, wrote the first tagalog book published entitled, Librong pag-aaralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang Castila (Book that the Tagalogs Should Study to Learn Spanish), w/c was printed in Bataan in 1610.

--- had a worthy son, Simon, who was also a good printer.

Other pioneer Filipino Printers : Diego Talaghay, Nicolas de la Cruz bagay, Laureano Atlas, Domingo Loag & Cipriano Bagay.

Page 17: Our Spanish Heritage

1ST BOOKS PRINTED IN THE PHILIPPINES

Doctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala, (Manila, 1593)

Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China (by Keng Yong (Chinese), in the Parian, Manila

Tratado de la Doctrina de la Santa Iglesia y de Ciencias naturales (by Fr. Juan de Cobo, O.P., Manila, 1593)

Page 18: Our Spanish Heritage

EDUCATION

Spain introduced the European system of education in the Philippines

First schools established were parochial schools, with Spanish missionaries as teachers. Filipino children were taught the Catholic doctrine, the 3 R’s (reading, writing, arithmetic), music, arts and trades

Page 19: Our Spanish Heritage

THE JESUITS:

Founded the 1st college for boys(1589).-- originally called College of Manila, the name

was changed to Colegio de San Ignacio.

Founded College of San Ildefonso in Cebu(1595)

Founded College of San Jose in Manila

--took charge of Escuela Pia, public school for boys in Manila & transformed it into Ateneo de Manila

Page 20: Our Spanish Heritage

THE DOMINICANS:

College of Our Lady of the Rosary(1611), whose name later changed to College of Santo Tomas and still later, University of Santo Tomas

College of San Juan de Letran (1630)-- oldest existing college for boys in the

Philippines

Page 21: Our Spanish Heritage

UNIVERSITIESUniversity education in the Philippines is much

older than the U.S

1st university: University of San Ignacio – oldest university in the Philippines ; founded in 1589 as a college but was elevated to university rank by Pope Gregory XV in 1621. It was closed in 1768 when Jesuits were expelled in the Philippines.

Page 22: Our Spanish Heritage

The College of San Ildefonso also closed but was reopened in 1783 as Colegio-Seminario de San Carlos (became University of San Carlos in 1948)

2nd university: University of Santo Tomas -- originally founded as a college in 1611 by

Miguel de Buenavides, a Domincan prelate who is also the third Archbishop of Manila

-- raised to university rank in 1645 by Pope Innocent X upon request of King Philip IV of Spain, making it the only Royal & Pontifical University in all Asia.

Page 23: Our Spanish Heritage

UST is 25 years older than Harvard University, the oldest university in the U.S

3rd University: University of San Felipe-- a government sponsored university,

established in Manila by a royal decree of King Philip V of Spain.

-- never gained popularity & was closed in 1726

ALL universities during the Spanish times were exclusively for MEN.

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2 KINDS OF SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS1. colegio, a regular school for girls2. beaterio, a combined school nunnery

Schools for girls in Manila:3. College of Santa Potenciana (1594)4. College of Santa Isabel (1632)5. Beaterio de la Compania de Jesus (1694)6. Beaterio de Santa Catalina (1696)7. Beaterio de San Sebastian (1719)8. College of Santa Rosa (1750)9. College of La Concordia (1869)10. Assumption Convent School (1892)

Page 25: Our Spanish Heritage

College of Santa Isabel -- later absorbed the College of Santa

Potenciana ; oldest existing college for girls in the Philippines

Beaterio de la Compania de Jesus-- founded by a Filipino nun, Sor Ignacia de

Espiritu Santo -- the only college exclusively for FILIPINO

GIRLS -- is now St. Mary’s College in Quezon City

Page 26: Our Spanish Heritage

The 1st public school system was established by Spain in accordance w/ the Educational Decree of 1863, which provided the foundations of separate public elementary schools for boys and girls.

There was no co-education in the Philippines during the Spanish regime

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VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

19th century – various vocational & technical schools were established by the Spanish gov’t. Among them were:

Nautical Academy (1820) School of Commerce (1840) Academy of Fine Arts (1849) School of Agriculture (1889) School of Arts and Trades (1890)

-- all of these schools were in Manila

Page 28: Our Spanish Heritage

March 16, 1861 – two Filipinos, Fr. Juan P. Zita and Felino Gil founded a private school of arts & trades in Bacolor, Pampanga. It is now the Pampanga School of Arts & Trades, a public school

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EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS UNDER SPAIN Schools established by Spain contributed the

Filipinos’ intellectual growth

In 1843, the percentage of literacy in the country was relatively high.

In 1867, there were 593 elementary schools with 133,990 children enrolled.

In 1898, at the end of the Spanish rule, the schools numbered to 2,150, with a total enrolment of 200,000.

The schools founded in the Philippines were highly defective yet they were better than

school in other Spanish colonies

Page 30: Our Spanish Heritage

JOURNALISM

Del Superior Govierno (Of The Supreme Government) – 1st newspaper in the Philippines with Gov. Gen. Manuel Gonzales de Aguilar as editor.-- appeared for the first time in Manila in on August 8, 1811.

-- last issue came out on July 4, 1813

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Other Newspapers:1. La Esperanza (1846) – 1st daily newspaper 2. La Illustracion Filipina (1859) – 1st

illustrated periodical3. El Catolico Filipino (1862) – 1st religious

newspaper4. La Opinion (1887) – 1st political newpaper5. El Ilokano (1889) – 1st vernacular

newspaper; founded & edited by Isabelo de los Reyes

6. El Hogar (1893) – 1st women’s magazine

Page 32: Our Spanish Heritage

LITERATURE

Phil. Literature were religious in character (ex. Prayer books, doctrinas, novenas, biographies of saints, etc.) in order to propagate Christianity.

AWITS (chivalric-heroic poems) and CORRIDOS (legendary-religious poems) became popular among the masses.

Ex. Siete Infantes de Lara, Ibong Adarna, Bernardo Carpio

They were filipinized versions of Spanish & French medieval romances.

Page 33: Our Spanish Heritage

The Pasion -- favorite reading material during LENTEN

SEASON -- depicts the story of Christ’s life, suffering &

crucifixion

Gaspar Aquino de Belen – wrote the 1st Tagalog pasion which was published in 1704.

Page 34: Our Spanish Heritage

Florante at Laura -- poetical masterpiece of Francisco

“Balagtas” Baltazar, the “Prince of Tagalog Poets”.

BALAGTASAN, the modern Tagalog poetical joust, was named in his honor.

Urbana at Feliza -- a book on proper behavior of women,

written by Father Modesto de Castro, a Tagalog priest.

Page 35: Our Spanish Heritage

Biag ni Lam-ang -- an Ilocano epic which recounts the deed of

the legendary Ilocano hero, Lam-ang. -- popularized by Pedro Bukaneg, a blind

poet known to be the “Father of Ilocano Literature”

Gonzalo de Cordova-- a stirring metrical romance of Pampanga

written by Father Anselmo Fajardo, a Pampango priest-writer.

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Spanish-Educated Filipinos who were talented in literature:

Dr. Jose Rizal-- greatest Filipino genius who excelled both in

prose & poetry Dr. Pedro A. Paterno – wrote the 1st Filipino

novel , Ninay in 1885 Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero,

Jose Palma – composed the trinity of Filipino poets; won endearing fame in Spanish poetry

Jose Palma’s Spanish poem, Filipinas, became the lyrics of the Phil. Nat’l Anthem

Page 37: Our Spanish Heritage

THEATRE

Early forms of drama: duplo and karagatan

Duplo – a poetical debate held by trained men & women on the 9th or last night of the mourning period of the dead. Male participants were called bellocos, the female participants, bellacas.

Karagatan - a poetical debate, like duplo, but it was participated by amateurs.

Page 38: Our Spanish Heritage

1st recorded drama in Cebu (1598)-- a comedia written by Vicente Puche

-- performed in honor of Msgr. Pedro de Agurto, Cebu’s 1st bishop

In 1609, a play portraying the life of St. Barbara was staged in Bohol.

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3 KINDS OF PLAY: Cenaculo

– depicts the life & sufferings of Christ; performed during the Lenten season

Moro-moro- depicts the wars between Christians &

Muslims where Christians were always victorious- Fr. Jeromino Perez wrote the 1st moro-moro

which was staged in Manila in 1637 to commemorate Gov. Gen. Corcuera’s victory against the Moros of Mindanao.

- favorite play of the people, especially during town fiestas.

Zarzuela - musical comedy

- Rizal wrote a zarzuela entitled, Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig)

Page 40: Our Spanish Heritage

MUSIC

Filipino music was enriched by Spanish & Mexican influences.

Filipino songs like Sampaguita (composed by Dolores Paterno) & Bella Filipina (by T. Masaguer) were Hispanized

The Phil. Nat’l Anthem composed by Julian Felipe shows similarity to the Spanish Nat’l Anthem

Page 41: Our Spanish Heritage

The violin, flute, piano, harp, guitar & other musical instruments came from Mexico & Europe.

Filipinos made replicas of the foreign instruments using bamboos

Musikong Buho (bamboo musicians)-could not read notes but can play European

music on their bamboo musical instruments. - Learned any kind of music by ear.

- Spanish missionaries contributed greatly to the development of Philippine

music

Page 42: Our Spanish Heritage

Fr. Geronimo de Aguilar- Founded a music school in the Franciscan

Convent of Manila- First to teach music to Bicolanos

Colegio de Niños Triples- A music conservatory established in 1742 in

the Manila Cathedral by Arch. Juan Angel Rodriguez.

- Poor yet gifted boys studied in this conservatory such as Marcelo Adonay “Palestrina of the Philippines” from Pakil, Laguna, the foremost Filipino composer of church music & a splendid organist.

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The Bamboo Organ of Las Pinas - built in 1818 by Fr. Diego Cerra, a Recollect

priest-musician - one of the living glories of Philippine musical

art, remaining intact for over 100 years.

Page 44: Our Spanish Heritage

ARCHITECTURE

houses of well-to-do families were in Spanish styles, with characteristics of Azotea and Andalucian court

Churches were also of Spanish expression

Page 45: Our Spanish Heritage

PAINTING

Damian Domingo – “Father of Filipino Painting”

2 Greatest Filipino Painters:1. Juan Luna2. Felix Resureccion Hidalgo

Their paintings were recognized not just in the Philippines, but also all over

Europe

Page 46: Our Spanish Heritage

SCULPTURE

FILIPINO SCULPTORS: Isabelo Tampingco – wood carvings in the

Jesuit Church of St. Ignacius

Manuel Asuncion, Jose Arevalo, Romualdo de Jesus – carvers of beautiful saints

Jose Rizal

Mariano Madrinan – his materpiece, Mater Dolorosa, was awarded a diploma of honor & gold medal

Page 47: Our Spanish Heritage

SCIENCES

The 1st scientists in the Philippines were the Spanish friars

Filipino scientists distinguished themselves in botanical research

Establishments of courses in medicine & pharmacy in UST fostered scientific knowledge

The 1st sundials were built in 1871 at Tagudin, Ilocos Sur by Fr. Juan Sorolla

Observatory of Manila – oldest observatory in Asia; forecasts typhoons & earthquakes

Page 48: Our Spanish Heritage

SPANISH BLOOD

Spanish-Filipino marriages improved the Filipino racial stock by assimilating Spanish traits like religious devotion, delicadeza(honor), romanticism, loyalty to family, and urbanidad(good manners)

Spanish –Filipino mestizas were noted for their beauty & charm

Notable Spanish-Filipinos:

Father Gomez,Burgos, Zamora (GomBurZa)Manuel A.RoxasManuel L. Quezon

Page 49: Our Spanish Heritage

HOSPITALS & ORPHANAGES

The 1st hospital in Manila was founded by a Franciscan lay brother, Juan Clemente, in 1578, in Manila

Hospitals were also established in provinces Orphanages were founded during the

Spanish period

Real Hospicio de San Jose – 1st regular orphanage established in 1810 in Manila

Page 50: Our Spanish Heritage

FIESTAS

Every town or barrio had its own patron saint and each year, the feast day of the patron saint was celebrated with a fiesta

Official holidays were implemented during the Spanish times

COCKFIGHTS- Existed in the Philippines before the coming

of Magellan; Pigafetta saw it in Palawan Spain introduced cockfighting as legalized

gambling

Page 51: Our Spanish Heritage

HORSE RACES

Horse racing – “the sport of kings”; past time of the elite

The hippodrome(race track) was located at the suburb of Sta. Ana, Manila

Horse racing season lasted for three days

THE MANILA LOTTERYSpain introduced lottery as legalized gambling

for government revenues purposes

Page 52: Our Spanish Heritage

THE CARILLO

A unique cardboard puppet show

Other Amusements During the Spanish Regime:

Parties celebrating birthdays, baptisms, weddings & siyaman (9th day after burial of family member)

Flores de Mayo & Santacruzan in May Indoor games (storytelling of legends &

ghost stories, dramatic debates, card games) and outdoor games(swimming, patintero, sipa)

Page 53: Our Spanish Heritage

SPAIN’S CONTRIBUTION TO FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Because of Spain’s three-century colonization, the country came to be known to the world as the Philippines & the people, the Filipinos

Spain caused the diverse native tribes (Tagalog, Visayans, Bicolanos, Ilocanos, etc.) to unite one people