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Let’s not reinvent the wheel; what can Open Educational Resources (OERs) offer us? Niall Barr Craig Brown Vicki Dale Sarah Honeychurch This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

OerLet’s not reinvent the wheel; what can Open Educational Resources (OERs) offer us?

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Let’s not reinvent the wheel; what can Open

Educational Resources (OERs) offer us?

Niall Barr

Craig Brown

Vicki Dale

Sarah Honeychurch

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

• Creative Commons and other licensing

frameworks

• Examples of OER repositories

• Discussion: how might you incorporate

OERs into teaching practice

• Discussion: relative merits and drawbacks

of OERs in particular disciplines

Niall

Copyright and LicensingIntroduction

Copyright covers “recorded work” - not concepts such as ideas or inventions.

Copyright is automatic (unless first publication is in the U.S.A)

Where something is protected by copyright, your rights to reproduce it without permission are very limited.

After copyright expires work is in “Public Domain”

Licences provide a means of giving permission to reuse before copyright expiration.

Copyright and LicensingCopyright

Berne Convention (1886)

Copyright is intended to protect the rights of individual creators of “Literary and Artistic Works”

In the UK software is explicitly defined as “literary work”

Minimum copyright periods from publication

Default: Life of (longest surviving) author + 50 years

Film: 50 years from publication

Anonymous: 50 years from publication

Photographs and art: 25 years from creation

Sound recordings and photographs have separate copyright from music or play or artwork being recorded or photographed

Copyright lasts the time defined in the country of first publication, or the minimum in the case of multiple simultaneous (<30 days) publication.

Other treaties: UCC, TRIPS, WCT.

Copyright and LicensingFair dealing (1/3)

Copyright material may be used without explicit permission, in a limited manner for:

Research and private study

The copy is made for the purposes of research or private study.

The copy is made for non-commercial purposes.

The source of the material is acknowledged.

The person making the copy does not make copies of the material available for a number of people.

Copyright and LicensingFair dealing (2/3)

Copyright material may be used without explicit permission, in a limited manner for:

Instruction or examination

The copying is done by the student or the person giving instruction.

The copying is not done via a reprographic process.

The source of the material is acknowledged.

The instruction is for a non-commercial purpose.

Copyright and LicensingFair dealing (3/3)

Copyright material may be used without explicit permission, in a limited manner for:

Criticism or review

Must be real

News reporting

Not photographs

Incidental inclusion

e.g. Background music accidentally recorded, or artwork in a room that is being used for filming.

Accessibility for someone with a visual impairment

Copyright and LicensingLicensing

Pre-internet, effectively was just individual agreements.

Source-code sharing & reuse changed this:

Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) License (1978)

Originally a pragmatic agreement due to inadvertent copyright infringement by postgraduate students.

Donated to / placed in Public Domain

Debatable legitimacy in many countries. (OK in U.K.)

GPL

Introduced concept of “free software”

Copyright and LicensingCreative Commons

Creative Commons provides a set of licences for sharing copyright works (other than software)

Allow reuse provided the the original creator is credited.

Various optional restrictions

Also provide a CC0 licence, which is similar to donating to public domain, and a logo which can be used to indicate work that is known to be in the public domain.

Widely used by OER repositories

Copyright and LicensingCC Licenses

Attribution (CC BY)

Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA )

Attribution-NoDerivs (CC BY-ND)

Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA)

Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND)

Copyright and LicensingCC License details

Creative Commons logo + options

Reuse with attribution

No reuse of parts, the work must remain intact.

Reuse of parts or as part of another work only if that is released under the same licence.

No commercial use of the work or derivatives.

{

Copyright and LicensingA couple of CC examples

Jorum sometimes uses:

Attribution - Non-Commercial - Share-Alike 2.0 England and Wales

Exactly the same as CC BY-NC-SA, except explicitly covered by English law.

OpenLearn also uses CC BY-NC-SA, but...

Acknowledgements sections identify work that does not belong to the OU, and is not CC

Copyright and LicensingOther licences

YouTube Standard licence (a fairly typical example)

No commercial use

“to YouTube, a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free, transferable licence (with right to sub-licence) to use, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display, and perform that Content in connection with the provision of the Service and otherwise in connection with the provision of the Service and YouTube's business, including without limitation for promoting and redistributing part or all of the Service (and derivative works thereof) in any media formats and through any media channels;”

“to each user of the Service, a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free licence to access your Content through the Service, and to use, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display and perform such Content to the extent permitted by the functionality of the Service and under these Terms”

Licence expires when content is deleted.

Wikimedia Commons

Lots of CC-BY, but also many other free content licences.

Open Publication License

Against DRM license

GNU Free Documentation License

Open Game License (a license designed for role-playing games by Wizards of the Coast)

Free Art License

Copyright and LicensingWatch out for...

Accidental infringement

Clipart may limit what licence can be used and the content's author may not have realised this

Photographs etc. of public domain content may be copyrighted.

Public Domain in the USA ≠ Public Domain

Many works on Project Gutenberg etc. are still copyrighted outside the U.S.A.

Copyright and LicensingUseful links

Creative Commons licence choicehttp://creativecommons.org/choose/

UK Copyright servicehttps://www.copyrightservice.co.uk/

JISC OER infoKithttps://openeducationalresources.pbworks.com/w/page/24836480/Home

Craig

Range of content in online learning

• Interactive content

– Quizzes

– Wikis

– Discussion boards

• Visuals including photos, diagrams, 3D models,

infographics

• Animations

• Audio, video, Camtasia mini lectureshttp://www.jorum.ac.uk/

Practical demonstration

• Go to Jorum

• Find OER that we want to use

• Download OER

• Prepare OER and add to Moodle

Vicki

How might you incorporate OERs into your teaching practice?

Discussion prompts and case studies from a workshop on Open Educational Resources facilitated by Sarah

Honeychurch, Craig Brown, Niall Barr and Vicki Dale, Learning Technology Unit, University of Glasgow

31st April 2015

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Discuss …

• Case studies – review & discuss– What are the motivations and enablers for using OERs?– What are the challenges and barriers?– What support is needed to overcome these?

(20 minutes)

• How might you incorporate OERs into your own teaching practice (either producing and/or consuming)?

(15 minutes)

• What should a Glasgow approach to OERs look like? Do we need a strategy?

(15 minutes)

OU OpenLearn

www.open.edu/openlearn/

• Free access to over 800 open courses

• Originated from institution-wide, action research

• Teaching & business models based on economies of scale

• Congruent with OU’s open media policy

• OER activity embedded in university’s strategic plan

• Used to support outreach & other public engagement activities

• Conceptualised as “a reciprocal contract of sharing within a “gift economy””

• However, still an fraction of annual expenditure (£10M over 5 years despite £450M annual expenditure)

Lane, A. (2012). "Case Studies on Institutional Open Approaches: The Open University." Retrieved 28 April, 2015, from http://oro.open.ac.uk/33245/.

• Also seen to be competing financially with core business of distance learning (McAndrew 2006, cited in Gomez et al 2012)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MIT OpenCourseWare: http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm

“The idea is simple: to publish all of our course materials online and make them widely available to everyone.” (Dick K.P. Yue, Professor, MIT School of Engineering)

• After early adopters, gained universal staff buy-in from outset into “altruistic and philanthropic ethos of openness” (Gomez et al 2012)

• Sought to cascade concept of openness to other HEIs

• Aspiration to be a ‘trailblazer’ in online learning

• Benefited from central, dedicated OER team (handled IP issues, supported faculty & published OERs for them) led by executive-level manager

• Statistics:

– Materials from 2150 courses

– 125 million visitors to the site

Gomez, S., L. Callaghan, S. A. Eick, D. Carchidi, S. Carson and H. Andersson (2012). "An institutional approach to supporting open education: A case study of OpenCourseWare at Massachusetts Institute of Technology." Proceedings of Cambridge 2012: Innovation and Impact-Openly Collaborating to Enhance Education: 29-37.

Athabasca University, Canada

http://cldd.athabascau.ca/open-educational-resources/index.php

• Association with the Commonwealth of Learning & charter member of the OER University

• Has a UNESCO/Commonwealth of Learning Chair in Open Educational Resources

• Recognises itself as an open university:– No entrance requirements, year-round entry

– Open source software (Moodle, Mahara, Elgg, Alfresco)

– Open scholarship & open access research policy

– Exploration of open pedagogies (MOOCs)

• Working to bypass substantially increased licensing costs for copyrighted materials

• OERs a priority in revised course development policy; focus on active learning activities

• Pilot study included local adaptation of MIT OERs

• Students contribute links to open resources

• Staff workshops for learning & capacity building

Ives, C. and M. M. Pringle (2013). "Moving to open educational resources at Athabasca University: A case study." The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 14(2). www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1534

Broward College, Florida

https://bconline.broward.edu/shared/Tutorials/Instructors/Publishers/oer.html• Committed to affordability of college education in a move against

>80% textbook price increase• State of Florida senators created ‘Affordable College Textbook Act’• Contracted with Flat World Knowledge to embed OER and develop

custom e-books, and with Lumen Learning for OER staff workshops• Overall saving for students of $250,000/term• OERs currently comprise 30% of online programme content• Some subjects lend themselves better to OERs; more difficult for

maths, anatomy & physiology, and computer science• Almost all courses being designed with OER in mind• Increased student engagement, retention & completion

Shulman, D. (no date). "Broward College Online Case Study: Diving into Open Educational Resources." Retrieved 29 April, 2015, from http://www.oeconsortium.org/projects/showcases/oer-at-broward-college-online/.

University of Edinburgh

http://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/online-learning/special/specialOER Task Force established in 2013-14, produced an OER strategy with a view to publishing OERs ‘at scale’:

1. ‘For the common good’• Support for UoE staff to publish & share learning materials as OERs• Support to help staff find and use high quality OERs

2. ‘Edinburgh at its best’• To identify high quality learning materials in every school department and

research institution, to be published online for flexible use• To facilitate discovery of such materials, to enhance institutional

reputation

3. ‘Edinburgh’s treasures’• To identify major collections, archives, treasures & museum resources to

be digitised, curated & shared for the greater good• To develop policy & infrastructure to ensure these collections are

sustainable & useable longer term

Highton, M. (2015). "A vision for Open Educational Resources at University of Edinburgh." Retrieved 30 April, 2015, from http://thinking.is.ed.ac.uk/melissa/2015/04/13/a-vision-for-open-educational-resources-at-university-of-edinburgh/.

Case study references

Gomez, S., L. Callaghan, S. A. Eick, D. Carchidi, S. Carson and H. Andersson (2012). "An institutional approach to supporting open education: A case study of OpenCourseWare at Massachusetts Institute of Technology." Proceedings of Cambridge 2012: Innovation and Impact-Openly Collaborating to Enhance Education: 29-37.

Highton, M. (2015). "A vision for Open Educational Resources at University of Edinburgh." Retrieved 30 April, 2015, from http://thinking.is.ed.ac.uk/melissa/2015/04/13/a-vision-for-open-educational-resources-at-university-of-edinburgh/.

Ives, C. and M. M. Pringle (2013). "Moving to open educational resources at Athabasca University: A case study." The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 14(2). www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1534

Lane, A. (2012). "Case Studies on Institutional Open Approaches: The Open University." Retrieved 28 April, 2015, from http://oro.open.ac.uk/33245/.

Shulman, D. (no date). "Broward College Online Case Study: Diving into Open Educational Resources." Retrieved 29 April, 2015, from http://www.oeconsortium.org/projects/showcases/oer-at-broward-college-online/.

OER Resources

Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/ (see next slide)

Humbox: http://humbox.ac.uk/

iTunes University: http://www.apple.com/ca/apps/itunes-u/

Jorum: http://www.jorum.ac.uk/

Khan Academy: https://www.khanacademy.org/

MIT OpenCourseWare: http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm

OpenLearn: http://www.open.edu/openlearn/

Pubmed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Ted Talks: http://www.ted.com/talks/browse

Flickr Attribution Tool

A handy tool for finding the code for this to put into

your web pages:

http://cogdog.github.io/flickr-cc-helper/

YouTube explanation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBY1ZGAKvqk

Google Images

A short video showing how to select images from Google

by usage rights:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHpIpXljoUo