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Greetings the 2nd GroupDirected by
Elita AngelaWeni Siti AnantasariShovalina Helka
ldquoMORPHOLOGY
The Analysis of Word Structurehellip
MORPHOLOGY In Lingustics morphology is the identification
analysis and description of the structure of a given language and other linguistic units refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with words and word formation as we will see the study of morphology offers important insights into how language works revealing the need for different categories of words the presence of word-internal structure and the existence of operations that create and modify words in various ways
Morphology Properties
Words and Word Structure
Derivation
Compounding
Inflection
Other Morphological Phenomena
Morphophonemics
A Words and Word Structure
1 MorphemesFree and Bound Morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself whereas bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be attached to another element
Allomorphs Allomorphs is the variant form of a morpheme The
morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two allomorphs -an before a word that begins with a vowels sound and -a before a word that begins with a consonant sound
Example an apple a tablean ice a book hellip etc
Words can be divided into two the simple words and complex words Words consisting of one or more morpheme
One Two Three More than trhree
And
Girl Girl-s
Hunt Hunt-er Hunt-er-s
Act Act-ive Act-iv-ate Re-act-iv-ate
2 Analyzing Word Structure
Roots and AffixesComplex words typically consist of a root
morpheme and one or more affixes
BasesA base is the form to which an affix is added
Example N A N
V Af Af A N Af
teach er un kind book s
V V A Af Af Black en ed
B DERIVATION
Is an affixional process that forms a word with a meaning and or category distinct from that of its base
Some English Derivational AffixesA partial list of English derivational affixes
along with information about the catagory of their usual base and of the resulting new word
Complex Derivation N
V
A
V Af Af Af
act ive ate ion
Affix Change Example
Suffixes
-able V A Fix-able
-ment V N Protect-ion
-ful N A Treat-ment
-ize1 N V Hope-ful
-ish A N Vapor-ize
-ate A V Tall-ish
-ly A Adv Activ-ate
-ness A N Slow-ly
Preffixes
ex- N N Ex-wife
re- V V Re-state
in- A A In-complete
C COMPOUNDING
The combination of two already existent words With very few exceptions the resulting compound words is a noun a verb or an adjective
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
ldquoMORPHOLOGY
The Analysis of Word Structurehellip
MORPHOLOGY In Lingustics morphology is the identification
analysis and description of the structure of a given language and other linguistic units refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with words and word formation as we will see the study of morphology offers important insights into how language works revealing the need for different categories of words the presence of word-internal structure and the existence of operations that create and modify words in various ways
Morphology Properties
Words and Word Structure
Derivation
Compounding
Inflection
Other Morphological Phenomena
Morphophonemics
A Words and Word Structure
1 MorphemesFree and Bound Morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself whereas bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be attached to another element
Allomorphs Allomorphs is the variant form of a morpheme The
morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two allomorphs -an before a word that begins with a vowels sound and -a before a word that begins with a consonant sound
Example an apple a tablean ice a book hellip etc
Words can be divided into two the simple words and complex words Words consisting of one or more morpheme
One Two Three More than trhree
And
Girl Girl-s
Hunt Hunt-er Hunt-er-s
Act Act-ive Act-iv-ate Re-act-iv-ate
2 Analyzing Word Structure
Roots and AffixesComplex words typically consist of a root
morpheme and one or more affixes
BasesA base is the form to which an affix is added
Example N A N
V Af Af A N Af
teach er un kind book s
V V A Af Af Black en ed
B DERIVATION
Is an affixional process that forms a word with a meaning and or category distinct from that of its base
Some English Derivational AffixesA partial list of English derivational affixes
along with information about the catagory of their usual base and of the resulting new word
Complex Derivation N
V
A
V Af Af Af
act ive ate ion
Affix Change Example
Suffixes
-able V A Fix-able
-ment V N Protect-ion
-ful N A Treat-ment
-ize1 N V Hope-ful
-ish A N Vapor-ize
-ate A V Tall-ish
-ly A Adv Activ-ate
-ness A N Slow-ly
Preffixes
ex- N N Ex-wife
re- V V Re-state
in- A A In-complete
C COMPOUNDING
The combination of two already existent words With very few exceptions the resulting compound words is a noun a verb or an adjective
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
MORPHOLOGY In Lingustics morphology is the identification
analysis and description of the structure of a given language and other linguistic units refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with words and word formation as we will see the study of morphology offers important insights into how language works revealing the need for different categories of words the presence of word-internal structure and the existence of operations that create and modify words in various ways
Morphology Properties
Words and Word Structure
Derivation
Compounding
Inflection
Other Morphological Phenomena
Morphophonemics
A Words and Word Structure
1 MorphemesFree and Bound Morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself whereas bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be attached to another element
Allomorphs Allomorphs is the variant form of a morpheme The
morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two allomorphs -an before a word that begins with a vowels sound and -a before a word that begins with a consonant sound
Example an apple a tablean ice a book hellip etc
Words can be divided into two the simple words and complex words Words consisting of one or more morpheme
One Two Three More than trhree
And
Girl Girl-s
Hunt Hunt-er Hunt-er-s
Act Act-ive Act-iv-ate Re-act-iv-ate
2 Analyzing Word Structure
Roots and AffixesComplex words typically consist of a root
morpheme and one or more affixes
BasesA base is the form to which an affix is added
Example N A N
V Af Af A N Af
teach er un kind book s
V V A Af Af Black en ed
B DERIVATION
Is an affixional process that forms a word with a meaning and or category distinct from that of its base
Some English Derivational AffixesA partial list of English derivational affixes
along with information about the catagory of their usual base and of the resulting new word
Complex Derivation N
V
A
V Af Af Af
act ive ate ion
Affix Change Example
Suffixes
-able V A Fix-able
-ment V N Protect-ion
-ful N A Treat-ment
-ize1 N V Hope-ful
-ish A N Vapor-ize
-ate A V Tall-ish
-ly A Adv Activ-ate
-ness A N Slow-ly
Preffixes
ex- N N Ex-wife
re- V V Re-state
in- A A In-complete
C COMPOUNDING
The combination of two already existent words With very few exceptions the resulting compound words is a noun a verb or an adjective
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
Morphology Properties
Words and Word Structure
Derivation
Compounding
Inflection
Other Morphological Phenomena
Morphophonemics
A Words and Word Structure
1 MorphemesFree and Bound Morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself whereas bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be attached to another element
Allomorphs Allomorphs is the variant form of a morpheme The
morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two allomorphs -an before a word that begins with a vowels sound and -a before a word that begins with a consonant sound
Example an apple a tablean ice a book hellip etc
Words can be divided into two the simple words and complex words Words consisting of one or more morpheme
One Two Three More than trhree
And
Girl Girl-s
Hunt Hunt-er Hunt-er-s
Act Act-ive Act-iv-ate Re-act-iv-ate
2 Analyzing Word Structure
Roots and AffixesComplex words typically consist of a root
morpheme and one or more affixes
BasesA base is the form to which an affix is added
Example N A N
V Af Af A N Af
teach er un kind book s
V V A Af Af Black en ed
B DERIVATION
Is an affixional process that forms a word with a meaning and or category distinct from that of its base
Some English Derivational AffixesA partial list of English derivational affixes
along with information about the catagory of their usual base and of the resulting new word
Complex Derivation N
V
A
V Af Af Af
act ive ate ion
Affix Change Example
Suffixes
-able V A Fix-able
-ment V N Protect-ion
-ful N A Treat-ment
-ize1 N V Hope-ful
-ish A N Vapor-ize
-ate A V Tall-ish
-ly A Adv Activ-ate
-ness A N Slow-ly
Preffixes
ex- N N Ex-wife
re- V V Re-state
in- A A In-complete
C COMPOUNDING
The combination of two already existent words With very few exceptions the resulting compound words is a noun a verb or an adjective
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
A Words and Word Structure
1 MorphemesFree and Bound Morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself whereas bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be attached to another element
Allomorphs Allomorphs is the variant form of a morpheme The
morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two allomorphs -an before a word that begins with a vowels sound and -a before a word that begins with a consonant sound
Example an apple a tablean ice a book hellip etc
Words can be divided into two the simple words and complex words Words consisting of one or more morpheme
One Two Three More than trhree
And
Girl Girl-s
Hunt Hunt-er Hunt-er-s
Act Act-ive Act-iv-ate Re-act-iv-ate
2 Analyzing Word Structure
Roots and AffixesComplex words typically consist of a root
morpheme and one or more affixes
BasesA base is the form to which an affix is added
Example N A N
V Af Af A N Af
teach er un kind book s
V V A Af Af Black en ed
B DERIVATION
Is an affixional process that forms a word with a meaning and or category distinct from that of its base
Some English Derivational AffixesA partial list of English derivational affixes
along with information about the catagory of their usual base and of the resulting new word
Complex Derivation N
V
A
V Af Af Af
act ive ate ion
Affix Change Example
Suffixes
-able V A Fix-able
-ment V N Protect-ion
-ful N A Treat-ment
-ize1 N V Hope-ful
-ish A N Vapor-ize
-ate A V Tall-ish
-ly A Adv Activ-ate
-ness A N Slow-ly
Preffixes
ex- N N Ex-wife
re- V V Re-state
in- A A In-complete
C COMPOUNDING
The combination of two already existent words With very few exceptions the resulting compound words is a noun a verb or an adjective
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
1 MorphemesFree and Bound Morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself whereas bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be attached to another element
Allomorphs Allomorphs is the variant form of a morpheme The
morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two allomorphs -an before a word that begins with a vowels sound and -a before a word that begins with a consonant sound
Example an apple a tablean ice a book hellip etc
Words can be divided into two the simple words and complex words Words consisting of one or more morpheme
One Two Three More than trhree
And
Girl Girl-s
Hunt Hunt-er Hunt-er-s
Act Act-ive Act-iv-ate Re-act-iv-ate
2 Analyzing Word Structure
Roots and AffixesComplex words typically consist of a root
morpheme and one or more affixes
BasesA base is the form to which an affix is added
Example N A N
V Af Af A N Af
teach er un kind book s
V V A Af Af Black en ed
B DERIVATION
Is an affixional process that forms a word with a meaning and or category distinct from that of its base
Some English Derivational AffixesA partial list of English derivational affixes
along with information about the catagory of their usual base and of the resulting new word
Complex Derivation N
V
A
V Af Af Af
act ive ate ion
Affix Change Example
Suffixes
-able V A Fix-able
-ment V N Protect-ion
-ful N A Treat-ment
-ize1 N V Hope-ful
-ish A N Vapor-ize
-ate A V Tall-ish
-ly A Adv Activ-ate
-ness A N Slow-ly
Preffixes
ex- N N Ex-wife
re- V V Re-state
in- A A In-complete
C COMPOUNDING
The combination of two already existent words With very few exceptions the resulting compound words is a noun a verb or an adjective
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
Words can be divided into two the simple words and complex words Words consisting of one or more morpheme
One Two Three More than trhree
And
Girl Girl-s
Hunt Hunt-er Hunt-er-s
Act Act-ive Act-iv-ate Re-act-iv-ate
2 Analyzing Word Structure
Roots and AffixesComplex words typically consist of a root
morpheme and one or more affixes
BasesA base is the form to which an affix is added
Example N A N
V Af Af A N Af
teach er un kind book s
V V A Af Af Black en ed
B DERIVATION
Is an affixional process that forms a word with a meaning and or category distinct from that of its base
Some English Derivational AffixesA partial list of English derivational affixes
along with information about the catagory of their usual base and of the resulting new word
Complex Derivation N
V
A
V Af Af Af
act ive ate ion
Affix Change Example
Suffixes
-able V A Fix-able
-ment V N Protect-ion
-ful N A Treat-ment
-ize1 N V Hope-ful
-ish A N Vapor-ize
-ate A V Tall-ish
-ly A Adv Activ-ate
-ness A N Slow-ly
Preffixes
ex- N N Ex-wife
re- V V Re-state
in- A A In-complete
C COMPOUNDING
The combination of two already existent words With very few exceptions the resulting compound words is a noun a verb or an adjective
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
2 Analyzing Word Structure
Roots and AffixesComplex words typically consist of a root
morpheme and one or more affixes
BasesA base is the form to which an affix is added
Example N A N
V Af Af A N Af
teach er un kind book s
V V A Af Af Black en ed
B DERIVATION
Is an affixional process that forms a word with a meaning and or category distinct from that of its base
Some English Derivational AffixesA partial list of English derivational affixes
along with information about the catagory of their usual base and of the resulting new word
Complex Derivation N
V
A
V Af Af Af
act ive ate ion
Affix Change Example
Suffixes
-able V A Fix-able
-ment V N Protect-ion
-ful N A Treat-ment
-ize1 N V Hope-ful
-ish A N Vapor-ize
-ate A V Tall-ish
-ly A Adv Activ-ate
-ness A N Slow-ly
Preffixes
ex- N N Ex-wife
re- V V Re-state
in- A A In-complete
C COMPOUNDING
The combination of two already existent words With very few exceptions the resulting compound words is a noun a verb or an adjective
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
B DERIVATION
Is an affixional process that forms a word with a meaning and or category distinct from that of its base
Some English Derivational AffixesA partial list of English derivational affixes
along with information about the catagory of their usual base and of the resulting new word
Complex Derivation N
V
A
V Af Af Af
act ive ate ion
Affix Change Example
Suffixes
-able V A Fix-able
-ment V N Protect-ion
-ful N A Treat-ment
-ize1 N V Hope-ful
-ish A N Vapor-ize
-ate A V Tall-ish
-ly A Adv Activ-ate
-ness A N Slow-ly
Preffixes
ex- N N Ex-wife
re- V V Re-state
in- A A In-complete
C COMPOUNDING
The combination of two already existent words With very few exceptions the resulting compound words is a noun a verb or an adjective
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
Some English Derivational AffixesA partial list of English derivational affixes
along with information about the catagory of their usual base and of the resulting new word
Complex Derivation N
V
A
V Af Af Af
act ive ate ion
Affix Change Example
Suffixes
-able V A Fix-able
-ment V N Protect-ion
-ful N A Treat-ment
-ize1 N V Hope-ful
-ish A N Vapor-ize
-ate A V Tall-ish
-ly A Adv Activ-ate
-ness A N Slow-ly
Preffixes
ex- N N Ex-wife
re- V V Re-state
in- A A In-complete
C COMPOUNDING
The combination of two already existent words With very few exceptions the resulting compound words is a noun a verb or an adjective
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
Affix Change Example
Suffixes
-able V A Fix-able
-ment V N Protect-ion
-ful N A Treat-ment
-ize1 N V Hope-ful
-ish A N Vapor-ize
-ate A V Tall-ish
-ly A Adv Activ-ate
-ness A N Slow-ly
Preffixes
ex- N N Ex-wife
re- V V Re-state
in- A A In-complete
C COMPOUNDING
The combination of two already existent words With very few exceptions the resulting compound words is a noun a verb or an adjective
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
C COMPOUNDING
The combination of two already existent words With very few exceptions the resulting compound words is a noun a verb or an adjective
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
Properties of Compounds
Noun Compounds Verb Compounds Adjective Compounds N V A N N N V N A Fire Engine Spoon Feed Nation Wide Oil Well Steam Roll Sky Blue
Compounds Non-Compounds Greenhouse (a glass-enclosed garden) green house (a house painted green)
Blackboard (a chalkboard) black board (a board that is black)
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
D INFLECTION
The modification of a wordrsquos form to indicate grammatical information of various shorts
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
A given word may have several differentforms hellip ldquointernal changerdquoFor nouns verbs and adjectives the set of
inflected forms often help us identify the word class1048707 Eg noun lsquocatrsquo singular cat plural cats
Plural form (only for count nouns ie nouns denoting things that can be counted like cats e not mass terms such as water)1048707 cats criteria knives teeth sheep
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
(regular verbs) or (some irregularverbs)ldquosuppletionrdquo
Regular verbs
walkwalkssingsing
Irregular verbs
walkingwalkedsingingsang
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
ComparativeSuperlative formsldquoreduplicationrdquo
Adjective comparative superlative
Green greener greenestHappy happier happiest
However some adjectives do not take these endingscurious more curious most curiousfoolish more foolish most foolish
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
Prepositions ldquotone placementrdquo
Adverbs can often be recognized as being derived from adjectives by adding ndashly (curiously foolishly)
But they donrsquot have any other regular forms and are not inflected themselves
Prepositions donrsquot take any special form and donrsquot inflect
You can use High Tone is assosiated with the past tense and low tone with the future
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
E OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
F MORPHOPHONEMICS
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
Summary hellip hellip Words can be divided into word classes We can broadly distinguish lexical from
function words The major word classes in lexical words
are nouns verbs prepositions adjectives and adverbs
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
Thank You Very Much
Best RegardsThe 2nd Group
