International Academy of Management & Entrepreneurship

Leadership & Motivation

MODULE 5

Module 5

Leadership: Leadership Styles –Motivation -Motivation Theories- Maslow- X-Y theory, Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning, Two Factor Theory- Equity theory- Vroom's Expectancy theory-ERG theory-Committees-Teams and Groups.

Leadership

A sound way of exercising leadership is through the use of what are called as three R’s :-

1. Resources2. Relationships 3. Results

How a person operates in this context can make a difference between organization success and failure

Leadership styles

• Leadership based on use of authority

– Autocratic leader– Democratic or participative leader– Free-rein leader

• The managerial grid• Leadership involving variety of styles ranging

from max to min power of influence.

Motivation

A general term applying to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes, and similar forces.

Motivation Theories

• Herzberg’s Motivation – Hygiene theory• Expectancy theory of motivation

Herzberg’s Motivation – Hygiene theory

• Two-factor theory of motivation• Maintenance factors – Dissatisfiers• Motivators - Satisfiers

Challenging workAchievementGrowth in the jobResponsibilityRecognition

StatusQuality of supervisionCompany policy and administrationWorking conditionsJob SecuritySalary

Motivators

Maintenance Factors

Expectancy theory of motivation

• Victor H. Vroom – Psychologist• Feeling towards worth of the goal.• Force = Valence X Expectancy• Force – Individual motivation• Valence – Individual’s preference for an outcome• Expectancy – Probability of desired outcome.

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

• Physiological needs• Security or safety needs• Social needs• Esteem needs• Self-actualization

Theory X and YTheory X and Y

Douglas McGregor proposed the two different sets of worker assumptions.g Theory X: Assumes the average worker is lazy, dislikes work

and will do as little as possible. Managers must closely supervise and control through

reward and punishment.g Theory Y: Assumes workers are not lazy, want to do a good

job and the job itself will determine if the worker likes the work.

Managers should allow the worker great latitude, and create an organization to stimulate the worker.

Theory X vs. Theory YTheory X vs. Theory Y

Theory Y

Employee is not lazy

Must create work setting to build initiative

Provide authority to workers

Theory X

Employee is lazy

Managers must closely supervise

Create strict rules & defined rewards

Classical Conditioning

• Behavioral learning theory• Ivan Pavlov• Unconditioned stimulus – Smell of favorite food• Unconditioned response – Hunger due to smell• Conditioned stimulus – Sound associated with

smell• Conditioned response – Hunger due to sound

associated with smell of food.• Stimulus generalization

Operant conditioning

• Behaviour based on consequences• Learning based on past incidents and

consequences.• Trail and error method of learning

Equity Theory

• Subjective judgment about reward• Relative to the inputs in comparison with rewards

of others.

Alderfer’s ERG Theory

• Existence needs• Relatedness needs• Growth needs

Committees and groups

A group of persons to whom, as a group, some matter is committed.

4 stages of Group development• Forming – Get know each other• Storming – Determination of Objective • Norming – agreeing on certain norms and rules.• Performing – Getting into action