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Vocabulary Orbital Motion - Kepler’s Laws

Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

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Page 1: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

VocabularyOrbital Motion - Kepler’s Laws

Page 2: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

Astronomical unit a distance unit equal to the average Earth-Sun distance.

The symbol for astronomical unit is “AU.”One astronomical unit is approximately equal to 150 million kilometers. (The actual distance is 149,597,870.691 km.)

http://huntingtonastro.wikispaces.com/Measuring+Distances+in+Space

Page 3: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

Eccentricity – the degree by which the shape of an orbit differs from a circle

o The eccentricity of an ellipse can vary between 0 and 1. An ellipse with an eccentricity of 0 is a circle. An ellipse with an eccentricity of 1 is a line segment.

o To measure the eccentricity of an ellipse, divide the distance between the foci by the width of the ellipse. (On the diagram below, the foci are labeled “F1” and “F2.”)

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Page 4: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

Ellipse – a flattened circle.

An ellipse contains two foci, labeled “F1” and “F2” on the diagram at right.The sum of the distances from any point on the ellipse to the two foci is constant. On the diagram, a1 + a2 = b1 + b2.The orbits of planets and other objects in the solar system are elliptical, with the Sun at one focus.

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Page 6: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

Force – something that can cause a change in motion; a push or a pull.

When you push or pull an object, you exert a force on the object. Other examples of forces include gravity, the electrostatic force, and the strong and weak nuclear forces.

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Page 7: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

Gravity – the force of attraction between all objects in the universe

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The magnitude of the gravitational force between two objects depends on the masses of the two objects and the distance between them.

The force of gravity is proportional to the product of the masses.The force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.Contributions to http://physics-tsu-labschool.wikispaces.com/ are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License

NASA

Page 8: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

Kepler’s first law – law that states that planets orbit in ellipses, with the Sun at one focus.

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Page 9: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

Kepler’s second law – law that states that planets speed up as they get nearer the Sun and slow down as they move farther from the Sun.

Schematic of Kepler's second law. Equal areas are carved out in equal time.

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Teach Astronomy © 2014

Author: Chris Impey

NASA

Page 10: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

• Kepler’s third law – law that states that the square of a planet’s period is proportional to the cube of the planet’s orbital radius.

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Page 11: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

Orbit – the path of one body around another body in space, such as the path of Earth around the Sun.

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Page 12: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

Orbital radius – the average distance from an orbiting object to the object it is orbiting around.

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The orbital radius of a planet is the mean distance from the planet to the Sun.

Page 13: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

Period –

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the amount of time it takes for an object to complete one full orbit.

Page 14: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

Vector – a representation that specifies the direction and magnitude of a quantity.

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• A pictorial representation of the vector addition of spin and orbital angular momentum.

In physics, vectors are used to represent displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, and other quantities that have a specific direction.A vector can be resolved into perpendicular components.

For example, “6.0i + 3.0j” describes a vector that points 6 units east and 3 units north.

Page 15: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

Velocity – the speed and direction of a moving object.The velocity of an object can be described by a vector

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Page 16: Mod 16 kepler's laws vocabulary

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