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Methods in Teaching: Developing Classroom Instructional Techniques
By: Ahmad Khan
Lecturer, ASBA & ASIT (English)
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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Objectives:
Become aware of the use of methods, techniques and strategies in your teaching.
Learn about other methods and their application.
Discuss the connection between teaching objectives and methods.
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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Teaching ?
"Teaching is an art – but eff ective teaching consists of a set of skills that can be acquired, improved and extended."(Gralki, 1990)
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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Procedure:
First, please consider your own application of methods. Which methods did you use? Let us first roughly define a method as “any sort of teaching activity”. List at least three methods you know, or you used or experienced during your studies. Now describe how you succeeded in applying it.
Chart:
Name of the method
Description / When and why did you apply it? What did you experience?
Advantage / What was good about using this method and why?
Disadvantage / What was bad about using the method?
........................ ......................... ............................
..............................
.
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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What is a Method?A method is a description of the way that information or behavior is carried forward or consolidated during the instructional process.
Examples
"No interaction": lecture---------------------------------------------
"teacher centered interaction": interactive lecture -------------
"Group centered interaction": group work ------------------------
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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What is a Technique?A technique is a detailed list of rules or a guideline for any (teaching) activity.
ExamplesWith mind mapping you apply guidelines for devising content in a holistic way. This is a technique that can be used in an individual working situation, in a group work, or by the teacher as a means of demonstrating something.
Brainstorming is a group centered interaction method. The brainstorming technique describes a way of collecting ideas or information in a creative and uninhibited way.
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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What is a Strategy?A strategy defi nes the basic procedure of how the content is elaborated during the teaching process.
There are two possible alternatives:
1. The Cognitive Approach
2. The Aff ective Approach
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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1. The Cognitive Approach (Teacher-Centered)
The cognitive approach is expository, as information is given in a structured and organized process (top-down). The student’s role in this is passive, consuming and “breathing in”. The teacher is the constitutive element: he informs, tells, shows, asks, corrects, etc.
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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2. The Affective Approach (Student-Centered)
The affective approach is based on “discovering”, and uses the curiosity of the student to let him find out something on his own. There is little or no information given, just an issue to explore. Students have to be active and inquisitive to solve the problem. The teacher is not involved. In this student centered strategy, students learn by doing, by experiencing, and by observing.
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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List of MethodsLecture
Presentation
Discussion
Lecture discussion
Group work
Cooperative/Collaborative learning
Puzzle method (Jigsaw teaching techniques)
Role play
Case method
Debate
Fishbowl
Brainstorming
Buzz groups
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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Methods and ObjectivesThe methods you want to apply in your teaching are tightly l inked to the objectives you formulated in your planning process.
To select a method, the two following questions should be answered:
What can I do to help the students to achieve the teaching objectives?
What do the students have to do to achieve the teaching objectives?
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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How to choose the appropriate method?1. You can choose the method based on the level of BLOOMS
TAXONOMY.
Level one way - no group activity
teacher centered activities
group centered activities
Knowledge lecturespresentations
readinggiving individual tasks
lecture discussionlaboratory work
exchange of experiencebrainstorming
collecting previous knowledge
Comprehension lecturepresentation by students
individual exercise
lecture discussionlaboratory work
debate
group work, discussion (e.g. fishbowl)
problem solvingsimulation, role play
Application
-
laboratory worktutorials
practical exercises
field workproject work
problem solving simulation, case study
Transfer (analysis, synthesis and evaluation)
-
discussionsexperiments
laboratory work
strategic gamesexperiments
problem solving
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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2. You can also choose the method considering the GROUP SIZE.
Pairs (2): Any group work which is not based on collecting a lot of ideas – it is more
for the exchange of knowledge or experience.
Small group (3-10): Any group work based on collecting ideas, the exchange of
knowledge or experience, or producing something.
Medium group (10-20): Interactive lectures, case studies etc. Divide the class in
small groups.
Large group (more than 20): Lectures, augmented with buzz groups and
discussions, expert panel, open space, separating in small group activities, and project
work.
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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Conclusion:
If you choose a method you also have to take into account the surrounding or environmental constraints:
How long is your lecture, how much “new content” do you want to introduce?
How many students do you have in the class?
How much time do you have?
Is the classroom appropriate for the groups to work?
Keep in mind, that student centered methods are time consuming, but very motivating and efficient!
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan
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Source:
https://www.google.ae/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=ePALVdO3MMzDVPWYgegH#q=teaching+methods+techniques+and+strategies
Thank You?
Prepared and Presented By: Ahmad Khan