http://riel.cdu.edu.au

Research for development:

ANDREW CAMPBELL

Mekong Forum on Water, Energy & FoodHa Noi 19 November 2013

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• We live in one of the most dynamic parts of the world

• Food, water, energy and land are intricately interconnected

• Long-term security concerns, amplified by climate change, affect all

• The CPWF Mekong project is leading in many areas

• You know far more than me about your own context

• The science – policy interface is crucial

• How can we build durable institutions while responding adaptively to unfolding events and shifting priorities?

Key Points

Personal declarations

• I have had several careers – so far!

• Farming background south-western Victoria, Australia

• Studied Forestry & rural sociology: Creswick, Melbourne &

Wageningen

• 5 years Forester Victorian government 1984-88

• 4 years National Landcare Facilitator 1989-92

• 5 years as a Senior Executive in Australian Government

• 7 years as CEO of a national research funder

• 4 years as an independent consultant

• 4 years as Chair of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network

• 3 years at Charles Darwin University in Darwin…

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• Climate change• Direct impacts

• Impacts of climate change policies – e.g. pricing carbon

• Energy• the era of cheap, energetically efficient fossil fuels is ending

• Water• Every calorie we consume uses one litre in its production• Every litre weighs one kilogram — energy intensive to distribute it• Per capita global freshwater availability declining steeply

• Food — must increase world production by 70% by 2050• Using less land, water, fossil energy and nutrients

Converging Insecurities

Profound technical challenges1. To decouple economic growth from carbon emissions

2. To adapt to an increasingly difficult climate

3. To increase water productivity— decoupling the 1 litre per calorie relationship

4. To increase energy productivity– more food energy out per unit of energy in

– while shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy

5. To develop more sustainable food systems– In competition for land and water with the resources sector

– while conserving biodiversity and

– improving landscape amenity, soil health, animal welfare & human health

6. TO DO ALL OF THE ABOVE SIMULTANEOUSLY!— improving sustainability and resilience

Timescales for response to climate change

• Many of the main drivers of biodiversity loss operate at the landscape-scale e.g. habitat fragmentation, invasive species and changed fire regimes.

• It is the scale which lends itsel

CSIRO 2010

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We need a third agricultural revolution

• High level goals: e.g. doubling food & fibre production while doubling water and energy productivity

• How to get there? – Farming/agroforestry systems that make more efficient use of and conserve

water, energy, nutrients, carbon and biodiversity (natural and cultivated)– Smart metering, sensing, telemetry, robotics, guidance, biotechnology– Better understanding of soil carbon & microbial activity– Radically reducing waste in all parts of the food chain– Much more decentralised energy grids, diverse generation portfolio– Farming systems producing renewable (2nd generation) bioenergy– Attracting talented young people into exciting careers

• How can this all ‘fit’ at a landscape and regional scale?

• The landscape needs to be re-plumbed and re-wired• We need new planning approaches that:

– work under a range of climate change & demographic scenarios– build in resilience thinking

(conserve natural areas, improve habitat connectivity & buffering)– Integrate ways to reduce carbon pollution (energy, transport, food)– safeguard productive soil and allow for increased food production– facilitate recycling of water, nutrients and energy

Leading, educating and bringing the community on the journey

Planning landscapes & infrastructure

Campbell: Mekong Forum on Water, Energy & Food, November 2013 | Slide 9

“How society shares power, benefit and risk” (Xing)

• Vertical and horizontal

• The challenge of integration

• Need to honour the past and respect local values, without being shackled by them

• The tyranny of lowest common denominator consensus

• Local institutions are essential, but not sufficient

• As everything becomes more interconnected, better governance becomes more vital, and more difficult.

Governance

Campbell: Mekong Forum on Water, Energy & Food, November 2013 | Slide 10

“In order to discover new lands, one must be prepared to lose

sight of the shore for a very long time”*

• Leadership at all levels• Networks and communities of practice across sectors,

scales, disciplines, basins, nations• New technologies to share information, at all levels• Building social capital that dilutes rigid divisions• Hard-wiring involvement of schools, civic society (clubs etc)

• Good governance is a great investment

Ideas for distributed governance

* André Gide 1925 Les Faux Monnaieurs

Pumped hydro

Tumut 3 1500 MW

Lake Argyle

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• Contested, crowded, contextual

• Stakes high, decisions urgent, facts uncertain or disputed

• Science thrives on a contest of ideas

• This can be problematic in public debate (e.g. climate change)

• Public officials just one of many sources of advice

• Ministers/governments prefer wins, credit, initiatives

• Durable relationships are critical

• based on mutual respect and trust

The Science-Policy Interface

Knowledge fit for purpose

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• Understand the knowledge need, in the application context– What type of info is needed, by whom, when and in what form?– Do you need to put a dollar figure on everything to make a better

decision?

• How good does the information have to be?

ANSWER: GOOD ENOUGH!• This includes the process used to generate the numbers

- expert/stakeholder interaction etc

• Having the science won’t necessarily win the argument

• Understand the politics and the economics

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• Policy issues mostly in the applied research domain

• Key questions revolve around

“What should we do?”

• Scientists must be very wary of ‘should’ questions

• Where values & aspirations are as important as facts

• The opinion of the scientist about ‘what should we do’, is just an opinion (albeit hopefully informed)

The nature of policy questions

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• Of course science has a big role in policy questions• Apart from helping us understand how the world

works, science can inform “What should we do?”• E.g. What policy settings or interventions will have what

impact?• Who will be affected? How? How much? When? and

Where?

• Policy decisions are made by the body politic

Researching policy questions

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“The future is not some place we are going to,

but one we are creating. The paths to it are made, not found.”

• This is the greatest challenge of our age, not a blip

• Climate, biodiversity, water, energy, food and health are interconnected

• We must deal with them holistically

• The CPWF-Mekong is a leading initiative

Dare to be even better!

the future is in our hands

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For more info: http://riel.cdu.edu.au

• The Getting of Knowledge• Managing Australian Soils

• Paddock to Plate [policies for sustainable food systems]• Managing Australian Landscapes in a Changing Climate

• Powerful Choices: transition to a biofuel economy