Map Basics for Law Librarians

10th March 2009 Maps for Law Librarians

Maps for

Law Librarians

Chris Fleet & Paula Williams


Maps for Law Librarians

1. Introduction

2.Ordnance Survey

3.Access, cataloguing and classification

4.Acquisition, copyright and licensing


Introduction to Maps

• What is a map?

• Types of maps

• Brief guide to using maps as sources

• Early mapping for legal issues…


Map (maep) n.

• a diagrammatic representation of the earth’s surface or part of it, showing the geographical distributions, positions etc. of features such as roads, towns, relief, rainfall, etc.

• a map like drawing of anything


Formats

• Paper – Atlases– Sheets

• Single• Multi part• Series

• Microfilm• Digital

– Raster– Vector




Raster v vector

• “A raster image is a computerized picture. If you have a raster image file, you can overlay additional … data, such as street maps or customer locations, on top of the image. Raster images consist of rows of tiny dots. In contrast, objects in vector images contain coordinate based data structures represented by x and y coordinates.”

• MapInfo Professional Users Guide version 6.0


400 dpi

300 dpi

200 dpi

Raster Mapping – pixellates as you zoon in beyond 100%


OS MasterMap - Vector Mapping - points, lines and polygons


Uses for law?

• Defining boundaries

• Depicting ownership

• Rights of way

• Site surveys



Bleau’s “Atlas of Scotland” 1654


The Roy Map Military Survey of Scotland


Mapping Estates

David Crawford Plan of the Estates of Ravelston and Corstorphinhill 1826


Mapping Counties


Beware…

• Dates• Accuracy• Purpose (e.g. plans)• Often not designed to be used in isolation

• Require accompanying terriers or documents• (there may not be a key…)

• Bias • the cartographers choices (what to include?)• political influence• your own bias



10th March 2009 Maps for Law LibrariansA Plan of Roads in Dispute… in the …parishes of Fowlis & Ludie (1799)


Section 2 - Ordnance Survey

• History

• County Series and National Grid

• Scales, map contents and editions

• Function, operation and outlets today

• Standard Print Series

• Legends and abbreviations



History• Roy Military Survey of Scotland, 1747-1755• 1791 - Purchase of Jesse Ramsden theodolite• Southern England (from 1790s), Ireland (from

1820s), and then Scotland (from 1840s)• Battle of the Scales - 1850s• Completion of survey of Scotland - 1880s• Books of Reference and OS Name Books.







History• Roy Military Survey of Scotland, 1747-1755• 1791 - Purchase of Jesse Ramsden theodolite• Southern England (from 1790s), Ireland (from

1820s), and then Scotland (from 1840s)• Battle of the Scales - 1850s• Completion of survey of Scotland - 1880s• Books of Reference and OS Name Books.





OS Book of Reference

…from 1855 to the mid-1880s for 1:2,500 maps. Parcel number, acreage

and land-use.

Can be consulted in NLS.



Section 2 - Ordnance SurveyCounty Series

• Original mapping up to the Second World War based on counties

• Sheet referencing by County:OS 6” to the mile / 1:10,560 Aberdeenshire VIII (4 x 6 miles)OS 6” to the mile / 1:10,560 Aberdeenshire IXOS 6” to the mile / 1:10,560 Aberdeenshire X

OS 25” to the mile / 1:2,500 Aberdeenshire VIII.1-16 OS 25” to the mile / 1:2,500 Aberdeenshire VIII.4 (1 mile x 1.5 miles)

• Revision by county - all or part of the county revised at particular points in time.


Origins of the OS county meridians for large scale mapping



Survey and Revision Dates for County Series Mapping

Online at: http://www.nls.uk/maps/os/county_series_list.html


Section 2 - Ordnance SurveyNational Grid

• Davidson Committee from late 1930s recommended the recasting onto a new projection for the whole of Great Britain, the National Grid: a Transverse Mercator projection with a central North-South meridian, and a point of origin based west of the Scilly Isles. New metric grid based on 100 Km squares.

OS 6” to the mile / 1:10,560 NJ 45 NW (5 x 5 km area)OS 6” to the mile / 1:10,560 NJ 45 NE

OS 25” to the mile / 1:2,500 NJ 4254 (1 x 1 km area)OS 25” to the mile / 1:2,500 NJ 4255

• Following initial survey, sheets placed under continuous revision


The National Grid


Section 2 - Ordnance SurveyNational Grid

• Davidson Committee from late 1930s recommended the recasting onto a new projection for the whole of Great Britain, the National Grid: a Transverse Mercator projection with a central North-South meridian, and a point of origin based west of the Scilly Isles. New metric grid based on 100 Km squares.

OS 6” to the mile / 1:10,560 NJ 45 NW (5 x 5 km area)OS 6” to the mile / 1:10,560 NJ 45 NE

OS 25” to the mile / 1:2,500 NJ 4254 (1 x 1 km area)OS 25” to the mile / 1:2,500 NJ 4255

• Following initial survey, sheets placed under continuous revision


Richard Oliver’s town lists

Chapter 6 ofOrdnance Survey Maps: a concise guide for

historians (London: Charles Close, 2005)


Richard Oliver’s County Listings

Chapter 7 ofOrdnance Survey Maps: a concise guide for historians (London: Charles Close, 2005)



Scales, Contents and Editions


OS 1:1056, surveyed 1852


OS 1:1056, surveyed 1852


OS 1:1250, published 1953


OS 1:1250, published 1978



OS 1:2,500, 1854-9


OS 1:2,500, 1854-9


OS 1:2,500, revised 1893





OS 1:10,560, surveyed 1852


OS 1:10,560, surveyed 1852


OS 1:10,560, surveyed 1852



OS 1:10,560, published 1958


OS 1:10,560, published 1983


Ordnance Survey

• Explorer

1:25,000


OS 1:63,360, 1850


One-inch to the mile County Series indexes


Ordnance Survey Maps One-inch "Popular" edition, 1925


Ordnance Survey

• Landranger

1:50,000


Section 2 - Ordnance SurveyScales, Contents and Editions

Scale Area Number of sheets Per cent area

Basic-scale series

1:1,250 500m2 57,400 181:2,500 1-2 km2 163,400 521:10,000 25 km2 3,680 30

(All incorporated into OS MasterMap digital data)

Derived series

1:10,000 25 km2 6,480 1001:25,000 200 km2 1,374 1001:50,000 1,600 km2 204 1001:250,000 8 1001:625,000 GB 1 100



RAF – 1951


RAF – 1948


Ordnance Survey – 1872



Section 2 - Ordnance Survey“Ordnance Survey is Great Britain's national mapping agency, providing the most accurate and up-to-date geographic data, relied

on by government, business and individuals.”

Some recent issues:

• Income generation and cost recovery• Greater imbalances of surveying• Greater costs of large-scale mapping• Greater concern over copyright and IPR• Focus on core mapping - provision contracted out to Partners and

Mapping and Data Centres. Greater liberty to vary prices locally around core parameters.

• Disposal of historic mapping


Post-1963 1:2,500 and 1:1250 mapping

Symbols

…and Boundaries


Online at:

http://www.nls.uk/maps/os/abbrev


Ordnance Survey

• 1st edition (ca.1850-70s) 6”, & Parish 25”

• County Series (1870-1940) 6”and 25”

• National Grid (post 1940s) 1:50,000,1:10,000,1:2500,1:1250


Cataloguing & ClassificationReferences:• The rulebooks and standards for cataloguing systems applied by

your institution ...• Mangan, Elizabeth (editor)

Cartographic Materials: a manual for interpretation for AACR2, 2002 revision

• Larsgaard, Mary LynetteMap librarianship: an introduction

• Andrew, Paige G. & Larsgaard, Mary Lynette (editors)Maps and related cartographic materials: cataloging, classification and bibliographic control.

• Andrew, Paige G.Cataloguing sheet maps: the basics


Is it Cartographic?

• “Cartographic materials include all materials that represent the whole or part of the Earth or any celestial body.” Cartographic Materials 2nd. Ed.


Cartographic Description

• Scale

• Datum and survey data

• Coordinates

• Subject headings


Physical description

• Height by width – to the neatline

• Colour?

• Folded size / roll?


Scale

• “The relationship between a unit of distance on the map and a unit of distance

on the earth’s surface”– Written “1 inch to the mile”– Representative fraction 1:63,360 – Scale bar


Grid references

• “Along the corridor and up the stairs”

• Grids within grids…– See the Ordnance Survey’s leaflet…!


Gazetteers












Graphic Indexes


Section 4. Acquisition, copyright and licensing• User enquiry process

• Obtaining mapping– Historical– Modern

• Copyright

• Licences

• Digital Mapping


Section 4 Acquisition, copyright and licensing

User enquiry process

• Where - locate the place of interest geographically?• When - time period of interest?• What scale and level of detail is required?



Obtaining mapping

Historical mapping• OS website: 1” to the mile only• OS Commercial Partners - Landmark, Groundsure and

Cassini• OS six-inch first edition - http://www.old-maps.co.uk • National and public libraries

– NLS website:– OS 1” Scotland - 1840s - 1940s – http://www.nls.uk/maps – OS 6” Scotland - 1840s - 1880s - http://www.nls.uk/maps – OS 25” Scotland - 1840s - 1880s (available by Summer 2009)– NLS - comprehensive collection of OS paper maps

http://www.old-maps.co.uk/

http://www.nls.uk/maps





10th March 2009 Maps for Law Librarianshttp://www.nls.uk/maps/os/index.html

http://www.nls.uk/maps/os/index.html



Modern OS mapping:• OS Mapping and Data Centres (paper and digital)• OS Framework Licence (digital)• Copyright Libraries - eg. NLS Map Library – for viewing 1998-2008

large scale digital dataObtaining non-Ordnance Survey mapping

Some larger wholesalers:– Stanfords http://www.stanfords.co.uk/– Omni http://www.omnimap.com/index.htm – MapsWorldwide http://www.mapsworldwide.com/

• UK Hydrographic Office (marine charts) http://www.ukho.gov.uk/ • British Geological Survey (geological information) http://

www.bgs.ac.uk/• Cities Revealed (aerial photography) http://www.citiesrevealed.com/

http://www.stanfords.co.uk/

http://www.omnimap.com/index.htm

http://www.mapsworldwide.com/

http://www.ukho.gov.uk/



http://www.bgs.ac.uk/



http://www.citiesrevealed.com/




Choose a location using one of the criteria provided.


The system will then search for that location.


The location will be displayed on screen.


If necessary, you can pan around the map to find the exact location.


Choose the type of mapping you want. 1:2500 scale or larger is available as Superplan or Siteplan; 1:5000 or 1:10000 scale is available as Landplan.


Siteplan Option


Siteplan is available in a variety of options.


In order to be able to find your property, you may need to pan around and either zoom in or change the scale number.


Once you have found your property, click on it with the cursor.


Zoom out to check the area covered by the Siteplan. You are now ready to progress with the order.


Superplan Option


Superplan is available in several variations. ‘Customised’ allows you to specify exact plot size and a range of additions.


You can specify centre co-ordinates and dimensions or use the cursor to draw a box to enclose the required area.


The mapping can be displayed at a different scale by zooming in or changing the scale.


If a customised product has been chosen, a feature box can be added.


Alternatively, a circle could be chosen.


A polygon can be used to define an irregular area. Different line and infill colours are available in every case.


Before printing, certain features can be added to maps, e.g. highlighted buildings.


A title can be added, or the printed scale can be set. You can even print the map reversed on film for architect’s use.


Landplan Option


Landplan is available in a variety of options


In order to be able to find your specific area, you may need to zoom in and pan around


If you have chosen ‘customised’, you can then draw the area you require with the cursor.


Alternatively, you can specify exact dimensions for the box and/or centre co-ordinates


Zoom out to check the area covered by the Landplan, in this case 3km by 3km.


A title can be added, or the printed scale can be set. You can even print the map in black and white.


All Options


Finally, the order is given a total price and can be given a name.




Copyright

• Ordnance Survey maps are subject to Crown Copyright, which lasts for 50 years from the end of the year in which the map was published.

• Most other commercially published maps are in copyright for 70 years from the end of the year in which the map was published.

• Under fair dealing, OS allow “limited reproduction” (up to 4 identical A4-sized copies) of in copyright maps for non-commercial research or private study or Parliamentary or Judicial Proceedings





Licences• OS have a wide range of licences for using in-copyright mapping,

depending upon who you are, and what you wish to do with their mapping:– Paper Map Copying Licence– Publishing Licence– Framework Partner Licence– Internet Licence– Superseded Mapping Licence

• Libraries also have rights over the onward publication of their maps. NLS requests that permission be requested for all publications of our maps. Usually there is no charge for non-commercial reproduction.

• NLS also has an annual permission licence (£100 per annum) allowing unlimited copying of NLS maps for unpublished reports for clients


Ordnance Survey Superseded Mapping Licence


Digital MappingRaster Images.

• Any historical mapping• Scanned maps from desktop or large-format scanners• Smaller-scale digital data from OS• Typical formats: TIFF, PNG, BNP, GIF• Usable by any picture editing software - Imaging, Paint, Photoshop, Illustrator. Also usable

by Geographical Information System (GIS) software• Can alter basic image parameters - crop, and add features as extra layers on top of base

raster image• Relatively available and easy to use software.

Vector Images• Modern OS mapping• Typical formats: GML, DXF, NTF, ArcGIS Shapefile, MapInfo MID/MIF• Usable by any Geographical Information System (GIS) software• All topographic features coded into layers and presentation of features can be customised.• Much greater flexibility over presentation of image and integration with other data.• Greater complexity in availability and use of software.










Contact us…

• Map LibraryNational Library of Scotland33 Salisbury PlaceEdinburghEH9 1SL

• 0131 623 3970• [email protected]• www.nls.uk/maps

Education

Map Basics for Law Librarians