http://www.flickr.com/photos/la_hire/4718503190http://www.flickr.com/photos/la_hire/4718598788

Standing on the shoulders...

(of people of different sizes)

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sunlightfoundation/2385174105

Curtis, HJ and Cole KS (1942) Membrane Resting and Action Potentials from the Squid Giant Axon. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology Vol 19 (2) 135-144

Curtis, HJ and Cole KS (1942) Membrane Resting and Action Potentials from the Squid Giant Axon. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology Vol 19 (2) 135-144

In order to vary the potassium ion concentration, [...] potassium was substituted for sodium, or vice versa.

Hodgkin AL and Katz B (1949) The effect of Sodium Ions on the Electrical Activity of the Giant Axon of the Squid. J. Physiol. 108, 37-77

‘4. These results support the view that depolarization leads to a rapid increase in permeability which allows sodium ions to move in either direction through the membrane. ‘Hodgkin AL and Huxkley AF (1952) Currents carried by Sodium and Potassium ions Through the Membrane of the Giant Axon of Loligo. J. Physiol. 116, 449-472

Science 18 February 1972 Vol. 175. no. 4023, pp. 720 - 731DOI: 10.1126/science.175.4023.720

Journal of Morphology (1918) Volume 31, issue 2, 293-315

Nature. 1989 Feb 2;337(6206):424-8.

Nature 353, 861 - 864 (31 October 1991)doi:10.1038/353861a0

(1977)

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For the past 100 years or so we have been basically confirming Cajal’s ideas.

Barbara Fredette

Celio, MR, Spereafico R, De Biasi S and Vitellaro-Zuccarello L. (1998) Perineuronal nets: past and present . TINS 21: 510-515

‘However, regarding this issue the last word has not been said.’

S Ramón y Cajal, 1910 Histología Normal. (my own translation)

“The mature ECM is thus inhibitory for experience-dependent plasticity, and degradation of CSPGs

reactivates cortical plasticity.”

Science 8 November 2002: Vol. 298. no. 5596, pp. 1248 -1251 DOI: 10.1126/science.1072699

http://www.edge.org/documents/archive/images/wwb-l.jpg

2006

“My hunch is that the substrate of old memories is located not inside the cell but outside in the extracellular space.”

Terrence Sejnowski

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Nature 408, 361-365 (16 November 2000) | doi:10.1038/35042582

Mr. Glen MacDonald - Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA -Specimen: Mammalian Inner Ear

http://www.olympusbioscapes.com/gallery/2007/index.html

Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, Meuli R, Honey CJ, et al. 2008 Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex. PLoS Biol 6(7): e159. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060159

“Excercise

Determine the limits of an object or eventDetermine the limit more preciselyRepeat, until further precision is impossible”

1963 - George Brecht (1926-2008)(Seen at Walker Art Center, Minneapolis MN)