Lesson GEOGRAPHYLevel 9th GradeTheme MOUNTAIN FORMATIONContent CURLING-UP AND REFRACTIONDuration 45 minutes

Objectives Students;* Become aware of that curling-up and refractions are one of the most effective powers to give shape to surface of the earth.

* Comprehend that new shapes on the surface of the earth can happen in a short time with the Orogeny (mountain formation). * Know that the mountain formation is a movement of mountain chain formation.

* Notice that the mountain formation occurs through with curling-up and refraction.

* Notice that breaking or curling up of the crust has a connection with the movement of the crust slabs, consequently, with the warmth and the pressure of the crust of the earth. * Become aware of that the pieces of crust must be elastic in order the incident of curling-up to happen, likewise; refraction requires hard stones formed a long time ago which are impossible to curl up.

* Know the meanings of the concepts “geosynclinal”, “sedimentation”, “stream erosion”, “stratification”, “side pressure”.

* Learn how curling-up and refraction occur.

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

* Learn about the concepts “synclinal”, “anticlinal”, “horst”, “graben”.

* Become aware that Anatolia was underwater in 1st geological period.

* Share broken or twisted mountains they saw with their friends.

* Comprehend the connection between stream and pebbles; and how rounded pebbles become round.

*Learns how a rounded pebble or a sea-stone becomes round in the places of 3000-4000 meters of height.* Specify important twisted and refracted mountains and show their distribution on the map.

Teaching and Learning Techniques*Discovery *Problem-solving *Interrogation *Explanation *Learning while doing *Observation *Demonstration

Materials Used by Teacher and Students TEACHER: Teacher's book, wall map, atlases, projector STUDENT: Student's book, notebook, atlases, the materials needed to demonstrate curliing-upand refraction (play dough, board blocks).

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Procedure

DISCUSSION OF THE SUBJECT

-MOTIVATION: Why on earth is there a round pebble the top of a mountain which is thousands of meters high ? We know that; a rounded pebble must roll in thousands of kilometers in the water inorder to become round. But there is normally no stream at the top of a mountain.

-INTRODUCTION: We are going to discuss the mountain range formation, which is one of the internal forces. I wonder how the huge mountains, which we often we see but hardly care about, come into being?

OROGENY: It means mountain formation. It happens in two ways.

They are : * Curling- up *Refraction

STAGES OF THE SUBJECTS

-We are going to explain how curling-up and refraction occur with models.

1-Twisted mountain formation

Side pressureSide pressure

Elastic layers

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

2-Mountain formation with refraction

Refraction

EVALUATION QUESTIONS

-A big part of Aegean Region was formed in the first geology period and turned into a land. How do you think the mountains of Aegean Region came into being?

-How did North Anatolia, East Black Sea Mountains were formed if Turkey was under the ocean in the first period?

-Which power took out Turkey from the ocean floor?

-What is synclinal?

-What is horst?

-What is geosynclinal ?

-The skirts of a mountain are made up with various layers and materials of big or small size. What is the reason for that?

-What do the layers explain to us?

RESULT:

We learnt the meanings of “mountain formation”, “curling-up”, “refraction” in this lesson. We also learnt “anticlinal” which stays at The top, “synclinal” which stays on the low level while curling-up, the meaning of “horst” and “graben”, “geosynclinal”, the special feature of schist during curling-up and refraction, and the “ocean sediments”.

We are going to discuss the continent formation, volcanoes, and earthquakes in the next lesson.

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission.This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.