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© Created by J. Burton/www.burtonshistory.com © Created by J. Burton/www.burtonshistory.com As the debate on the “New Constitution” spread across the land, its supporters rallied around a new symbol – a ship, full sails… ready to ride the winds of the future.

Lesson 12 The U.S. Constitution - New Jersey

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© Created by J. Burton/www.burtonshistory.com © Created by J. Burton/www.burtonshistory.com

As the debate on the “New Constitution” spread across the land, its supporters rallied around a new symbol – a ship, full sails… ready to ride the winds of the future.

As the debate on the “New Constitution” spread across the land, its supporters rallied around a new symbol – a ship, full sails… ready to ride the winds of the future.

2 –– Lesson Plan Lesson Plan 1212

Content Standard for U.S. History:Content Standard for U.S. History:

Students will identify important people and events to analyze Students will identify important people and events to analyze significant patterns, relationships, themes, ideas, beliefs and turning significant patterns, relationships, themes, ideas, beliefs and turning points in New Mexico, United States, and World History in order to points in New Mexico, United States, and World History in order to interpret and understand the complexity of the human experience in New interpret and understand the complexity of the human experience in New Mexico, the U.S., and the World over time.Mexico, the U.S., and the World over time.

H-B—9 -12 Benchmark – United States…Identify, sequence, describe, interpret, H-B—9 -12 Benchmark – United States…Identify, sequence, describe, interpret, analyze, understand, and evaluate the impact of major eras, events, and analyze, understand, and evaluate the impact of major eras, events, and individuals in United States history from European Exploration to the Present.individuals in United States history from European Exploration to the Present.

H-B—9 – 12 U.S. Performance StandardsH-B—9 – 12 U.S. Performance Standards

H-B.9-12.1 – Analyze and discuss the Division of Powers under the U.S. ConstitutionH-B.9-12.1 – Analyze and discuss the Division of Powers under the U.S. Constitution

1. Discuss the impact of forming the 1. Discuss the impact of forming the Division of PowersDivision of Powers

2. Discuss the importance of the 2. Discuss the importance of the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

3. Discuss the necessity of Dividing the Government into 3. Discuss the necessity of Dividing the Government into Three BranchesThree Branches

4. Define ‘Federalism’ and discuss it’s necessity in the 4. Define ‘Federalism’ and discuss it’s necessity in the Organizing Of a Free GovernmentOrganizing Of a Free Government

5. Discuss the intense debate over the 5. Discuss the intense debate over the RatificationRatification of The Constitution of The Constitution

6. Discuss the association between Massachusetts, 6. Discuss the association between Massachusetts, The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights, and , and The Ten The Ten AmendmentsAmendments

7. Discuss the necessity of the 7. Discuss the necessity of the House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives,, Federalists Federalists,, and Anti- and Anti-FederalistsFederalists

3 –– BenchmarksBenchmarks

The “Framers” (Writers) of The Constitution met from May to September, 1787. Despite the unbearable heat… doors and windows were kept shut, so that no one from the outside could listen to the deliberations and influence or intimidate the delegates.

4 –– Framers of The Constitution

Sand was evenly spread over the cobblestone streets in order to muffle sounds from the out-side.

When the delegates were finished, they had created one of history’s greatest documents – a framework that has served this nation for more than two centuries and has been a model for other democratic governments around the world.

Pennsylvania State HousePennsylvania State House

5 –– A Great A Great DocumentDocument

George Washington PresidingGeorge Washington Presiding

During the Constitutional Convention, Benjamin (Ben) Franklin often wondered if the decoration on the chair in which Washington sat … represented a sunset or a sunrise – and whether the convention would be an end or a new beginning for the United States.

6 –– The Constitutional Convention

7 –– Approving the New Constitution

Nine states had to approve the new Constitution before it became law. The cartoon (above) shows the states being drawn as pillars, with six upright pillars showing… Maryland… South Carolina… and New Hampshire would soon follow. Notice the Hand of God in the upper right hand corner.

Montesquieu (1728) Montesquieu (1728)

Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Brède et de MontesquieuMontesquieu - more - more commonly known as commonly known as MontesquieuMontesquieu, was a , was a French social commentator and political French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enlightenment thinker who lived during the Enlightenment Period in Europe (a phase in European Period in Europe (a phase in European Philosophy and Culture that centered upon Philosophy and Culture that centered upon Reason & Critical Thinking Reason & Critical Thinking as being the as being the primary source/basis of all rational primary source/basis of all rational authority). authority).

He is famous for his articulation of the He is famous for his articulation of the theory of theory of ‘Separation of Powers.’ ‘Separation of Powers.’ He was He was also largely responsible for the also largely responsible for the popularization of the terms of feudalism popularization of the terms of feudalism (Lords, Vassals, and Fiefs).(Lords, Vassals, and Fiefs).

8 –– Separation of Powers

Political Federalism’ is a group that is bound together (Latin: ‘Foedus’ or Covenant) with a governing representative at its head.

The term ‘Federalism’ also describes a working system of government in which power is ‘Constitutionally Divided’ between an elected ‘Central Governing Authority’ and ‘The States.’

Federalism is also a system in which the (elected) power to govern is shared between the National & State Governments, creating what is often called a ‘Federation.’

Proponents (supporters) of this ideology are called ‘Federalists.’

9 –– Federalism & Federalists

10 –– Reading ReadingThe Constitution

(Lesson 12)

In May 1787, 55 delegates from the 13 Original States met at Philadelphia’s State House. It was a gathering of uniquely gifted men, including George Washington, who served as the chairman. Instead of trying to adjust the weak ‘Articles of Confederation,’ they started anew to frame a completely new form of government – the United States Constitution.

The framers of the Constitution, as the delegates were called, created a Federal Government of Three Branches: The Legislative Branch was the Congress, made up the Senate – with two Senators coming from each state – and the House of Representatives – whose numbers were based on population of their state; The Executive Branch was composed of the President and his Executive Departments, such as his personal Cabinet; and the Judicial Branch - the Supreme Court and other Federal Lower Courts. Through an innovative system of “Checks and Balances,” any two branches could prevent the third from gaining too much power.

Another great achievement of the convention was in dividing power between the states and the National Government. This ‘Sharing of Power’ is called “Federalism.” The Constitution gave certain delegated powers to the National Government; other powers were reserved solely for the states; and some “Concurrent Powers,” such as taxation and road building were shared between the states and the national government.

Beginning in an unusually scorching Autumn in 1787, state conventions were held to ratify, or approve, the Constitution with nine states’ approval needed for the Constitution to go into effect. Several states ratified quickly, but usually after vigorous debate, because many people feared that the new government would have too much power. In Massachusetts, ratification won by a narrow margin only after the delegates

promised that they would amend, or change, the Constitution by adding a Bill of Rights – what became known as the first Ten Amendments to the Constitution.

In June 1788, the Constitution officially went (lawfully) into effect. But four states, including Virginia and New York, had not ratified it… and the new government could not succeed without the support of these important (economically strong) states.

The debate between those who supported the Constitution… were called “Federalists’” and their opponents were called “Anti-Federalists” … those who supported the rights of states over the Federal Government… (Anti-Federalism refers to the early movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. Federal Government and which later opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. The Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority… the movement was led by Patrick Henry… his Anti-Federalists worried that the position of president, then a novelty, might eventually evolve into a monarchy [A King]) this debate was long and extremely spirited. The final victory for ratification came in late June of 1788… and the vote was very close. By the spring of 1790, all thirteen states had finally approved the U.S. Constitution… a nation is born.

George Washington was elected the first President… John Adams the second.

ConcurrentPowers

Powers held and exercised by both

the National & State Govt’s

NationalGovernment

StateGovernment

Powers delegated to the

National Government by the Constitution

Powers not granted to the

National Government or Denied to the

States

11 –– Literacy Literacy1.1. May 1787…May 1787…2.2. Who served as Chairman?Who served as Chairman?3.3. The started anew…The started anew…4.4. The created a Federal Govt. of…The created a Federal Govt. of…5.5. The Legislative Branch…The Legislative Branch…

6.6. The Executive Branch…The Executive Branch…7.7. The Judicial Branch…The Judicial Branch…8.8. What is “Checks and Balances?”What is “Checks and Balances?”9.9. What is Federalism?What is Federalism?10.10.Delegated Powers?Delegated Powers?

11.11.Concurrent Powers?Concurrent Powers?12.12.Autumn 1787…Autumn 1787…13.13.Nine States Needed for…Nine States Needed for…14.14.Many people feared…Many people feared…15.15. In Massachusetts…In Massachusetts…

16.16.Added a Bill of Rights or the…Added a Bill of Rights or the…17.17. June 1788…June 1788…18.18.The Govt. could not succeed The Govt. could not succeed

without…without…19.19.Federalists…Federalists…20.20.Anti-Federalists…Anti-Federalists…

1. Capital city?1. Capital city?2. State bordering on Northeast? 2. State bordering on Northeast? 3. States bordering on West? 3. States bordering on West? 4. Ocean bordering on Southeast? 4. Ocean bordering on Southeast? 5. Name the river forming the western border. 5. Name the river forming the western border. 6. First dinosaur fossils in USA were found in 6. First dinosaur fossils in USA were found in

Haddonfield, New Jersey. Large city close to Haddonfield, New Jersey. Large city close to Haddonfield? Haddonfield?

7. New Jersey located: NE, SE, NW, or SW U.S.? 7. New Jersey located: NE, SE, NW, or SW U.S.? 8. New Jersey's nickname?8. New Jersey's nickname?9. What is located on the sides of the shield?9. What is located on the sides of the shield?10. Goddesses Symbolize?10. Goddesses Symbolize?

Write the Questions Write the Questions Space Your Space Your

AnswersAnswers

The State flag was adopted on March 26, 1896. The flag The State flag was adopted on March 26, 1896. The flag has a buff (light yellow-brown) background; this is the color has a buff (light yellow-brown) background; this is the color of part of the uniform selected by General Washing-ton in of part of the uniform selected by General Washing-ton in 1779 for his New Jersey Continental Line. Part of the state 1779 for his New Jersey Continental Line. Part of the state seal (which was designed by Pierre Eugene de Simitiere in seal (which was designed by Pierre Eugene de Simitiere in 1777) is in the center. In the center is a blue shield with 1777) is in the center. In the center is a blue shield with three plows in it. On the sides of the shield are the Goddess three plows in it. On the sides of the shield are the Goddess of Liberty (holding a staff and the cap of freedom) and The of Liberty (holding a staff and the cap of freedom) and The Goddess of agriculture (holding a cornucopia filled with Goddess of agriculture (holding a cornucopia filled with food). Above this is the head armor of a knight, a horse's food). Above this is the head armor of a knight, a horse's head, and Blue Filigrees. Below are the words head, and Blue Filigrees. Below are the words "LIBERTY "LIBERTY AND PROSPERITY"AND PROSPERITY" and the date and the date "1776.""1776." The Goddesses The Goddesses symbolize ‘Liberty and Prosperity.’symbolize ‘Liberty and Prosperity.’

12 –– Geographical Science Geographical Science

Continental Congress Continental Congress Is WeakIs Weak

Individual States Un-Individual States Un-able to Work to-able to Work to-gether to Solve gether to Solve

ProblemsProblems

Nationalists FearNationalists FearFailure and DisorderFailure and Disorder

Shay’s RebellionShay’s RebellionEruptsErupts

No Power to TaxNo Power to TaxDespite a huge warDespite a huge warDebtDebt

No Coercive PowerNo Coercive Power

Need Nine Votes toNeed Nine Votes toMake a Decision Make a Decision Rather than a Simple Rather than a Simple MajorityMajority

States each issueStates each issuetheir own paper moneytheir own paper money

States Tax goodsStates Tax goodsShipped to otherShipped to otherStates in a desperateStates in a desperateAttempt to raiseAttempt to raiseMoneyMoney

Warn of Dangers ofWarn of Dangers ofWeak GovernmentWeak Government

Fear that Americans’Fear that Americans’Fondness for Challen-Fondness for Challen-ging Authority will getging Authority will getOut of HandOut of Hand

Want the U.S. to beWant the U.S. to bea model of successfula model of successfulRevolutionRevolution

See the years 1781-See the years 1781-1787 as a “Critical1787 as a “CriticalPeriod” that tests thePeriod” that tests theRevolution’s successRevolution’s success

Shows that Amer- Shows that Amer- icans will continue icans will continue their commitment totheir commitment toDefy governmentDefy government

Fuels fears of grow-Fuels fears of grow-ing unresting unrest

Executive BranchExecutive BranchThe PresidentThe President

The Presidents CabinetThe Presidents CabinetOther DepartmentsOther Departments

Judicial BranchJudicial BranchThe Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court

Other Federal CourtsOther Federal CourtsLower CourtsLower Courts

(Appellate Courts)(Appellate Courts)

Legislative BranchLegislative BranchThe SenateThe Senate

House of RepresentativesHouse of RepresentativesAlso called CongressAlso called CongressCongressman = HORCongressman = HOR

Powers Delegated toPowers Delegated to The Federal GovernmentThe Federal Government1)1) Maintain an Army/NavyMaintain an Army/Navy2)2) Admit New StatesAdmit New States3)3) Establish a Post OfficeEstablish a Post Office4)4) Coin MoneyCoin Money5)5) Declare WarDeclare War6)6) Regulate Foreign andRegulate Foreign and Interstate CommerceInterstate Commerce7)7) Make laws necessaryMake laws necessary and Proper for Carryingand Proper for Carrying Out Delegated PowersOut Delegated Powers

Powers Shared by The Powers Shared by The Federal and State GovtFederal and State Govt..1)1) Maintain Law & OrderMaintain Law & Order2)2) Establish CourtsEstablish Courts3)3) Charter BanksCharter Banks4)4) Borrow MoneyBorrow Money5)5) Levy TaxesLevy Taxes6)6) Build RoadsBuild Roads7)7) Protect the People’sProtect the People’s Health and SafetyHealth and Safety

Powers Reserved forPowers Reserved forState GovernmentsState Governments1)1) Establish SchoolsEstablish Schools2)2) Conduct ElectionsConduct Elections3)3) Establish Local Govt.Establish Local Govt.4)4) Charter/Regulate Charter/Regulate Corp.Corp.5) Regulate Business5) Regulate Business6) Assume Other Powers6) Assume Other Powers not given to thenot given to the National Govern- National Govern- ment or Prohibit-ment or Prohibit- ed to The States.ed to The States.

ExecutiveExecutiveBranchBranch

(President)(President)

Judicial Judicial BranchBranch

Supreme CourtSupreme CourtLower Fed. CourtsLower Fed. Courts

LegislativeLegislativeBranchBranch

(Congress)(Congress)

President Nominates Supreme Court JudgesPresident Nominates Supreme Court Judges

President can Veto Congress Legis.

President can Veto Congress Legis.

Can override Presidential Veto

Can override Presidential Veto

Supreme Court – Declare Executive Acts Unconst.Supreme Court – Declare Executive Acts Unconst.

Sup

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Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances

Handout Questions Test – Do not write the QuestionsHandout Questions Test – Do not write the Questions

1.1. Why is Continental Congress weak…Why is Continental Congress weak…

2.2. Why were states unable to work with each other…Why were states unable to work with each other…

3.3. Why did Nationalists fear disorder…Why did Nationalists fear disorder…

4.4. What did Shay’s Rebellion show…What did Shay’s Rebellion show…

5.5. The Legislative Branch includes…The Legislative Branch includes…

6.6. The Executive Branch includes…The Executive Branch includes…

7.7. The Judicial Branch includes…The Judicial Branch includes…

8.8. Powers delegated to The Federal Government…Powers delegated to The Federal Government…

9.9. Powers shared by State and Federal Government…Powers shared by State and Federal Government…

10.10.Powers reserved for State Governments…Powers reserved for State Governments…

11.11.Executive Branch nominates…Executive Branch nominates…

12.12.Executive Branch can Veto…Executive Branch can Veto…

13.13.Supreme Court can declare Executive Acts…Supreme Court can declare Executive Acts…

14.14.Supreme Court can declare and Act…Supreme Court can declare and Act…

15.15.Legislative Branch can override…Legislative Branch can override…

16.16. Justices must be confirmed by…Justices must be confirmed by…