Botany And Taxonomy Of Leafy And Salad

Vegetables

SUBMITTED TO-

Dr. P. TRIPATHYASSO. PROF. (HORTICULTURE )AICRP ON CASHEW

SUBMITTED BY-

KARTIK PRAMANIKADM NO.-03VSC/13

Importance Of Leafy Vegetables-

1. Vitamins and Minerals

2. Low Fat

3. Low Carbs

4. Antioxidants

5. Fiber

Importance of salad vegetables

1. Salads Are Delicious

2. Salads Are Visually Satisfying

3. Eat A Different Salad

4. Eat Salads To Decrease Calories

5. Salads Add Fiber

6. Crunch And Munch

7. Salads Are Healthy

8. Salads Ward Off Disease

9. Everyone Can Make A Salad

10. Eat Salads To Increase Vegetable Intake

Scientific classification

Clade: Monocots

Family: Asparagaceae

Genus: Asparagus

Species: officinalis

Binomial name- Asparagus officinalis L.

Native to the western coasts of Europe (from northern

Spain north to Ireland, Great Britain, and northwest

Germany). (Mediterranean region)

Edible part- Tender shoots (spears)

Asparagus is a herbaceous, perennial

plant growing to 100–150 centimetres (39–59 in) tall, with

stout stems with much-branched feathery foliage. The "leaves"

are in fact needle-like cladodes (modified stems) in the axils of

scale leaves; they are 6–32 mm (0.24–1.26 in) long and 1 mm

(0.039 in) broad, and clustered 4–15 together. The root

system is adventitious and the root type is fasciculated.

The flowers are bell-shaped, greenish-white to yellowish, 4.5–

6.5 mm (0.18–0.26 in) long, with six tepals partially fused

together at the base; they are produced singly or in clusters of

two or three in the junctions of the branchlets. It is

usually dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate

plants, but sometimes hermaphrodite flowers are found.

The fruit is a small red berry 6–10 mm diameter, which

is poisonous to humans.

Scientific name Allium porrum

Common name Leek

Family alliaceae

Synonym Allium ampeloprasum var.

porrum

Other names › Allium ampeloprasum

LEEK, the Allium Porrum of botanists, a plant now considered as a

mere variety of Allium Ampeloprasum, wild leek.

Leeks are non-hardy biennials treated as annuals. The leek is a

vegetable that belongs, along with onion and garlic, to the genus

Allium, currently placed in family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily

Allioideae. Historically many scientific names were used for leeks,

which are now treated as cultivars of Allium ampeloprasum. Two

related vegetables, elephant garlic and Kurrat, are also cultivars of A.

ampeloprasum, although different in their uses as food.

Cultivated leeks are usually about 12 inches in length and one to two

inches in diameter and feature a fragrant flavor that is reminiscent of

shallots but sweeter and more subtle. Wild leeks, known as ramps,

are much smaller in size, but have a stronger, more intense flavor.

Leeks look like large scallions, having a very small bulb and a long

white cylindrical stalk of superimposed layers that flows into green,

tightly wrapped, flat leave.

Family: Amaranthaceae,

Formerly Chenopodiaceae

Genus: Spinacia

Species: oleracea

Binomial name- Spinacia oleracea

Native to central and southwestern Asia.

It is an annual plant (rarely biennial), which grows to a height of

up to 30 cm. Spinach may survive over winter in temperate

regions. The leaves are alternate, simple, ovate to triangular-

based, very variable in size from about 20–30 cm long and 10–

15 cm broad, with larger leaves at the base of the plant and

small leaves higher on the flowering stem. The flowers are

inconspicuous, yellow-green, 3–4 mm diameter, maturing into a

small, hard, dry, lumpy fruit cluster 5–10 mm across containing

several seeds.

Common spinach, Spinacia oleracea, was long

considered to be in the Chenopodiaceae family, but in 2003, the

Chenopodiaceae family was combined with the Amaranthaceae

family under the family name 'Amaranthaceae' in the order

Caryophyllales. Within the Amaranthaceae family,

Amaranthoideae and Chenopodioideae are now subfamilies, for

the amaranths and the chenopods, respectively.

1. Savoy has dark green, crinkly and curly leaves. It is

the type sold in fresh bunches in most supermarkets in

the United States. One heirloom variety of savoy

is Bloomsdale, which is somewhat resistant to bolting.

Other common heirloom varieties are Merlo Nero (a mild

variety from Italy) and Viroflay (a very large spinach with

great yields).

2. Flat- or smooth-leaf spinach has broad, smooth

leaves that are easier to clean than Savoy. This type is

often grown for canned and frozen spinach, as well as

soups, baby foods, and processed foods. Giant Noble is

an example variety.

3. Semi-savoy is a hybrid variety with slightly crinkled

leaves. It has the same texture as Savoy, but it is not as

difficult to clean. It is grown for both fresh market and

processing. Tyee Hybrid is a common semi-savoy.

SEMI SAVOY

SAVOYFLAT

Family: Basellaceae

Genus: Basella

Species: alba

Native to tropical Asia and Africa

common names- Pui, vine spinach, red

vine spinach, climbing spinach, creeping

spinach, buffalo spinach, Malabar

spinach and Ceylon spinach

Basella alba is a fast-growing, soft-stemmed vine, reaching

10 metres (33 ft) in length. Its thick, semi-succulent, heart-

shaped leaves have a mild flavour and mucilaginous texture.

The stem of the cultivar Basella alba is greenish in color.

Basella rubra, commonly called Malabar spinach, is native to

the East Indies. It is a vigorous, climbing, tropical vine that is

grown as an annual leafy vegetable for cultivation of its edible

spinach-like stems and leaves. This is a fast-growing tropical

vine that, if trained on a support, will rise to 6' tall in a single

season. Although in a different family than spinach, the leaves

taste like spinach and, unlike spinach, the plants thrive in hot

summer weather. Leaves and stems are a good source of

Vitamins A and C, calcium and iron. Small purple-white flowers

may appear at the end of the summer (plants will not flower

until daylight decreases to less than 12 hours per day).

B. albaB. rubra

Scientific classification

Family: Chenopodiaceae

Genus: Chenopodium

Species: album

Binomial name - Chenopodium album

Common names- Lamb's quarters, melde,

goosefoot and fat-hen, pigweed,

Chenopodium album is extensively cultivated and consumed in

Northern India as a food crop, and in English texts it may be called by its

Hindi name bathua or bathuwa. It is called Pappukura in Telugu,

Paruppukkirai in Tamil, Kaduoma in Kannada, Vastuccira in Malayalam,

and Chakvit in Konkani.

Bathua is a fast-growing weedy annual plant in the

genus Chenopodium. Though cultivated in some regions, the plant is

elsewhere considered a weed. It tends to grow upright at first, reaching

heights of 100–150 cm (rarely to 3 m), but typically becomes recumbent

after flowering (due to the weight of the foliage and seeds) unless

supported by other plants. The leaves are alternate and can be varied in

appearance. The first leaves, near the base of the plant, are toothed and

roughly diamond-shaped, 3–7 cm long and 3–6 cm broad. The leaves on

the upper part of the flowering stems are entire and lanceolate-rhomboid,

1–5 cm long and 0.4–2 cm broad; they are waxy-coated, unwettable and

mealy in appearance, with a whitish coat on the underside. The

small flowers are radially symmetrical and grow in small cymes on a

dense branched inflorescence 10–40 cm long.

Scientific classification

Family: Phyllanthaceae Genus: Sauropus Species: androgynus Binomial name- Sauropus androgynus L.

Common name- Katuk, star gooseberry, sweet leaf, In Chinese it is called mani cai, in Japan it is

called amame shiba, in Malay it is called cekurmanis, sayur manis, or asin-asin; in Thai it is called pak waan; in Vietnamese, it is called rau ngót; and in Kerala, India it is called malay cheera.

Its multiple upright stems can reach 2.5 meters high andbear dark green oval leaves 5–6 cm long.It is one of themost popular leaf vegetables in South Asia andSoutheast Asia and is notable for high yieldsand palatability.

The shoot tips have been sold as tropical asparagus. Itis a good source of vitamin K. However, a study hassuggested that excessive consumption of juiced Katukleaves (due to its popularity for body weight control inTaiwan in the mid '90s) can cause lung damage, due toits high concentrations of the alkaloid papaverine. It alsohas high level of provita-min A carotenoids, especially infreshly picked leaves, as well as high levels of vitaminsB and C, protein and minerals.

Scientific classification

Family: Asteraceae

Genus: Cynara

Species: scolymus

Binomial name: Cynara scolymus L.

Native to the Mediterranean region

It grows to 1.4–2 m (4.6–6.6 ft) tall, with arching,deeply lobed, silvery, glaucous-green leaves 50–82 cm (20–32 in) long. The flowers develop in alarge head from an edible bud about 8–15 cm (3.1–5.9 in) diameter with numerous triangular scales; theindividual florets are purple.

The edible portions of the buds consist primarily ofthe fleshy lower portions of the involucral bracts andthe base, known as the "heart"; the mass ofimmature florets in the center of the bud is called the"choke" or beard. These are inedible in older, largerflowers.It is a perennial plant.

Amaranthus blitum L.

Family : Amaranthaceae Chromosome number : 2n =

34 Synonyms : Amaranthus

lividus L. (1753), Amaranthusoleraceus L. (1763).

Vernacular names : Chotichauli Amaranth, wild amaranth, pigweed, Amarante sauvage, amaranteblette (Fr). Amaranto, bredo(Po). Mchicha (Sw).

Native to India

Amaranthus tricolor L.

Family : Amaranthaceae Chromosome number : 2n =

34 Synonyms : Amaranthus

tristis L. (1753), Amaranthusgangeticus L. (1759).

Vernacular names : Badichauli Amaranth, Joseph’s coat (En). Amarante, brède de Malabar (Fr). Amaranto, bredo(Po). Mchicha (Sw).

Originates from tropical Asia

AMARANTHUS BLITUM L. AMARANTHUS TRICOLOR L.

Scientific classification

Family: Asteraceae

Genus: Lactuca

Species: sativa

Binomial name: Lactuca sativa L.

Native range spreads from

the Mediterranean to Siberia

Plants generally have a height and spread of 6 to 12

inches (15 to 30 cm).

The leaves are colorful, mainly in the green and red color

spectrums, with some variegated varieties. There are

also a few varieties with yellow, gold or blue-teal leaves.

Lettuce plants have a root system that includes a

main taproot and smaller secondary roots.

Some varieties, especially those found in the US and

Western Europe, have long, narrow taproots and a small

set of secondary roots. Longer taproots and more

extensive secondary systems are found in varieties from

Asia.

.

Depending on the variety and time of year, lettuce generallylives 65–130 days from planting to harvesting.

Delay in harvesting leaf becomes bitter in taste. Lettuceflowers more quickly in hot temperatures, while freezingtemperatures cause slower growth and sometimes damage toouter leaves.

Once plants move past the edible stage, they develop flowerstalks up to 3 feet (0.9 m) high with small yellow blossoms.Lettuce inflorescences ( heads or capitula) are composed ofmultiple florets, each with a modified calyx calleda pappus. The fruits have 5–7 ribs on each side and aretipped by two rows of small white hairs.

The pappus remains at the top of each fruit as adispersal structure. Each fruit contains one seed, which canbe white, yellow, gray or brown depending on the variety oflettuce

Scientific classification

Family: Apiaceae Genus: Apium Species: graveolens Synonyms: Apium dulce Mill

Celery seed is also used as a spice. The plantgrows to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall. Celery leaves are pinnate tobipinnate with rhombic leaflets 3–6 cm long and 2–4 cmbroad.

The flowers are creamy-white, 2–3 mm indiameter, and are produced in dense compound umbels. Theseeds are broad ovoid to globose, 1.5–2 mm long and wide.Modern cultivars have been selected for solid petioles, leafstalks. A celery stalk readily separates into "strings" which arebundles of angular collenchyma cells exterior to the vascularbundles.

Scientific classification

Order: ApialesFamily: ApiaceaeGenus: PetroselinumSpecies: crispum

Synonyms: Apium crispum Mill., Apiumpetroselinum L., Petroselinum hortenseHoffm.

Native to the central Mediterranean region (southern Italy, Algeria, and Tunisia).

Garden parsley is a bright green, biennial, plant intemperate climates, or an annual herb insubtropical and tropical areas.

In the first year, it forms a rosette of tripinnate leaves10–25 cm long with numerous 1–3 cm leaflets, anda taproot used as a food store over the winter.

In the second year, it grows a flowering stem to 75 cmtall with sparser leaves and flat-topped 3–10 cmdiameter umbels with numerous 2 mm diameter yellowto yellowish-green flowers.

The seeds are ovoid, 2–3 mm long, withprominent style remnants at the apex. One of thecompounds of the essential oil is apiol. The plantnormally dies after seed maturation.

Scientific classification

Family: Apiaceae Genus: Pastinaca Species: sativa Binomial name- Pastinaca sativa L. Native to Eurasia. 2n=22

The parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) is a root vegetable closelyrelated to the carrot and parsley. It is a biennial plant usuallygrown as anannual. Its long tuberous root has cream-coloredskin and flesh and can be left in the ground when mature as itbecomes sweeter in flavor after winter frosts. In its firstgrowing season, the plant has a rosette of pinnate, mid-greenleaves. If unharvested, it produces its flowering stem, toppedby an umbel of small yellow flowers, in its second growingseason. By this time the stem is woody and the tuber inedible.The seeds are pale brown, flat and winged.

Scientific classification

Family: Polygonaceae

Genus: Rheum

Species: raphonticum

Binomial name – Rheum raphonticum L.

Rhubarb is a species of plant in the family Polygonaceae.

They are herbaceous perennials growing from short,

thick rhizomes. They have large leaves that are somewhat

triangular, with long fleshy petioles. They have small flowers

grouped in large compound leafy greenish-white to rose-

red inflorescences.

In culinary use, fresh raw petioles

(leaf stalks) are crisp (similar to celery) with a strong, tart

taste. Most commonly, the plant's leaf stalks are cooked

with sugar and used in pies and other desserts. A number of

varieties have been domesticated for human consumption,

most of which are recognised as Rheum x hybridum by

the Royal Horticultural Society.

Rhubarb

contains anthraquinones including rhein, and emodin and their

glycosides (e.g. glucorhein), which impart cathartic and

laxative properties. It is hence useful as a cathartic in case of

constipation.

1.Crops Wikipedia and Encyclopedia

2.Study material by Dr. P. Tripathy (Asso.Prof.

Horticulture,OUAT,BBSR )

3.http://theunboundedspirit.com/the-importance-of-

eating-green-leafy-vegetables/#sthash.rS8Fc0BI.dpuf