Kinds of sentence

KINDS of SENTENCES

Sentence Structures

Lesson 1

Sentence

• A sentence is a group of related words expressing a complete thought.

Incomplete:

“The rich young man.”

“Cured the sick and fed the hungry.”

Complete:

“The rich young man asked the Great Teacher a serious question.”

“Jesus cured the sick and fed the hungry.”

Parts of a Sentence: Subject and Predicate

• THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE

-part of the sentence about which something is being said.

*the subject is often a noun or a pronoun.

“He answers our prayers.”

*an adjective may also be used as subject. It is preceded by the article the and is followed by the plural form of the verb.

“The meek will possess the earth.”

*a gerund (the –ing form of the verb) may be used as a subject.

“Preaching and teaching were Jesus’ main preoccupation when he was on earth.”


*adverbs may also be used as subjects.

“Tomorrow is a vision of hope.”• THE PREDICATE OF THE SENTENCE

-part of the sentence that says something about the subject.

“People/ need spiritual nourishment.”• COMPLETE SUBJECTS and COMPLETE

PREDICATES

*Complete Subject contains the noun, pronoun, or group of words acting as a noun, plus their modifiers, that tells who or what the sentence is all about.


*Complete Predicate contains the verb or verb phrase, plus any modifiers or complements, that tells what the complete subject does or is.

Complete Subject Complete Predicate

Life is sacred.

Taking in Scriptural knowledge lead to everlasting life.

God’s love for us moves us to obey Him.


• SIMPLE SUBJECTS and SIMPLE PREDICATES

*simple subject is the main word/s in the complete subject.

“The Sermon on the Mount was delivered in Gallilee.”

“Jesus’ first miracle was performed in Cana.”

*simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase. It is the main word/s in the complete predicate.

“He turned several jars of water into wine.”

“True Christians follow Jesus’ example.”


• FINDING TRUE SUBJECTS

1. In the usual pattern of English sentences, the subject appears before the verb.

“Simon Peter became a disciple.”

“He was one of the twelve.”

2. In some sentences, all or part of the verb appears before the subject.

a. The verb may precede the subject in a question.

“Where are the dead?”

“Why does God permit suffering?”


b. For variety, some sentences are inverted. That is, they are purposely written so that the subject follows the verb.

“Into a lonely place went the Great Teacher to pray and choose his twelve disciples.”

3. To find the true subject of a sentence, first find the verb. Then ask who? or what?

4. The subject of an imperative sentence is always the word you, the person/s being addressed.

“(You) Pray incessantly.”


• COMPOUND SUBJECTS and VERBS

*compound subject has two or more simple subjects joined by a conjunction.

“The Jews and the Samaritans were related.”

“Peter and James became fishers of men.”

*compound verb consists of two or more verbs that are joined by a conjunction.

“Jesus cured the sick, fed the hungry and raised the dead.”

“The disciples preached the good news and baptized repentant ones.”

Order in Sentences

Lesson 2

1. Natural Order

-subject at the beginning.

Example:

“The seagulls fly through the air.”

2. Inverted Order

- subject at the end.

Example:

“Through the air fly the seagulls.”

Order in Sentences

3. Split Order

-subject in the middle.

Example:

“Through the air the seagulls fly.”

Order in Sentences

Kinds of Sentences

According To Purpose

Lesson 3

Kinds of Sentences According To Purpose

1. Declarative Sentence

-makes a statement

- ends with a period (.)

“God created the first man, Adam.”

2. Interrogative Sentence

- asks a question

- ends with a question mark (?)

“What is God’s purpose for mankind?”

Kinds of Sentences According To Purpose

3. Imperative Sentence

- gives command or makes a request

- ends with a period (.) or an exclamation mark (!)

“(You) Please teach us how to pray.”

4. Exclamatory Sentence

- expresses strong feelings such as joy, anger, sadness, excitement, and fear

- ends with exclamation mark (!)

“What an extraordinary prospect for mankind!”

Kinds of Sentences

According To Structure

Lesson 4

Kinds of Sentences According To Structure

1. Simple Sentence

- made up of one independent clause with no

subordinate clause.

Possible Variations of Simple Sentence:

*One Subject and Verb:

“The siren sounded.”

*Compound Subject:

“Ice cream and cookies are my two favorite desserts.”

*Compound Verb:

“My sister acts and sings in the play.”

*Compound Subject and Verb:

“Frank and Bill crossed the mountain but failed

to reach the campsite by nightfall.”


2. Compound Sentence

- made up of two or more independent clauses

with no subordinate clause.

-joined by coordinating conjunctions

(FANBOYS) and a semicolon (;)

“The disciples expected a small crowd, but thousands

of people came.”

“The Pharisees were self-righteous and arrogant; the

Great Teacher was mild-tempered and kind-hearted.”


3. Complex Sentence

- made up of one independent clause and one

or more subordinate clauses.

“When Andrew saw Jesus, he was sure he had

found the Messiah.”

“The disciple, who betrayed God’s son, killed

himself.”


4. Compound-Complex Sentence

- made up of two or more independent

clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.

“Israel was God’s chosen nation, but since

the Jews rejected God’s son, Jesus, God also

rejected them.”


Basic Sentence Patterns

Lesson 5

1. S-V Pattern (subject-verb)-simplest pattern

“Everyone listened.”

*Modifiers do not affect the sentence pattern.

“Everyone in the crowd listened to the teacher.”

*S-V Pattern remains unchanged even though the verb may

appear before the subject, as in a question or an

inverted sentence.

“In Jesus Christ rests the hope for mankind.”


2. S-LV-PN Pattern

-predicate nominative is defined as a noun or

pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or

identifies the subject of the sentence.

“The first book of the Bible is Genesis.”

3. S-LV-PA Pattern

-predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a

linking verb.

“I am happy about your change of heart.”


4. S-TV-DO Pattern

-direct object is a word or group of words that receives

the action of the transitive verb. It answers the question

what? Or whom?

“The Pharisees questioned the disciples.”

[Whom did the Pharisees questioned?]

“She has read the daily text.”

[What has she read?]


When a sentence contains a direct object, its sentence pattern

is S-TV-DO.

“Young David killed a lion to save his flock.”

“King Saul tried to kill him.”

Direct objects may be nouns, pronouns, phrases or clauses.

“Joseph loved his brothers.”(noun)

“He checked on them on his father’s order.”(pronoun)

“His brothers denied being jealous of him.”(phrase)

“Do you know how Joseph’s story ended?”(clause)


5. S-TV-IO-DO Pattern

-indirect object is a word that tells to whom or for

whom the action of the transitive verb is done. The

indirect object always comes immediately before the

direct object.

S TV IO DO

“ Jacob gave Joseph a long shirt-like garment.”

S TV IO

“He asked his elder sons where Joseph was.”


6. S-TV-DO-OC Pattern

- objective complement is a noun or an adjective

that completes the meaning of the transitive verb and

refers to the direct object.

S TV DO OC

“Pharaoh made Joseph overseer of his kingdom.”

S TV DO OC OC

“He considered Joseph wise and compassionate.”



Objective components follow only the following action verbs:

appoint consider makechoose elect name

FragmentsLesson 6

Fragments

A sentence fragment is a group of words written incorrectly

as a complete sentence.

PHRASE FRAGMENTS

Prepositional Phrase

Example:

“Without much experience in ruling. Young Josiah began to

reign.”

Correction:

“Without much experience in ruling, young Josiah began to

reign.”

Fragments

Appositive Phrase

Example:

“Noah and his family built an ark. A three-storey structure

that would float in water.”

Correction:

“Noah and his family built an ark, three-storey structure

that would float in water.”

Fragments

Infinitive Phrase

Example:

“This is all God expects. To obey his commandments.”

Correction:

“All God expects is for people to obey his commandments.”

Fragments

CLAUSES FRAGMENTS

Adjective Clause

Example:

“I read the Bible. Which was the King James version.”

Correction:

“I read the King James version of the Bible.”

Fragments

Adverb Clause

Example:

“Peter had denied. Jesus three times. Before the cock

crew.”

Correction:

“Before the cock crew, Peter had denied Jesus three times.”

Simple TensesLesson 7

Simple Tenses

Tense is the change in the form of the verb t show whether

the time is past, present, or future.

1. Present Tense -shows the action occurring now, in the

present.

Example: Today I climb the stump.

2. Past Tense - shows action that occurred in the past.

Example: Yesterday I climbed that rock.

3. Future Tense – shows action that will occur in the future.

example: Tomorrow I will climb that rock.

Bibliography:

– Basic English Grammar Course Workbook by Marie Rackham

– English Pamphlet. Published by HYDN Publishing

– Prentice Hall: Grammar and Composition

Education

Kinds of sentence