Key knowledge 4.1.3

Comparing health status of developing countries to Australia

Unit 4 Outcome 1

Dt Pt 3 Ch 8.2

p. 272 - 277

Unit 4 Global Health

Key Knowledge 4.1.3

Similarities and differences in health status and human development between developing countries and Australia in relation to morbidity, mortality, life expectancy, burden of disease & Human Development Index

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-k4aqRcwUR0




Life expectancy: an indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change. (p272)

AustraliaDeveloping Countries

Higher Life ExpectancyM = 79 F= 84 (2006)HALE – M = 71 F = 74

(2002)

Due to:Decent std of livingAdequate EducationAdvances in Medical

technologiesAccess to health careAssessing causes of death

Higher Mortality Strata of the country the lower Life Expectancy

African Region M = 50 F = 52 (‘06)HALE M = 40 F = 42 (2002)

Due to:Lack of sanitationLack of nutritious and safe foodsLack of clean and safe water

supplyLack of access or availability to

health care

A Tale of Two GirlsThis feature contrasts the lives of two baby

girls, one born in Japan and one born in Sierra Leone where the average life expectancy for women differs by 50 years.

Under 5 Mortality Rate: is the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1,000 live births (p273)

Australia Developing Countries Low U5MR

6 per 1,000 live births

Due to: Advances in medical technologies Access to appropriate maternal

and child healthcare Sanitation, clean safe water and

hygienic conditions Immunisation Health Knowledge of mothers Nutritional health of mothers Income and food availability Safety of child’s environment Development and health of child

– immune systems more developed

High U5MRSierra Leone – 262 per 1,000 live

births

Due to: Communicable & preventable

diseases (↓availability of immunisation, antibiotics)

Malnutrition – mother / child Complications during birth,

premature or low birth weight Under developed immune systems Lack of education Lack of basic resources – safe water,

hygienic living conditions, adequate shelter, poverty, insecticide treated mosquito nets to prevent malaria

Unsafe environment & play areas – landmines, conflict

Inadequate feeding practices

Infant Mortality Rate: refers to the number of deaths that occur in the first year of life. It is reported by the actual number of deaths per 1,000 live births


Low Infant Mortality5 per 1,000 live births (‘07)

Due to same reasons as U5MR - ie Advances in medical

technologies Access to appropriate maternal

and child healthcare Sanitation, clean safe water and

hygienic conditions Immunisation Health Knowledge of mothers

High Infant MortalitySierra Leone – 1 in 155 per 1,000

live births (‘07)

Due to same reasons as U5MR - ie Communicable & preventable

diseases (↓availability of immunisation, antibiotics)

Malnutrition – mother / child Under developed immune systems Lack of education Lack of basic resources – safe

water, hygienic living conditions, adequate shelter, poverty, insecticide treated mosquito nets to prevent malaria

Leading Cause of Under 5 Mortality


Injury & poisoningNeoplasm's -

cancersDiseases of the

nervous systemCongenital

malformations

Are associated with malnutrition and preventable causesAcute respiratory infections –

pneumoniaDiarrhoeal diseasesPrematurity & low birth weightNeonatal infectionsBirth asphyxia and traumaMalariaAfrican Region – HIV/AIDSMeasles also significant cause

Maternal Mortality: refers to the number of deaths of women due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications

Australia Developing Countries

Low Maternal Mortality- 1 per 13,000 live births

Due to:Women receiving highly

skilled attendance at the birth of their child

Excellent antenatal careAccess to immunizationsGood nutrition, hygiene and

adequate restPotential complications are

diagnosed and treatedPaid maternal leave

High Maternal Mortality.- Sierra Leone – 1 in 8 at risk of Maternal Mortality

Due to: Complications Lack of trained medical staff at birth Lack of antenatal care Poor nutrition Lack of clean and safe water supply. Working long hours before and after

birth Lack of and access to, healthcare

services (i.e. hospitals, abortions, family planning)

Pregnancy at a young age Gender inequality – lack of education Poverty – lack of money for care and

treatmentView: YouTube clip ‘No Woman Should Die Giving Birth: Maternal Mortality in Sierra Leone’

Mortality: number of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factors (p274)

Australia Developing Countries

Ischemic Heart diseasesCerebrovascular diseaseLung CancerLower respiratory infectionsChronic obstructive

pulmonary diseaseAlzheimer and other

dementiasColon and rectum cancersDiabetes MellitusProstrate CancerBreast Cancer

Lower Respiratory Infections

Coronary Heart DiseaseDiarrheal diseasesHIV / AIDSCerebrovascular diseaseInfections and parasitic

diseases – lung infections, TB, Malaria

Can you?Identify the leading causes of death for

each country – are they communicable or non-communicable?

Describe the mortality profile of AustraliaDescribe the mortality profile of ZimbabweDescribe key differences in mortality

profilesExplain why there are significant

differences between the two countriesIdentify some similarities between the two

countries mortality profile.

Morbidity:

Ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.

Much of the data on morbidity is reflected by the burden of disease, however this also includes mortality rates

Burden of disease:

a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries; specifically it measures the gap between the current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. It is measured in a unit called DALY.

YLL + YLD = DALY

1 DALY is one lost year of healthy life

Burden of Disease (P275)


Leading causes of disease, injury and disability include: Ischemic Heart DiseaseStrokeDepressionLung CancerDementiaDiabetes MellitusAsthmaOsteoarthritisRoad Trauma

Leading causes of injury,disease and disability is:HIV / AIDS (Africa)Lower Respiratory

Infections (Africa)Diarrhoeal diseases (Africa)MalnutritionInfectious diseasesReproductive ill health

(women only)LandminesMental IllnessRefer to your fact sheets

HIV/AIDSSerious social, economic & medical issue

in many developing countriesSignificant cause of mortality & morbidityHIV - Human immuno-deficiency virusCauses damage to the body’s immune

system, and usually results in AIDS - acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome Once infected, a person can pass virus onto others

View: Youtube clip - The Gift

Effects of HIV/AIDS

More susceptible to illnesses such as: Respiratory

infections - TBDiarrhoeaFeverWeight lossCancer

Other effects?Loss of incomeCant afford

medical attentionShame/guiltCan’t provide

basic needs to family

Isolation from community

Questions: HIV/AIDS

Read page277 -- HIV/AIDS , answer the following questionsWhat is HIV/AIDS?Who is at greatest risk of contracting the

disease and why?Which classification of country has the

highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS?How is HIV/AIDS transmitted?How can it be treated?HIV/AIDS is one of the factors contributing

to ongoing poverty in developing countries – Explain

What infections are individuals with HIV/AIDS more susceptible to?

Future in Global HealthDue to a small percentage of wealthy people within populations, changes in lifestyles behaviours (diet, smoking, alcohol), improvements in education, safe water, sanitation and immunisation will bring about changes in the burden of disease experienced.

Some countries will experience a ‘double burden of disease’.

Some causes that are already prevalent in Developed countries will become more prevalent in developing countries.

Communicable disease to decrease and non-communicable to increase and LE to increase.P280 – 281 - table

10 facts GBD & GBD handout & quest. 08E (oxford)

DALYS2004 2030

Lower Respiratory Disease

Unipolar Depression

Diarrhoeal disease

Ischemic heart Disease

Depression Road Traffic Accidents

Mortality2004 2030



Cerebrovascular disease

Cerebrovascular disease

Lower Respiratory Disease

Chronic Pulmonary Disease

Home work tasksComplete Test your knowledge 1 - 6Apply your knowledge 7 – 13

Data Analysis Handout Tasks