Journalistic Principles and EthicsEXAMINATION20 QUESTIONS

Paññāsāstra University of CambodiaSīla Samādhi PaññāCommitment to Excellence

CONTENTS

1 Journalism2 Ethics3 Principle4 Journalism Ethics

JOURNALISM1. What is journalism?2. What is the role of journalism?3. What are the bases of journalistic integrity?4. What is the journalistic medium?5. True/False: Journalism is always confined to the news media and/or

to news itself. [False]6. True/False: In some nations, the news media are still controlled by

government intervention, and are not fully an independent body. [True]

7. Journalism system of checks and balance includes:8. What are the benefits of access to verifiable information and

journalistic adherence to journalistic standards?9. How are the roles and statuses of journalism changed over the

recent decades?10. Changes in the American media landscape include:

JOURNALISM QUESTIONS11. What are the different forms of journalism?12. Some forms of journalism include:13. Journalism as a process rather than a news product14. What and when was the world’s first newspaper

published?15. Modern journalism was taking form in . . . :16. Who was Walter Lippmann?17. Who was John Dewey?

18. Journalistic domains are:19. What is a journalist?20. What are the borderline legitimacy of being

considered journalist?

JOURNALISM QUESTIONS1. What is journalism?

•Collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related commentary and feature materials through media such as pamphlets, newsletters, newspapers, magazines, radio, film, television, and books•The term was originally applied to the reportage of current events in printed form, specifically newspapers, but in the late 20th century it came to include electronic media as well.

Journalism•It is sometimes used to refer to writing characterized by a direct presentation of facts or description of events without an attempt at interpretation. •The collection and editing of news for presentation through the media•The public press •An academic study concerned with the collection and editing of news or the management of a news medium

Journalism• Journalism is a method of inquiry and literary style used in social and

cultural representation. 2. What is the role of journalism?• Journalism serves the purpose of playing the role of a public service

machinery in the dissemination and analysis of news and information.3. What are the bases of journalistic integrity?• Journalistic integrity is based on the principles of truth, accuracy, and

factual knowledge. 4. What is the journalistic medium?• Journalistic medium can vary diversely, from print publishing to

electronic broadcasting, and from newspapers to television channels, as well as to the web, and to digital technology.

Journalism5. True/False: Journalism is always confined to the

news media and/or to news itself. [False]• Journalism, however, is not always confined to the

news media or to news itself, as journalistic communication may find its way into broader forms of expression, including literature and cinema.

Journalism6. True/False: In some nations, the news media is still

controlled by government intervention, and is not fully an independent body. [True]

• In some nations, the news media is still controlled by government intervention, and is not fully an independent body.

Journalism7. Journalism system of checks and balance includes:• In a democratic society, access to free information plays a

central role in creating a system of checks and balance, and in distributing power equally between governments, businesses, individuals, and other social entities.

8. What are the benefits of access to verifiable information and journalistic adherence to journalistic standards?

• Access to verifiable information gathered by independent media sources, which adhere to journalistic standards, can also be of service to ordinary citizens, by empowering them with the tools they need in order to participate in the political process.

Journalism9. How are the roles and statuses of journalism changed

over the recent decades?• The role and status of journalism, along with that of the

mass media, has undergone profound changes over the last two decades with the advent of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet.

• This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers, smartphones, and other electronic devices, challenging news organizations to fully monetize (establish as legal tender or coin into money) their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish news in print.

Journalism10.Changes in the American media landscape

includes:• Notably, in the American media landscape,

newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, grapple with declining audiences.

• For instance, between 2007 and 2012, CNN edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length.

Journalism11.What are the different forms of journalism?• There are several different forms of journalism, all with

diverse audiences. • In modern society, “prestige” journalism is said to serve

the role of a “fourth estate,” [(1) governance, (2) ethics, (3) social responsibility, and (4) watchdog] & [Journalistic “domains” are (1) academic, (2) legal, (3) industry, & (4) “social role” of journalists (being a watchdog)] acting as a watchdog on the workings of the government.

• Other forms of journalism feature in different formats and cater to different audiences.

Journalism12.Some forms of journalism include:

13.Advocacy journalism: Writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience.

14.Broadcast journalism: Written or spoken journalism for radio or television.

15.Drone journalism: Use of drones to capture journalistic footage.

16.Gonzo journalism: First championed by Hunter S. Thompson, gonzo journalism is a “highly personal style of reporting.”

Journalism5. Investigative journalism: The use of

investigation on a subject matter while uncovering news events.

6. Photojournalism: The telling of a story through its images.

7. Tabloid journalism: Writing that is light-hearted and entertaining.

8. Yellow journalism (or sensationalism): Writing which emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumors.

Journalism13.Journalism as a process rather than a news

product• The recent rise of social media has resulted in

arguments to reconsider journalism as a process rather than attributing it to particular news products.

• From this perspective, journalism is participatory, a process distributed among multiple authors and involving journalists as well as the socially mediating public.

History of Journalism14.What and when was the world’s first newspaper

published?• The Johann Carolus’s Relation aller Fürnemmen

und gedenckwürdigen Historien, published in 1605 in Strassburg, is often recognized as the first newspaper.

• The first successful English daily, the Daily Courant, was published from 1702 to 1735.

• The reform of the Diário Carioca newspaper in the 1950s is usually referred to as the birth of modern journalism in Brazil.

HISTORY OF JOURNALISM15.Modern journalism was taking form in . . . :• In the 1920s, as modern journalism was just

taking form, writer Walter Lippmann and American philosopher John Dewey debated over the role of journalism in a democracy.

• Their differing philosophies still characterize a debate about the role of journalism in society and the nation-state.

History of Journalism16.Who was Walter Lippmann?17.Who was John Dewey?

Walter Lippmann

Walter Lippmann

• Walter Lippmann is American newspaper commentator, writer and author who in a 60-year career made himself one of the most widely respected political columnists in the world. He debated over the role of journalism in a democracy.

John Dewey

John Dewey• Dewey, on the other hand, believed the public was not only capable of

understanding the issues created or responded to by the elite, it was in the public forum that decisions should be made after discussion and debate. • When issues were thoroughly vetted (examined or checked), then the

best ideas would bubble to the surface. • Dewey believed journalists should do more than simply pass on

information. • He believed they should weigh the consequences of the policies being

enacted. • Over time, his idea has been implemented in various degrees, and is

more commonly known as “community journalism.”

Journalism•18. Journalistic domains are:•Journalistic “domains” are academic, legal, industry, & “social role” of journalists (being a watchdog).

Journalist19. What is a journalist?• “A journalist is someone employed to

regularly engage in gathering, processing, and disseminating (activities) news and information (output) to serve the public interest (social role).”

Journalist•They also argue against their definition, which they stress is one that “unifies the conceptions of the three domains and the dimensions and indicators that others have used to define a journalist.”

Journalist20. What are the borderline legitimacy of being

considered journalist? •By referring to employment, however, the definition

delivers a fatal blow to the people engaging in many new forms of journalism. •The definition would not include unpaid bloggers and

citizen journalists who gather, process, and disseminate news and information on matters of public concern — because they do not derive their primary source of livelihood from their journalistic activities.

JOURNALIST•To the extent the definition is used to decide who may claim the legal privileges of journalists, it puts a large number of actors in the journalism ecosystem in the position of fulfilling community needs for news, however well the actors do so, without the assurances that keep traditional journalists safe when their work provokes a backlash. •That is unwise.

EXAM QUESTIONS: JOURNALISM1. What is journalism?2. What is the role of journalism?3. What are the bases of journalistic integrity?4. What is the journalistic medium?5. Journalism system of checks and balance includes:6. What are the benefits of access to verifiable information and

journalistic adherence to journalistic standards?7. How are the roles and statuses of journalism changed over the

recent decades?8. What and when was the world’s first newspaper

published?

6 EXAM QUESTIONS: ANSWERS1. What is journalism?• Collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related commentary and feature materials through media such as

pamphlets, newsletters, newspapers, magazines, radio, film, television, books, and in the late 20th century it came to include electronic media as well.

2. What is the role of journalism?Journalism serves the purpose of playing the role of a public service machinery in the dissemination and analysis of news and information.

3. What are the bases of journalistic integrity?• Journalistic integrity is based on the principles of truth, accuracy, and factual knowledge. 4. What is the journalistic medium?• Journalistic medium can vary diversely, from print publishing to electronic broadcasting, and from newspapers to

television channels, as well as to the web, and to digital technology.5. What are the different forms of journalism?

Advocacy journalism: Writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience.Broadcast journalism: Written or spoken journalism for radio or television.Drone journalism: Use of drones to capture journalistic footage.Gonzo journalism: First championed by Hunter S. Thompson, gonzo journalism is a “highly personal style of reporting.”Investigative journalism: The use of investigation on a subject matter while uncovering news events.Photojournalism: The telling of a story through its images.Tabloid journalism: Writing that is light-hearted and entertaining.Yellow journalism (or sensationalism): Writing which emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumors.

6. What and when was the world’s first newspaper published?

The Johann Carolus’s Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, published in 1605 in Strassburg, is often recognized as the first newspaper.

Document File LocationFile: JOURNALISM/questions_exam_journalism_(L1).pptDate: February 6, 2014