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JOINTS AND MUCLES

For research :The Development of Biology Instructional Media Based Joomla! Software

By : Anshar Mansabadi

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Do you ever think how our body can move?

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Joints

The connection between two or more bones is called a joint or articulation. Muscle and bones are connected by connective tissue called tendons. Joint enable bones to moved.

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The diverse types of joint are:Diarthrosis is joint that enables very free movement.Amphiarthrosis is joint that enables very little movement. This type of joint is found at the connection between ribs and vertebrae, and between vertebrae themselves.Synarthrosis is a joint that forbids movement.

5Source : daviddarling.info

Some Types of Joints

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DiarthrosisBased on the direction of movement, the joints of this type are grouped as:

Ball and socket joint, is a joint that enables movement to all directions. This is joint is found in the connection between upper arm and shoulder blade, and thigh bone and pelvic bone.Pivot joint, is a joint that enables circular movement. This joint is found at the palms of the hands and feet.Hinge joint, is a joint that enables one-way movement. This joint is found between phalanges, elbow, and knee.Saddle joint, is a joint that enables movement just like a saddle. This joint is found between the hand palm and the wrist.

Synarthrosis

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There are two types of synarthrosis:

• Sinchondroses where bones are connected by cartilage. Cartilage is positioned at the two tips of the neighboring bones. The example is the connection between vertebrae.

• Sinfibrosis where the bone connector is fibers. Fibers are positioned at the two tips of the neighboring bones. The example is the connection of frontal bone and the skull. The two bones are strengthened by coronal suture.

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Movement caused by jointsFlexion and Extension (bending and strightening)Abduction and Adduction (pull toward and away)Elevation and Depression (superior and inferior direction)Supination and pronation (facing up and down palm)

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Types of Muscles1.Skeletal Muscle2.Smooth Muscle3.Cardiac Muscle

Skeletal = you control it (called VOLUNTARY)Smooth/Cardiac = you don’t control it (called INVOLUNTARY)

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Skeletal MuscleAttached to your skeletonVoluntaryStructure = bundles of fibersExamples: quadriceps, biceps, triceps, abs, etc.

Source : highfive.me.uk

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• Inside organs• Involuntary

(automatic movements)

• Shorter fibers than skeletal muscle

• Example: pushes food through stomach and intestines

Source : bcrc.bio.umass.com

Smooth Muscle

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• Fibers have branched shape (like tree branches) that form webs and layers

• Make up the heart <3

Source : bcrc.bio.umass.com

Cardiac Muscle

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To be continue at abnormalities of movement system…