Jat Chapter 10

Chapter Introduction

Section 1 The First Christians

Section 2 The Christian Church

Section 3 The Spread of Christian Ideas

Reading Review

Chapter Assessment

The Rise of Christianity

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Chapter Objectives

• Describe how Jesus’ life, teachings, and death led to the birth of a new religion—Christianity.

• Explain how Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.

• Evaluate the connections between religion and government during Christianity’s early years.



Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section describes the history of Roman-Jewish interaction, as well as the birth of Christianity.

The First Christians

Get Ready to Read (cont.)

Focusing on the Main Ideas


• Roman rule of Judaea led some Jews to oppose Rome peacefully, while others rebelled.

• Jesus of Nazareth preached of God’s love and forgiveness. He was eventually crucified and then reported to have risen from the dead.

• Jesus’ life and a belief in his resurrection led to a new religion called Christianity.


Locating Places• Jerusalem (juh·ROO·suh·luhm)

• Judaea (ju·DEE·uh)

• Nazareth (NA·zuh·ruhth)

• Galilee (GA·luh·LEE)

Meeting People• Jesus (JEE·zuhs)

• Peter

• Paul



Building Your Vocabulary

• messiah (muh·SY·uh)

• disciple (dih·SY·puhl)

• parable (PAR·uh·buhl)

• resurrection (REH·zuh·REHK·shuhn)

• apostle (uh·PAH·suhl)

• salvation (sal·VAY·shuhn)



Reading Strategy

Summarizing Information Complete a diagram like the one on page 342 of your textbook, showing the purposes of early Christian churches.


The Jews and the Romans

• Jerusalem was the capital of the kingdom of Israel.

• Emperor Augustus made Judah into a Roman province called Judaea in A.D. 6.

(page 343)

• During the 900s B.C., Israel was divided into two kingdoms: Israel and Judah.

• The Zealots were Jews who rebelled against the Romans in A.D. 66 to take back their kingdom.


The Jews and the Romans (cont.)

• The Zealots were defeated and the temple was destroyed.

• In retaliation, the Romans forced the Jews to leave Jerusalem and banned them from ever returning.

(page 343)

• The Jews rebelled again in A.D. 132 and were defeated again.


What happened to the Jews after they were banished from Jerusalem?

The Jews settled in many far-off places, such as Spain and central Asia. However, they still kept their religion alive.


The Life of Jesus

• A messiah is a deliverer.

(pages 344–347)

• The Jews believed God would send a messiah to restore the kingdom.

• Jesus, a Jew born in the city of Nazareth, traveled throughout Judaea preaching his ideas.


The Life of Jesus (cont.)

• Jesus’ message was contained in a group of sayings called the Sermon on the Mount.

• Jesus believed in love and forgiveness, not simply following religious laws.


(pages 344–347)


• Jesus used parables to give his message.

• Parables are stories that use events from everyday life to express spiritual ideas.

• Jesus’ followers believed he was the messiah the Jews had been waiting for.


(pages 344–347)


• Leaders in Jerusalem charged Jesus with treason and crucified him.

• Jesus’ followers believe in Jesus’ resurrection, or rising from the dead.

• They founded a new religion called Christianity.


(pages 344–347)

Why did Roman rulers punish Jesus with death?

They feared his preaching would create a strong reaction among people that would threaten law and order.



• People who accepted Jesus and his teachings were called Christians.

• The Apostles were early Christian leaders who had been chosen by Jesus to spread his message. They helped establish churches and spread Jesus’ word.

• Peter and Paul were two of Jesus’ apostles.

(pages 348–350)


The First Christians (cont.)

• Christians believe Jesus is the Son of God who came to save people.

• Christians believe people can gain salvation, or be saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven, by accepting Jesus.

• Christians believe in the Trinity, or one God who exists as three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.


(pages 348–350)

Why is Paul important to the history of Christianity?

He traveled extensively, spreading Jesus’ message and founding churches throughout eastern Mediterranean.


What are parables, and why did Jesus use them?

A parable is a story that uses events from everyday life to express spiritual ideas.



What do Christians believe they will gain by accepting Jesus and his teachings?

They believe they will gain salvation, be resurrected, and have everlasting life.

Analyze Why were the Jews looking for a messiah? Did Jesus fulfill most Jews’ expectations for a messiah? Explain.

Jews hoped the promised messiah would restore their freedom. Jesus did not fulfill most Jews’ expectations. They disagreed about his authenticity.


Explain Why was Jesus put to death?

Roman rulers feared he might threaten law and order.


Expository Writing Write an essay comparing Christianity to one or more religions that you have already learned about.

Answers will vary.


Discuss how Jesus’ teachings affected the Roman Empire in the first century.


The Christian Church

Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section describes how Christianity was organized and how it later became Rome’s official religion.




• Early Christians set up a church organization and explained their beliefs.

• Christianity won many followers and eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire.


• Constantine (KAHN·stuhn·TEEN)

Meeting People

• Helena (HEHL·uh·nuh)

• Theodosius (THEE·uh·DOH·shuhs)

• Rome

Locating Places



Building Your Vocabulary• persecute (PURH·sih·KYOOT)

• martyr (MAHR·tuhr)

• hierarchy (HY·uhr·AHR·kee)

• laity (LAY·uh·tee)

• clergy (KLUHR·jee)

• doctrine (DAHK·truhn)

• gospel (GAHS·puhl) • pope



Reading Strategy

Organizing Information Complete a diagram like the one on page 351 of your textbook, showing reasons for the growth of Christianity.


A Growing Faith

• Christianity became popular for several reasons.

• It appealed to the lower classes because it offered them hope.

• Christianity spread throughout Rome.

(pages 352–354)

• The ideals of Christianity were similar to what the people already believed.


A Growing Faith (cont.)

• Roman officials began to feel threatened by Christians.

• Also, Christianity gave people an opportunity to be part of a caring group of people.

• The Romans began to persecute, or mistreat, the Christians in A.D. 64.

• Martyrs are people willing to die rather than give up their beliefs.


(pages 352–354)


• The Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 gave religious freedom to all people and made Christianity legal.


(pages 352–354)


• Helena, Constantine’s mother, helped build churches in Rome and Jerusalem.

• Theodosius, the emperor after Constantine, made Christianity the official religion of Rome in A.D. 392.


(pages 352–354)

How did women serve in the early Christian church?

Christian women had new and important duties to perform. They ran churches, spread Jesus’ word, and helped care for those in need.


The Early Church

• Early Christians modeled their church after the Roman Empire’s government structure.

(pages 355–356)

• A hierarchy is an organization with different levels of authority.

• The Christian community’s hierarchy included five levels: the laity, clergy, bishops, archbishops, and patriarchs.

• Church members were the laity.


The Early Church (cont.)

• Church leaders were the clergy.

• Later, clergy were called priests.

• Several churches grouped together form a diocese, which was led by a bishop.

• An archbishop was a bishop in charge of an entire region.

• The five leading archbishops were known as patriarchs.


(pages 355–356)


• Doctrine is official church teaching.

• Jesus’ followers, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, left a written record of his teachings.

• Each of the apostles’ works is called a gospel, and all four gospels together are part of the New Testament of the Christian Bible.


(pages 355–356)


• Gradually the pope claimed power over other bishops.

• The Latin-speaking churches in the West that were led by the pope became the Roman Catholic Church.

• The pope was the bishop of Rome.


(pages 355–356)

What were the duties of a bishop?

Bishops explained Christian beliefs, took care of church business, and met with other bishops to discuss questions and make decisions about Christianity.


What is a martyr?

A martyr is a person willing to die rather than give up his or her beliefs.



What writings are included in the New Testament of the Bible?

the gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, plus the writings of Paul and other early Christian leaders

Analyze Following Jesus’ death, why was Christianity able to attract followers?

Christianity offered hope and comfort. It appealed to the emotions and promised life after death. It gave people the chance to be part of a caring group.


Analyze Why do you think the Christian church came to be ruled by a hierarchy?

Possible answer: The Roman Empire showed a successful way to unite different peoples in many places.


Conclude Do you think the Christian religion would have spread so quickly if it had developed in a time other than that of the Roman Empire?

Answers will vary.


Writing Questions Write five questions that a reporter who lived at the same time as Constantine might have asked him about Christianity.

Answers will vary.


Few people knew how to read during the time discussed in this section. Discuss why missionaries were, therefore, important for the spread of Christianity.


The Spread of Christian Ideas

Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section describes the relationship between church and government in the Byzantine Empire, as well as the spread of Christianity.


• Church and government worked closely together in the Byzantine Empire.

• Christians founded new communities and spread their faith to various parts of Europe.



Locating Places• Byzantine Empire (BIH·zuhn·TEEN

EHM·PYR)

• Britain (BRIH·tuhn)

• Charlemagne (SHAHR·luh·MAYN)

Meeting People

• Basil (BAY·zuhl)

• Ireland (EYER·luhnd)

• Benedict (BEH·nuh·DIHKT)



• Cyril (SUHR·uhl)

Meeting People (cont.)

• Patrick

Building Your Vocabulary• icon (EYE·KAHN)

• iconoclast (eye·KAH·nuh·KLAST)

• excommunicate (EHK·skuh·MYOO·nuh·KAYT)



Building Your Vocabulary (cont.)

• monastery (MAH·nuh·STEHR·ee)

• missionary (MIH·shuh·NEHR·ee)

Reading Strategy

Organizing Information Create a diagram like the one on page 358 of your textbook to show the reach of Christian missionaries.

• schism (SIH·zuhm)



The Byzantine Church

• The Greek-speaking Christians in the East developed their own form of Christianity, the Eastern Orthodox Church.

• The Byzantines believed their emperor represented Jesus Christ on Earth.

(pages 359–361)

• The emperor appointed the patriarch of Constantinople, the leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church.


The Byzantine Church (cont.)

• Different parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church argued over the use of icons, or images of Jesus, Mary, the saints, or other Christian holy people.

• In A.D. 726, Emperor Leo III ordered all icons removed from churches.

• People who carried out the order were known as iconoclasts, or image breakers.

(pages 359–361)



• The Byzantines did not accept the pope’s claim that he was head of all Christian churches, including the Eastern Orthodox Church.

• After stopping an invasion of Italy by the Franks, the pope named Charlemagne, a Frankish king, as Byzantine emperor.

• The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church eventually excommunicated each other.

(pages 359–361)



• Excommunication is a declaration that a person or group no longer belongs to the church.

• The split of the two churches was known as a schism.

(pages 359–361)


How did the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church differ in their relationship with government?

The Eastern Orthodox Church respected the wishes of the emperor, the political leader. In the Roman Catholic Church, the pope was considered the political and spiritual leader. He often argued with kings over church and government matters.


Christian Ideas Spread

• Religious men called monks formed communities called monasteries.

• Christianity helped people achieve order after the fall of Rome.

(pages 361–364)

• Religious women became nuns and formed religious communities of their own, called convents.

• Paula was a widow who gave up her wealth to build churches, a hospital, and a convent in Palestine.


Christian Ideas Spread (cont.)

• Basil was a bishop who created a list of rules for monks and nuns called the Basilian Rule.

• She also helped translate the Bible into Latin.

• Benedict was an Italian monk who created the Benedictine Rule, the rules for Western monks.

(pages 361–364)



• Cyril was a Byzantine missionary who created the Cyrillic alphabet, so Slavic people could read and understand the Bible.

• Missionaries are people who teach their religion to those who are not followers.

• Christianity spread north of the Byzantine Empire into Slavic countries and west into Britain and Ireland.

(pages 361–364)



• The Celts, who lived in Britain before the invasion of the Anglos and Saxons, fled to Ireland.

• Anglos and Saxons invaded Britain and united to form the Anglo-Saxons.

• Patrick was a priest who brought Christianity to Ireland.

(pages 361–364)


How did Ethelbert, the ruler of Kent, help the spread of Christianity in England?

Ethelbert allowed the missionaries to build a church in the capital city of Canterbury.



What are icons, and why was their use controversial?

Icons are images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints. Some Byzantines believed they were idols.


What roles did monks and nuns play in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox life?

They ran hospitals and schools, aided the poor, preserved Greek and Roman writings, and acted as missionaries.

Describe How did Cyril make the Christian message available to the Slavs?

He invented a new alphabet so the Slavs could read the Bible in their own languages.


Explain What role did the Frankish king Charlemagne play in the schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches?

The pope gave Charlemagne the title of emperor. The Byzantines refused to recognize an emperor other than their own.


Analyze Why do you think the Basilian and Benedictine Rules were put in place for monks?

Answers will vary.


Expository Writing Write a newspaper article that describes the spread of Christianity to Ireland and Britain.

Answers will vary.


Discuss how one person can have an impact on millions of people.


Section 1: The First ChristiansFocusing on the Main Ideas


• Roman rule of Judaea led some Jews to oppose Rome peacefully, while others rebelled.

• Jesus of Nazareth preached of God’s love and forgiveness. He was eventually crucified and then reported to have risen from the dead.

• Jesus’ life and a belief in his resurrection led to a new religion called Christianity.

Section 2: The Christian ChurchFocusing on the Main Ideas

• Christianity won many followers and eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire.

• Early Christians set up a church organization and explained their beliefs.



• Church and government worked closely together in the Byzantine Empire.

Section 3: The Spread of Christian Ideas

• Christians founded new communities and spread their faith to various parts of Europe.


__ 1. Jesus told symbolic stories called ___.

__ 2. The bishop of Rome was called the ___.

__ 3. The ___ in the Christian churches happened in A.D. 1054.

__ 4. Christians who died for their faith were ___.

Review Vocabulary

A. laityB. missionariesC. martyrsD. iconoclastsE. parablesF. schismG. apostleH. pope

Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions.

E

H

F

C



How did Jews react to the Roman rule of Judaea?

Some Jews opposed Rome peacefully, while others rebelled.


Review Main Ideas

On what is Christianity based?

Jesus’ life and teachings and belief in his resurrection



Review Main Ideas


How did the Roman Empire eventually recognize Christianity?

through Constantine’s conversion and passing of the Edict of Milan


Review Main Ideas

What did early Christians do to organize their religion?

They set up a hierarchy to rule the church.



Review Main Ideas


What was the relationship between the church and the government in the Byzantine Empire?

They worked closely together.


Review Main Ideas

How and where did the Christian religion spread?

It spread through missionaries to Eastern Europe, Britain, and Ireland.



Review Main Ideas

Analyze Why do you think Jesus’ followers remembered his teachings more when he used parables?

Parables used events from everyday life that people knew about and experienced.


Contrast How did Jews and Christians differ in their belief about Jesus and his message?

Christians believed Jesus was the messiah and had risen from the dead. Jews did not.


Predict How would the growth of Christianity have been affected if the emperor Constantine had not become a Christian?

The Edict of Milan would not have been issued, so the persecution of Christians might have continued. Christianity might not have grown as rapidly.


Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

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Maps

Spread of Christianity A.D. 325

Spread of Christianity A.D. 325–1100


Charts

Early Church Hierarchy

The Cyrillic Alphabet

Click the map to view an interactive version.

Click the map to view an interactive version.

Palm Sunday is a Christian holy day in remembrance of Jesus’ entrance into Jerusalem the week before his death. At that time, many people spread palm branches on the ground before Jesus. Palm Sunday marks the beginning of the Christian Holy Week.


The pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, lives in the State of Vatican City. It is the smallest independent country in the world.


According to myth, St. Patrick banished snakes from Ireland and used the three-leaf clover to teach the idea of the Trinity. St. Patrick died on March 17, the day that is now celebrated as St. Patrick’s Day.


Looking for Sequence CluesLearn It!

Reading Social Studies

When we speak, read, or write, we automatically use clues to tell us what happened when. These clues are called sequence words, and they show us the order in which events occur. Read the passage on the following slide about the spread of Christianity. Notice the highlighted sequence words or phrases.


—from page 361

After the fall of Rome, the people of Western Europe faced confusion and conflict. As a result, people were looking for order and unity. Christianity helped to meet this need. It spread rapidly into lands that had once been part of the Roman Empire.

Now read the paragraph again and leave out the highlighted sequence words. Do you see how important they are in helping you understand what you are reading?

Finding Clue WordsPractice It!

Read the passage from page 341 of your textbook and write down any word or phrase that helps you recognize the sequence of events.


The Rise of Christianity Introduction




Sermon on the Mount

Focus on Everyday Life

Christians believed in resurrection, the idea that the body would one day reunite with the soul. For this reason, they would not allow their dead bodies to be burned, which was the Roman custom. Also, Roman law did not allow bodies to be buried aboveground. Therefore, starting in the A.D. 100s, Christians buried their dead beneath the city of Rome in a series of dark, cold, stench-filled tunnels called catacombs. Each tunnel was about 8 feet high and less than 3 feet wide. Bodies were stacked in slots along the sides of the tunnels. The catacomb walls were painted with images from the Bible or from Greek or Roman mythology. More than five million bodies were buried under Roman streets and buildings. Many of the Christians buried there were martyrs who had been killed for their beliefs.

Christian Catacombs

Connecting to the Past

The did not believe in cremation and it was against the law to be buried aboveground.

1. Why did Christians bury their dead in catacombs?

2. What skills do you think would be necessary to dig and plan catacombs?

You would need mathematics, engineering, physics and physical skills as well as physical strength.

Biography

Jesus of Nazareth

Paul of Tarsus


c. 6 B.C.–A.D. 30Jesus of Nazareth

Paul of Tarsus C. A.D. 10–65

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 10–1

Chapter 10


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Education

Jat Chapter 10