IPM of Forest Insect Pests

Dr. S.I. Ahmed

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

Definition; Logic and Necessity of IPM; IPM components.

Basic principles and evolutionary trends of IPM. Ecological

basis of IPM. Legislative Methods.IPM for important agricultural crops (Rice, Sugarcane, Cotton).

WHAT DOES IT ACTUALLY MEAN ?

MANAGEMENT

Skilled handling

INTEGRATED

Composed of separate

parts united together to

form a more complete &

compatible unit

PEST

An organism that

reduces the

availability, quality, or

value of some natural

resource

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

IPM

IPM can also be defined as:

Utilization of a chain of pest control tacticssimultaneously in a well organized andharmonious way in order to achieve long-termpest control over injurious insect pests

Regulatory/ Legislative Methods

Host Plant Resistance

Logic and

Necessity of IPM?

Logic and necessity of IPM include the

Strategies + TacticsA phenomenon by which pest population could be regularised

under tolerance

StrategyOVERALL PLAN TO REDUCE A PEST PROBLEM BY USING

DIFFERENT PEST CONTROL APPROACHES

(Prophylactic and Remedial, Physical Restrictions, Implementation of Policy

Approaches).

TacticACTUAL METHODS USED TO IMPLEMENT THE STRATEGIES TO

ACHIEVE PEST CONTROL.

(Cultural, biological, physical, genetic, chemical, and regulatory procedures)

Logic and Necessity of IPM?

?

Chemical

Cultural

Biological

Microbial

Light trap

Resistant tree

Phytochemical

Pheromone trap

Mechanical trap

IPM

Different IPM tactics

“Utilization of all suitable pest management tactics………….. IPM”

• Pesticides • Cultural• Mechanical• Sanitary or hygienic• Natural• Biological• Host Plant Resistance• Legislative

NOTE: Some of these tactics fall

Into several categories.

Necessity and Benefits of IPM ?

Economic,

Environmental &

Knowledge benefits

Economic Benefits and Necessity

IPM exhibits• Potential for savings pesticide

costs:

1. Applying only when it isnecessary

2. Lower application rates

• Potential for increased marketability due to labeling as “IPM”

•

• 1. Consumers are more willing to buy IPM produce

2. Consumers may be willing to pay more for IPM branded products

Branded products

IPM may reduce or cut the rate of pesticide application by:

• Controlling pest only when

necessary

• Using the lowest effective dose

• Allowing for control by natural

enemies of insect pests

• Reducing the chances of

developing resistance in injurious

insect pests

(-)

Environmental Necessity and Benefits

IPMReduces chances

of environmental

contamination by:

Potentially reducing the

use of pesticides

Making full use of

Environmentally

acceptable and sound

control measures

Knowledge Benefits and Necessity

IPM

• Allows the plant growers to determine the seriousness of the problem and take action when it deems necessary

• Allows the growers to modify their pest management programmes to meet their specific needs

• Development of a greater understanding of insect pests and their control

Necessity and Benefits

Components of

IPM

Components of IPM

1. Initial Information Gathering

2. Identification

3. Monitoring

4. Establishing Injury Levels

5. Record-keeping

6. Selection of least-toxic treatment strategiesLeast-disruptive of natural controls

Least-hazardous to human health

Least-toxic to non-target organisms

Least-damaging to the general environment

Most likely to produce a permanent reduction in the environment’s

ability to support that pest

Most cost-effective in the short and long term

7. Pest Management tacticsCultural practices

Mechanical practices

Genetic Practices

Regulatory practices

Biological practices

Chemical practices

8. Evaluation

Economic injury level

Economic threshold

1.Gathering initial records & 2. Correct Pest Identification – Why is it necessary ?

• To know actual menace• Scientific name of an organism, literature on the biology of the pest, Interview concerned

farmers on the history of pest , background of the problem,

•

• To determine if the pest is a key pestA key pest can be an insect, mite, disease, nematode or weed that frequently results inunacceptable / intolerable damage

• To determine what pest control tactic should be

utilizedActual methods used to implement the strategies to achieve pest control

• Because incorrect identification can result in

ineffective pest control measuresTime and dose,

KEY PESTNot always all the Insects are pests, but the one

which can cause the most significant damage

An insect, mite, disease, nematode, or weed that

frequently results in unacceptable or intolerable

damage and thus typically requires a control action.

a

ECONOMIC INJURY LEVEL

ECONOMIC THRESHOLD

Why it is important to know the life cycle of the pest ?

• To determine when the pest is most vulnerable to apply control strategies

• To determine if a pest is approaching at a stage to pose a potential damage to a plant species

3. Monitoring & its Importance / necessity in IPM?

• To assess the pest situation and determine what sort of pest activity is occurring

• For decision making

• To predict pest problems before they occur

The decision to use a pesticide should be based on:

• Information obtained from monitoring

• Knowledge of thresholds

• An awareness of potential benefits and risks associated with a treatment

Monitoring methods

Visual Counts Pheromone traps Sweep Nets Field Histroy

Types of monitoring methods

Equilibrium Position (EP)

The average population level of an insect species

Economic Threshold (ET)

The population level at which management action should be taken to prevent

the pest from reaching the economic injury level

Economic Injury Level (EIL)

The lowest number of insects that will cause economic damage

Economic Damage (ED)

The amount of pest-caused damage that justifies the cost of applying pest

control measures

4. Establishing Injury Levels are based on Damage levels

The average population level of an insect species (EP).

Some Insects are never economic pests - the Equilibrium

position (EP) is below the economic threshold (ET) or

Economic Injury level (EIL)

Example: Neem weevil, Myllocerus tenuicornis

EP

Economic threshold (Action threshold)

The pest density or level of damage at which a control measure is

needed to prevent economic loss.

Economic loss

Occurs when the cost of insect damage in terms of yield or quality

exceeds the cost of control.

Some insects are occasional pests and must

be controlled at ET or they will reach EIL.

Example: Achaea janata, Polyphagous

defoliator

Some insects are regular and serious pests – the

Equilibrium position (EP) is above EIL all the time unless

steps are taken to keep them low.

Example: Sal heartwood borer, Hoplocerambyx spinicornis

Aesthetic thresholds

The level at which

a pest causes an

undesirable change

in the appearance

of plant parts

5.Record keeping

Accurate records related to the insect pest species and nature of damage are amongst the important informations for making a decision for IPM

6. Criteria for selecting a suitable treatment strategy Least-toxic treatment approaches

• most likely to exhibit a economic reduction of the pest population.

• least disruptive of natural controls.

• least hazardous to human health.

• least toxic to non-target organisms

• least damaging to the general environment.

• easiest to carry out effectively.

• most cost effective over both the short and long terms.

An appropriate IPM Tactic should be:

7. Pest Management tactics

Cultural practices

Mechanical practices

Genetic Practices

Biological practices

Regulatory practices

Competitors & Natural products

Chemical practices

Cultural Controls practices

1. Preparation of nurseries or main fields free from pest infestation2. Testing of soil for nutrients deficiencies 3. Selection of clean and certified seeds4. Selection of seeds of relatively pest resistant/tolerant varieties5. Adjustment of time of sowing and harvesting6. Rotation of crops with non-host crops7. Proper plant spacing8. Optimum use of fertilizer9. Proper water management10. Proper weed management11. Setting up of sticky traps12. Synchronization of sowing13. Growing trap crops on the borders or peripheries of fields14. Root dip or seedling treatment15. Harvesting as close as to ground level16. Large pruning wounds should be treated17. For excellent fruit set, pollinizer cultivars should be planted in required

proportion

Important Cultural Controls practices

Cultural ControlsSoil working and Nutrition

• Plants with adequate nutrition can grow more vigorously, allowing them to better tolerate pest damage or to compete better with weeds

• Soil cultivation can kill insect pests by exposing them to sunlight, predators and injuring them

Cultural ControlsSanitation

• Removal of rubbish, infested or decaying matter as well as crop residues from around and in fields can often eliminate breeding sites for insect pests

• Using seeds and planting materials which are free of weed seeds and diseases

Cultural ControlMultiple Cropping / Mixed Cropping

Growing a variety of crops together in the

same location:

Increases the habitat for pest predators

Limits the number of food plants for specific insect pests

Discouraging monocultures

Mechanical ControlPractices

Important Mechanical Control Practices1. Use of various types of mulches (bark chips, geotextiles, etc.) can

suppress weeds and also protect of plants from frost.

2. Pinching off diseased parts can suppress certain plant diseases

3. Hand destruction or removal of insects and egg masses ensures quick and positive control.

4. Mechanical traps and attractants can be used to trap injurious insects to lower crop damage

5. A forceful stream of water may dislodge insects such as aphids and spider mites from foliage and plant stems.

6. Several insecticidal soaps can regularise certain pest populations

7. Installation of bamboo cage cum bird perches in the field and

Mechanical weed control

Pheromone insect monitoring

trap in an orchard

Weed Management

Yellow sticky traps in

greenhouse

Light Trap

A forceful water spray

Important Mechanical Control Practices

Genetic control practices

Plant Resistance control practicesThe use of species or varieties of plants that can grow and produce

despite the presence of its key insect pests

Regulatory Control Practices


“The prevention & Eradication or suppression of the pests establishment in a limited area by

application of compulsory enactment”.

Regulatory Tactics

• Quarantine: limits movement of a pest

• Eradication: must be applied to relatively small geographic areas

• Suppression: limits pest levels over large geographic areas

Successful plant pest control depends on the successfulblending of many skills, legislative pest control andother management strategies which may include:

Identification of risk Prevention of entry Survey and detection EradicationRetardation of spread Mitigation of losses


Biological control Practices

Biological controlPredators

Parasites

Parasitoids

Pathogens

The use predators, parasites, parasitoids, pathogens, and competitors to control pests. Natural enemies of pests cause mortality; Can maintain pest population at below-threshold levels

• PathogensBacillus thuringiensis

Paenibacillus popilliae

Beauveria

Entomopathogenic Nematodes

• Predators

• Parasites/ParasitoidsWasps Flies

Examples of some Important BC Agents

Spiders

Predatory Mites

Lady Beetles

Predatory Bugs

Lacewings

Syrphids & Other Flies

Entomophaga Nuclearpolyhedrosis virus

(After Van der Bosch et al. 1982)

Biological control

• Scientific basis

– Each pest has natural predators, parasites and competitors

– Bring equilibrium predator-prey below the economic threshold of pest by applying IPM

Long-term solutions

Sustainable

Increase of predatory

populations

Types of BC:

• Classical BC : Import natural enemies & establish infield

• Augmentative releases: Inundative (begin with of alarge number of natural enemies) or Inoculative(begins with a small number of natural enemies)releases each season

• Conservation BC: depend upon local natural enemies.• All these approaches require conservation of natural

enemies to be effective.

Conserving natural enemies

Reduce insecticide use;

Use softer chemicals;

Manipulate habitats, e.g.

intercropping.

Parasite:

An organism which lives in or on another organism (its

host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other's

expense.

A parasite that lives inside of the host body is called an

endoparasite.

Endoparasites include organism such as tapworms,

hookworms and trypanosomes etc.

Parasitoids:

An organism that, during its development, lives in or on the body of a single host individual, eventually killing that individual.

Major characteristics:

They are specialized in their choice of host , smaller than host, Only the female searches for host. Immatures remain on or in host; adults are free-living, mobile, and may be predaceous. Immatures almost always kill host.

Four of the most important groups are:

Ichneumonid waspsBraconid waspsChalcid wasps:Tachenid flies:

Ichneumonid wasps

Braconid wasps

Chalcid wasps:

Tachenid fiY

PredatorsPredators are mainly free-living species thatdirectly consume a large numberof prey during their whole lifetime.Examples: beetles, true bugs, lacewings,flies, midges, spiders, wasps, and predatorymites.

Major characteristics of arthropod predators:

Adults and immatures are often generalists rather thanspecialists. they generally are larger than their prey. They killor consume many prey.. They may attack immature as well asadult prey.

Birds play an

important role in

controlling white grub,

cut worm, mole cricket

and field cricket

Common insectivorous

birds are black drongo,

house sparrow, cattle

egrets, House crow,

jungle crow, common

myna, bank myna ,

Indian robin and parrot

Bird perches may play an important role to facilitate

predation on harmful insects

EntomopathogensEntomopathogenic viruses

Bacterial pathogens

Fungal pathogens

Microsporidia

Nematodes

Protozoa

Types of Entomopathogens

Entomopathogenic viruses:

Viral diseases have been found in 13 insect orders andmost likely occur in all orders.

DNA Viruses: Baculoviruses (Nuclear polyhedrosisviruses- NPV and Granuloviruses-GV), Asco-viruses, Irido-viruses, Parvo-viruses and Pox-viruses.

RNA Viruses: Reo-viruses (Cytoplasmic polyhedrosisviruses), Nodaviruses and Tetra-viruses.

Entomopathogenic Bacteria:

They can be divided into two broad categories,non-spore-forming bacteria and spore-formingbacteria.

Although, most of the species isolated fromdiseased insects are spore-forming bacteria in thegenus Bacillus. They are the most importantbiological control tool


Entomopathogenic Fungi:

Entomopathogenic fungi are able to invade theirinsect hosts by penetrating directly through thecuticle.

The fungal spore first adheres to the cuticle.

After the body of the dead insect is filled withmycelia, fruiting structures emerge from thecadaver and produce infectious spores.


Beauveria bassiana Metarhizium anisoplae.

Beauveria spp., Lecanicillium spp., Metarhizium spp., Paecilomyces spetc., are some ofthe entomopathogenic fungi spp. and are used as biological insecticides

Entomopathogenic Fungi:

Microsporidia:

The only microsporidian ever registered as a

microbial pesticide is Nosema locustae, a

pathogen of grasshoppers.

Two other microsporidian species that are

known to control populations of pest insects:

Nosema fumiferanae and Nosema pyrausta.


Protozoa:

Protozoa are the most taxonomically diverse group

of insect pathogens.

Entry into the host is typically by ingestion, butsome can invade through the cuticle.

Some species may be trans-ovarially transmittedfrom infected females to their offspring.


Nematodes:

Entomopathogenic nematodes enter the hostvia natural body openings or through the cuticle.

Effects of nematode parasitism on the hostscan reduce fecundity, mobility and life span,behaviour and morphological changes, andultimately death of pest.


Entomopathogens use in biocontrol

Bacteria, 36%

Baculo-viruses, 16%

Fungi, 37%

Micro-sporidia, 2% Nematodes, 9%

Source: Copping, (2004), The Manual of Biocontrol Agents

Natural ProductsSpecially Microorganisms & Plant Derived

Compounds

Natural Products In Bio-control

“The Manual of Biocontrol Agents” (Copping, 2004)

Entomopathogens in biocontrol

Bacteria, 36%

Baculo-viruses, 16%

Fungi, 37%

Micro-sporidia, 2% Nematodes, 9%

Source: Copping, (2004), The Manual of Biocontrol Agents

Types of bio-pesticidesNaturally occurring substances

Sulphur , Lime sulphur, Calcium, Copper

Botanicals (Plant Derived Compounds)

1. Azadirachtin (Azadirachta indica),

2. Rotenone (Tephrosia spp. and Lonchocarpus spp. ),

3. Pyrethrins (Chrysanthemum), Nicotiana tabacum extract,

4. Croton (Croton tiglium),

5. Tropane alkaloids (Datura metel) ,

6. Saponins, tannins (Balanites aegyptiaca),

7. Diterpene ester (Euphorbia peplus).

Azadirachtin

Source: Neem tree, Azadirachta indica ;

Family: Meliacae;

Natural Habitat : South Asia, in particular India ;

Extracted from neem seeds Kernels

Azadirachtin: Active Ingredients

Principal active ingredients:

Azadirachtin

(C35H44O16) with its 7 isomers

Mechanism of action:

Repellent, growth regulator, anti-oviposition, reduces adults fecundity and eggs vitality (state of being active)Mode of action: Contact, ingestion with a systemic activity

Azadirachtin

Rotenone

Derris elliptica

Root of Derris sp

Tephrosia purpureaSeed/pod of

Tephrosia purpurea

Plants : Derris elliptica and Tephrosia

purpurea, etc

Family: Leguminosae.

Extracted from : roots

Rotenone

Principal active ingredients:

Rotenone or Nicouline (Isoflavonoid, Alkaloid) ;


Interference with respiration and

with perpherical nervous system;

Mode of action:

Mainly by contact and sometimes via ingestion;

Rotenone

Pyrethrins

Plant:

Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum)

Extracted from flowers;

Main active ingredient: Pyrethrin ;

Mode of action: Contact and ingestion.


Acts on peripherical and central nervous

System, causing an immediate insects

paralysis.

Semiochemicals

Semiochemicals are small organic compounds that transmit chemical messages. They are used by insects

for intra- and interspecies communication

Use of semiochemicals in biocontrol

“The Manual of Biocontrol Agents” (Copping, 2004)

Aggregation

pheromone, 1/

25%

Sex pheromone,

39/

69%

Alarm

pheromone, 1/

2%

Reppelent, 1/

2%

Attractant,1/

2%

Chemical Control Practices

Chemical Control Practices

The use of toxic substances or pesticides to kill or reduce insect pest populations

Advantages of insecticides:

• Can be effective if used correctly

• Can provide an immediate solution

• New formulations are safer

• Target-specific modes of action are being developed

• Effective chemicals should be conserved as a component of sustainable pest management programs.

Reasons for the End of the Chemical Pest Control Era

Pest control failures due to pesticide resistance

Pest outbreaks due to resurgence

Pest outbreaks due to secondary pests

Environmental contamination with residues

Basic Principles

&

Evolutionary trends

of IPM

Basic Principles of IPM

Principle-1: Prevention and SuppressionPrinciple-2: Monitoring through Professionally qualified advisorsPrinciple-3: Decision-MakingPrinciple-4: Non-Toxic Chemical MethodsPrinciple-5: Pesticide Selection & Reduced Pesticide UsePrinciple-6: Anti-Resistance StrategiesPrinciple-7: Evaluation Monitoring of Harmful OrganismsPrinciple-8: InterventionPrinciple-9: Consideration of EcosystemPrinciple-10: Pest Surveillance

Basic Principles of IPMThe main 10 important Principles of IPM are :

Principle 1Prevention and Suppression

1. Crop rotation and use of adequate cultivation techniques,

2. Use of resistant/tolerant cultivars, 3. Use of balanced fertilization and liming irrigation,

preventing harmful organisms4. Enhancement of important beneficial organisms, 5. Selection of appropriate for the location6. Careful harvesting and7. Good Hygiene

Principle 2Monitoring through Professionally qualified advisors

1. Harmful organisms must be monitored periodicallyby observations in the field through scientifically sound warning and forecasting systems and

2. Seeking proper advice from professionally qualified advisors as and when required.


Principle 3Decision-Making

Based on the report of the monitoring team one has todecide whether and when to apply plant protectionmeasures.

Principle 4Non-Toxic Chemical Methods

Sustainable biological, and non-toxic chemical methodsmust be preferred, over chemical methods, if theyprovide satisfactory pest control.


Principle 5Pesticide Selection & Reduced Pesticide Use

1. The pesticides applied shall be as specific as possible for the target pest species and

2. It should have the least side effects on human health, non-target organisms and the environment.


Principle 6Anti-Resistance Strategies

1. Anti-resistance strategies should be applied to maintain theeffectiveness of the pesticidal products.

2. Once the risk of resistance against a plant protection measureis known, an alternative chemical should be used

3. This may include the use of multiple pesticides with differentmodes of action.


Principle 7Evaluation Monitoring of Harmful Organisms

This involves determining when and what action is to be taken, based on all the available information. For example:

•Periodical Crop monitoring for pest and damage thresholds

•Sound record keeping and analysis of past information to help predict future outcomes;

•Advice and support from experts.


Principle 8Intervention

This aims to reduce the effects of economically damaging pest populations, weeds and disease to acceptable levels.

•This may be by making use of mechanical, biological andchemical measures.

•It will increase crop profitability especially where presently pestcontrol is poorly used or ineffective.

•It will help in reducing the severity of pest infestations andensure agricultural production is more sustainable


Principle 9Consideration of Ecosystem

Control of insect pest population is a function of the ecosystem itself by means of natural enemies and other factors.

The study of individuals is of prime importance for their biologybehaviour response to other members of the same species andother organisms in the environment.

The study of individuals offers a potent method for this analysisof population change.


Principle 10Pest Surveillance

Pest Surveillance and forecasting is a vital part in the IPM.It means constant observation of an insect pest and its damage

after application of control strategy and comprises of three basic components

1. Determination of the reduction in level of incidence of thepest species after application of control strategy.

2. Determination of reduction of loss the incidence afterapplication of control strategy.

3. Determination of increase in economic benefits afterapplication of control strategy.


Evolutionary

trends of IPM

History of IPM- Summary8000 BC - Beginning of agriculture2500 BC - First records of insecticides (sulfur compounds)300 AD - First use of biological controls (predatory ants)1732 - Farmers grow crops in rows to facilitate weed removal1890 - Introduction of lead arsenate for pest control1896 - First selective herbicide (iron sulfate for broad-leaf weeds)1901 - First biological control of a weed1899 - Breeding program developed for cotton1929 - First area-wide eradication of an insect pest 1942 - First successful plant breeding program for insect resistance1950 - First application of systems analysis to control pests1972- Quality (CEQ, 1972) gave the term “Integrated Pest Management”1986 - IPM official policy through Plant Protection Act 19721990 to date: with increasing knowledge of pests, crops, and improving technologies, field-specific management is possible

History•2500 BC: Ancient Sumerians used sulfur compounds to kill insects- earliest record of insect pest control

•300 B.C: Chinese use natural enemies to control pests- ants on citrus to reduce pest infestations

•1101 A.D.: The Chinese discover soap as a pesticide

•1500 AD: some plants found to generate insecticidal—and more recently—herbicidal compounds

Pyrethrum (pyrethrin - insecticidal); The Neem tree (NEEM – insecticidal)

•1600 A.D.: Tobacco infusions (nicotine), herbs and arsenic become the major materials used for insect pest control

History•1700 A.D.: plant resistance to insects discovered

•1800 A.D.: imperial expansion --- introduced pestsSan Jose scale ;Colorado potato beetle

•Late 1800 A.D.: inorganic compounds used for insect and fungal organism control, including:

Paris green (copper acetoarsenate) Bordeaux mix (copper sulfate and hydrated lime) Lead arsenate Creosote (coal tar derivative) Sodium hypochlorite solutions (bleach)

Late 1800's - Early 1900's: Boom in development of insecticide application equipment 1920-30's

1930's: trend toward synthesizing new compounds; -moth-proofing agents

1939: (dawn of the modern insecticide era): DDT recognized as an effective insect control

1940s (post WW-II): the advent of “chemical” pesticides

1948: Warfarin registered as a rodenticide (and later -in the early 1950s- as an anticoagulant in human medicine)

History

History•1950's early 60's: "The Green Revolution“; - synthetic pesticides and fertilizers the answer to world hunger

• 1952: Michelbacher and Bacon (1952) coined the term “integrated control” for the first time. - Stern et al. (1959) defined integrated control

•1962: Silent Spring: Rachel Carson publishes the book "Silent Spring“. Brings the issue of pesticide safety to the attention of the public:

Adverse effects on wildlife, water quality, human healthDDT found in milk and foods (bio-magnification)Resistance of pests to pesticides

Shifted to IPMIn 1960s, pesticides dominated pest management IPM was invented as pest control system

Critical paper:

Stern,

Smith, Hagen and

Van den

Bosch,1959

“The Integrated

Control Concept”

Critical Project:

control of the

spotted alfalfa

aphid

Van den Bosch,1959

History of Insect pest Control (Cont)

History•1970: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was founded

•Quality (CEQ, 1972) coined the term IPM “Integrated Pest Management”

1972: Council on Environmental Quality : Increase in IPM research-Beginning of genetic engineering applications in agriculture

1990's: New genetically engineered Bt crops (corn, potatoes) come into use

2000 and beyond: Pest management is always changing and we cannot predict

the future. In fact, even in the same time period, people have several differentideas about how pest management could be more advanced.

Ecological Basis

of IPM

Ecological Basis of IPM

The Ecological Basis of IPM (EB-IPM) is the

Natural Methods of Controlling Insect Pests in an agro or forest ecosystem

This is because increase diversity of natural enemies decrease the density of the pest

population

As diversity of natural enemy species decreasesPest population increases

Ecological Basis of Pest Management is an approach to increase and the strengths the natural systems to

reinforce the natural processes of pest regulation and improve agricultural or forestry production

EBPM in Forestry or Agriculture Crops can be achieved by applying some

KEY COMPONENTS OF EBPM(ECOLOGICAL BASIS OF PEST MANAGEMENT)

Key components of an EBPM approach are

1. Selection of pest-resistant, local, native adapted varieties2. Use of legume-based crop rotations to increase soil nitrate

availability thereby improving soil fertility3. Use of cover crops, such as green manure to reduce weed

infestation, disease and pest attacks4. Integration of intercropping and agro-forestry systems5. Use of crop spacing, intercropping and pruning to create

conditions unfavourable to the pests.6. Maintaining of soil nutrition and pH levels7. Applying organic manures to help maintain balanced pH and

nutrient levels.8. Adding earthworm castings,9. Using beneficial organisms that behave as parasitoids , predators

and entomo-pathogens

Legislative Methods

of Pest

Management

Each of countries in the world and territories has their own legislation for managing injurious insect pests

Legislative Methods of Pest Management

“The prevention of the entry and establishment of foreign plants and animal pests in a country or

area

&Eradication or suppression of the pests

established in a limited area through compulsory legislation or enactment”.

Regulatory Tactics

• Quarantine: limits movement of a pest

• Eradication: must be applied to relatively small geographic areas

• Suppression: limits pest levels over large geographic areas

Concerns about Legislative strategies

Agronomic risks related to inappropriate use of pesticides

Food safety and other public health risks (pesticide exposure; pesticide residues)

Environmental risks (water contamination, biodiversity)

Market access - Pesticide residue requirements are increasingly important in trade (Legal requirements and sub- standard qualities)

Pesticide quality - Illegal trade in pesticides (fake products)

The goal of Legislative Method of Insect Pest Control

to prevent the introduction, colonization, and establishment of any new pests that may cause significant agricultural, environmental

and societal harm in a new area of entry

1. Identify pest harm.2. Assess pest risk.3. Manage pest risk.

Successful plant pest control depends on the successfulblending of many skills, legislative pest control andother management strategies which may include:

Identification of risk Prevention of entry Survey and detection EradicationRetardation of spread Mitigation of losses

Legislative Tactics/Methods

IDENTIFICATION OF RISK

Before prevention strategies are initiated, pest controlagencies must deal it as per the legislative controltactics to see as to whether:

Is it really a pest ?Would It be causing significant harm in future ?Is it likely to be moved artificially into a new area or already exists in the endangered area Would It be survived in a new and endangered area

PREVENTION OF ENTRYThe primary strategy to exclude pest entry is through the use of quarantine procedures.

Quarantine inspection programs at various ports of entry are designed to prevent the introduction and establishment of insect pests in India

Certain agricultural products are restricted from entry unless accompanied by documentation to verification or enter without observing disinfestation techniques

Quarantines are generally not 100% effective for exotic pests. However, it may reduce the chances of introduction

Is a process of isolation in order to prevent the spreading of infection, caused by any insect pest or disease.

Insect and Plant Quarantine

is a Legal restriction of movement of plant materials between countries and between states within the country

Different classes of quarantine

Foreign QuarantineDomestic quarantineLegislative quarantine

Quarantine

Different classes of quarantineForeign Quarantine

is a concern with the legislation to prevent the introduction of new pests,

diseases and weeds from foreign countries.

Domestic quarantineis a concern with the legislation to prevent the movement of plant and animals

from one state to an other in the countryExamples: Banana from Palani hills to prevent Banana Bunchy top Virus (BBTV) spread

Legislative quarantineis a concern with the legislation to prevent the adulteration and misbranding of

insecticides and to determine the permissible residues in food stuff.

&

To regulate the activities of men engaged in pest controlExamples: Integrated Pest Management, Locust Control and Research, Implementation of Insecticides Act

1. IPM related activities are being implemented through 31 Central Integrated Pest Management Centres (CIPMCs) established in 28 States and one Union Territory

2. LWO has been implementing locust surveillance system for monitoring of population of locusts, since its inception in 1939 and controlling desert locust in Scheduled Desert Area (SDA)

3. Pesticides are regulated under comprehensive legislation, namely, Insecticides Act, 1968 (the Act) and Insecticides Rules, 1971 (the Rules).

Examples of legislative quarantine

SURVEY AND DETECTIONThe local public may not express concern until the pest iswidespread and is causing visible problems.

Survey and detection is also important when the insect pestspenetrate the pest exclusion barrier and get established in a newlocality.

Where previously unknown pests are found, the information mustbe reported to the appropriate regulatory agency.

Once an exotic pest is found, additional visual surveys and/ortrapping programs are performed to determine

Several types of surveys and detection trapping programmes canbe conducted to combat with this situation

ERADICATIONIf prevention is not successful and an re- introduction of thepest is noticed then the immediate steps are to be takeneradicate the pest.

Eradication generally means using all available viable options,which includes:

Application of pesticides.

Elimination of the pest’s food source Changing the pest’s habitat Mass trappingUse of mating disruption techniques

It is important to monitor for the presence of the pest afterthe goal of eradication is achieved to assure that the pest hasactually been eliminated

RETARDATION OF SPREAD AND MITIGATION OF LOSSES

If the pest becomes firmly established and eradication is not feasible,the next practice is to slow or prevent the spread and to mitigatelosses.

Quarantines can be effective at slowing the spread of pests.Inspections and pest control treatments may help to reduce thespread.

Treatments to slow the spread of the pest spread and to mitigatelosses in the infested area include:

The use of pesticides The release of parasites or predators The release of sterile mates The removal of the host The use of varieties that are resistant to the pest

LEGAL SCENARIO(Regulatory requirements in india)

To safeguard health and safety, Government of India constituted regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of goods and services, including those to be imported

Regulations are stipulated through Various Acts/ Rules & Regulations by different Ministries under Government of India

Enactment of Acts, Rules & Regulations is done taking cognizance of the relevant WTO Agreements

Following legislative acts have been implemented in India in different years:

1905 - Federal Insect Pest Act (FIPA) - First Quarantine act against Sanjose scale

1912 - US Plant Quarantine Act (USPQA) 1914 - Destructive Insects and Pests Act’ of India (DIPA) 1919 - Madras Agricultural Pests and Diseases

Act (MAPDA) 1975 - Implementation of Insecticides Act , 19682003 - Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into

India)

Pest Legislations Acts in India

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE INSECTICIDES ACT, 1968

An act to regulate the import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides with a view to prevent risk to Plants/Human beings and for

matters connected therewith.

Salient features of the Insecticides Act-1968

1. Compulsory registration with CIB (“Central Insecticides Board”)

2. License for manufacture, formulation and sale at state level

3. Inter departmental/Ministerial/Organizational co-ordinationachieved by high level Advisory Board “Central Insecticides Board”with 28 members form various fields

4. RC to look after registration aspects of insecticides

5. Enforcement by Insecticide inspectors at state/central level

6. Power to prohibit the import, manufacture and sale of insecticides and also confiscate stocks. Guilty are punishable

Advantages & Disadvantages Biological Control

Advantages• Low cost

• Has the potential to be permanent

• Not harmful to non-target organisms

• No toxicity or residue problems

• The pest is unable (or very slow) to develop a resistance.

• Selectivity, it does not intensify or create new pest problems.

Disadvantages

• Not always applicable

• Level of control may not be sufficient

• Research costs are high and sometime may not produce results

• It requires expert supervision.

• It is difficult and expensive to develop and supply

How to combat the large scale tree mortality caused by severe infestation

of a root boring insect

A Success Storyof Management of Khejri root borer,

Acanthophorus serraticornisin Rajasthan

Management of Khejri mortality in Rajasthan

Dr. N.S.K. Harsh opinon on a new

species of root rot fungus

Examining the infected tree

discussion in farmer's field Study of root system of infected Khejri

Field surveys to record % mortality

Traditional lopping practices

Symptoms of Ailment

Scientific session at AFRI Discussion

Plenary session at AFRI Dr. Satish lodha addressing the house

WORKSHOP HELD AT AFRI, JODHPUR ON KEJRI MORTALITY & ITS

MANAGEMENT

Process of khejri drying3rd September 2009 20th November 2009

Eggs,larvae & adult root borer, Acanthophorous

serraticornisGanoderma lucidum

BIOTIC FACTORS

Depletion in water table

Exploitation of waterTractorization Indiscriminate lopping

ABIOTIC FACTORS

PERCENTAGE KHEJRI MORTALITY IN RAJASTHAN

(20.93 %)

Survey of affected area: Jodhpur, Nagour, Sikar, Churu & Jhunjhunu

The percentage khejri mortality recorded: 20.93 %

Biotic Causal factors: Ganoderma lucidum (root rot fungus) & Acanthophorus serraticornis (root borer.)

Bioecology of insect: Life-cycle : more than 2 years

pathogenicity test: Koche’s-postulate confirmed , using Ganoderma lucidum

Management trials: Conducted at six experimental sites in five districts viz; Surani (Jodhpur),

Raghunathpura (Nagaur), Jhareli (Nagaur), Goshala (Sikar), Churu (Churu), Sultana (Jhunjhnu).

Biotic & Abiotic factors , responsible for tree mortality

plant pathological problems

Initially, a heavily lopped branch on

the top of the tree starts drying and

the disease rapidly progressed from

tip to downward and provides a

favorable medium to the boring

larva of shoot borer.

The affected portions clearly

showed the discoloration and

decaying of tissues. The disease

infection gradually spread over to

the main stem of the tree.

Remedial measures for preventing Khejri mortality

Root treatment + Shoot Treatment + 2/3rd

lopping is proved to be the best remedy for

prevention of Khejri Mortality.

Removal of infected trees from the vicinity

immediately after their exploitation.

A gap of one year in Khejri lopping

Treated Khejri tree in Farmers field at Jhareli

Shoot treatment of the tree

Root treatment: Bavistine (0.1%)+

Chloropyriphos (0.1%)+ leader or

Agromin ( 2ml/lit) @ 15 lt., aqueous

suspension per tree

Shoot treatment: Copper Carbonate +

Red Lead + linseed 1:1:2 and add

insecticide (Monocrotophos) ( @ 3

ml/Kg) just after lopping during

November-December

Root treatment of a infected khejri tree of water suspension ( 20 lit /tree)

Methodology adopted for Management trials

Marking of trees Preparation of “thawanla”

Preparation of root suspension AFRI & ARS Root treatment

CAZRI treatment

Progression after treatment

Other abiotic contributory factors of tree mortality

Continuous depletion of water tables in western Rajasthan.

Increasing number of tube wells or over exploitation of groundwater.

Effect of low rainfall.

Change in soil properties and agricultural practices are some ofthe suspected causes that may play an important role in large-scale drying of Khejri in western zone of Rajasthan.

IPM WORK DONE ON

GALL INDUCING

PESTS IN

KHEJRI(PROSOPIS CINERARIA)

Stem galls Eurytoma settitibia

Stem galls are

globose solid hard

and rough swellings

on twigs and

branches.

A mature gall

contains an average

204-223 larval

chambers.

Size and wt. of

mature gall varies

from 20 to 78 mm.

dia., and 28 to 150

mg in wt.

respectively

Rachis galls Contarinia prosopidis

Fusiform, solid and

hard galls on the

rachis. Measures as

larger as three

times (6.7mm) of

the dia. of a normal

rachis ( 2.3).

On maturity a

minute circular exit

hole is formed on

the upper surface

to allow the escape

of adult insect.

Leaf galls Eriophyes prosopidis

These galls are

hypophyllus,globo

se, solitary,

uniocular with

greenish yellow

colour bodies on

the abaxial and

adaxial surfaces

of leaves.

Area of leaf galls

varies from 0.038

to 0.064 cm2 .

and wt. from 0.48

to 0.75 mg. They

become hard on

maturity.

Inflorescence galls Eriophyes prosopidis

These galls are oval,

pyriform, lobed and

branched structures

which represent

with enormous

masses of either

single flower or on

entire inflorescence.

Size and wt., vary

from 4 to 20 mm.,

and 43.1 to 56.7

mg., respectively.

The gall bears

irregular cavities.

Parasites of gall formersEupelmus species and Tetrasticus spirabilis Waterest are thechief larval endoparasites of rachis and stem gall inducers ofKhejri.

Both of these parasites have marked characteristics of their

potentiality as being successful natural enemies due to their :

High fecundity

Good synchronization with the host and

A high degree of host specificity.

Therefore, they are considered to be highly promising

biological controlling agents. Biology of these parasites have

been studied.

Parasite- predator- pathogen complex of insect pests of Khejri

Nineteen species of parasites and thirteen species of predators were found associated with the potential insect pests of P. cineraria, and P. juliflora.

Three species of entompathogenic fungi

namely, Beauveria bassiana,

Metarhyzium sp., Aspergillus parasiticus,

and one species of insect pathogenic

virus, the nuclear polyhedrosis virus

(NPV) were recorded to infect three

species of insect pests of P. cineraria in

arid and semi arid areas.

NPV- Killed larva of babul

defoliator.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

NPV DISPERSAL AGENT

Adults of a dipterous larval endoparasite, Carcelia

buitenzorgiensis was found to be the most effective

dispersal agents of virus-disease in localized areas

because they feed and developed on virus-diseased larvae

and remain in the larval body from the time when larvae

enter the third instar until the emergence of adult moth.

Silvicultural control of gall miteIn lopped trees (once in three years ) of

Khejri, the % of gall formation per

inflorescence was observed minimum (5.6

%) and and pod production was recorded

as high as 13.3%) whereas in unlopped

trees, the % of gall formation was

maximum (49.5%) and resultant pod

production was as minimum as 3.37 %.

The higher production of pods and

lesser formation of galls in lopped trees

was because of the minimum infestation

of gall mite , E. prosopidis.

Summary

• An IPM program must be well researched prior to implementation

• The researcher must have extensive knowledge of the pest as well as the plants being protected

• Successful IPM programs saves billions of rupees each year in forestry crops

• Side effects such as environmental and health risks along with economic costs must be prime considerations when developing an IPM

• In one way or another, IPM programme are always better than adopting a single way of insect pest population management.

Non-pesticides control

Micro-organisms

30%

Natural products

16%

Macro-organisms

34%

Genes

5%Semio-chemicals

15%

(Copping, 2004)

“The Manual of Biocontrol Agents”

Education

IPM of Forest Insect Pests