Bacteria

Name-Sudipta Sarkar

Class- XI Sec-Sc(B)

Roll no.-27

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Biology teacher Mrs Smita as well as our principal madam Dr. Suchitra Bhattacharya who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project for OTBA on the topic  “Bacteria” which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them.Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

ContentsSRL # Topic

1 Introduction (with a picture of Bacteria)

2 Comparision of the size of Bacteria with other organisms

3 Key concept of Bacteria

4 Structure of Bacteria

5 Identification of Bacteria on the basis of shape

6 Mode of reproduction of the Bacteria

7 Nutrition and growth

8 Speciality of Bacteria

9 Identification of Bacteria

10 Bacterial Cell wall

11 Hazards of Bcteria

12 Beneficts of bacteria

13 Conclusion

14 Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Bacteria are VERY small!

Euglena 100 µm

Plant cell 35-80 µm

Animal cell 5-30 µm

Spirocheta 10 µm

Bacteria are small compared to cells with nuclei

Virus 20-200 nm

Bacteria compared to white blood cell that will eat it!

Key Concepts about Bacteria

Kingdom Monera Prokaryote=no nucleus or internal

compartments All are single cells Single circular piece of DNA

Structure of BacteriaStructure Function

Cell Wall Protects and gives shape

Outer Membrane

Protects against antibodies

Cell Membrane

Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important to cellular respiration

Cytoplasm Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds

Chromosome Carries genetic information. It is circular

Structure of BacteriaPlasmid Contains some genes

obtained through recombination

Capsule & Slime Layer

Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to other surfaces

Endospore

Protects cell against harsh environments

Pilus Assists the cell in attaching to other surfaces

Flagellum

Moves the cell

Shapes- How bacteria are identified!

Bacilli- rod shaped Spirilla- spiral shaped Cocci- sphere shaped

Staphylococci- grape-like clusters Streptococci- in chains

Bacillus bacteria are rod shaped

Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape

Coccus bacteria are sphere or ball shaped

Staphylobacteria occur in clumps, such as this staphylococcus bacteria that cause common infections of cuts

Streptobacteria occur in chains, like this streptococcus bacteria

Bacterial Reproduction:Binary Fission

Conjugation

Genetic information transferred on plasmids - and sometimes antibiotic resistance

Nutrition and Growth

Autotroph- producer, makes energy from environmental sources Chemoautotrophs- Take Hydrogen from NH3 or

H2S and oxidize it using the energy to make amino acids and proteins

Photoautotrophs- photosynthetic- Uses sunlight for energy

Nutrition and Growth

Heterotroph- feed on organic material formed by other organisms Decomposers Secrete enzymes in their organic environment

and then absorb the nutrients They can metabolize their host

Endospores

Some bacteria can form endospores, which are non-replicative cell forms that are highly resistant to environmental factors.

Endospore

Gram Stain- Another way to identify BacteriaPurple= Gram Positive Pink= Gram Negative

Bacterial Cell Walls•Peptidoglycan is the material that makes up bacterial cell walls

Thicker peptidoglycan layer but not outer membrane means gram +

Thinner peptidoglycan layer with an outer membrane means gram -

How do Bacteria cause disease?

Metabolize their host for food (Heterotrophic bacteria)

Secrete a toxin which can attack other body parts (Botulism is an example)

Contain an endotoxin in their cell wall which is released when the bacterium dies. An example of this is salmonella.

How can Bacteria work to our benefit?

Digest waste at sewage plants Chemical industry- make acetone and

butanol Pharmaceutical- vitamins, antibiotics, insulin Food- yogurt, cheese, alcoholic beverages Decomposer Nitrogen fixers Symbiosis

Conclusion

Through this project I came to know a lot about Bacteria its characteristic features and also how to identify it. This project was a great help to me as this information might help me in my future.

Bibliography

https//:www.ncertbooks.co.in https//:www.bacteriapics.com

THANK YOU