27
Introduction to Indexing Prepared by: Daryl L. Superio Central Philippine University Iloilo City, Philippines

Introduction to indexing

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

 

Citation preview

Page 1: Introduction to indexing

Introduction to Indexing

Prepared by:Daryl L. Superio

Central Philippine UniversityIloilo City, Philippines

Page 2: Introduction to indexing

Sumer, 3000 B.C.- where the first systematic organization of written records was found

2000 B.C., China & India- when record keeping became part of the society◦ an orderly society is parallel to the orderly record

of what has occurred◦ laws had been passed requiring that all business

transactions be recorded and authorized 900 A.D.- when encyclopedia was arranged

in alphabetical order

Historical Development

Page 3: Introduction to indexing

early indexes were concordance indexes, were limited to personal names or were indexes to the occurrence of words on text

marginal summaries were around as early as the 9th century

indexes took a major step forward with the development of codex

blank pages binding at the back of the book were utilized to be written references◦ known as do-it-yourself indexes ◦ indexes were usually at the front of the book, lifted

verbatim from the text, simple but not easy to use

Page 4: Introduction to indexing

1850s- W.F. Poole published an index that cut across many journals◦ the beginning of a single publication indexing

numerous issues of many journals 1900- H.W. Wilson, first published the

Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature ◦ notable for the emphasis it placed on subject

access and cross-referencing ◦ each periodicals were indexed under its author

and its specific subject

Page 5: Introduction to indexing

19th Century- when Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine founded the International Institute of Bibliography◦ one of the purpose was to improve indexing

approaches to scholarly literature◦ title-word indexing was proposed, which led to

keyword and free indexing book indexing continued to improve;

indexes began to have subdivisions of terms, and slowly cross-references began to appear

Page 6: Introduction to indexing

1950s- when computers were utilized in indexing and abstracting◦ Hans Peter Luhn, of IBM introduced a mechanized form of

derived title-word indexing schemes 1960s- brought the third generation computers,

indexes and abstracts began to publish with computers using batch processing methods

1990s- when keyword searching of computer-stored indexes had been perfected

20th Century- greater progress in the development of indexing methods; indexes to individual work, through indexes to several volumes, to cooperative and massive indexes and currently, the web indexes

Page 7: Introduction to indexing

Index◦ a systematic arrangement of entries designed to

enable users to locate information in a document◦ an alphabetically arranged list of headings consisting

of the personal names, places, and subjects treated in a written work, with page numbers to refer the reader to the point in the text at which information pertaining to the heading is found in single-volume works of reference and nonfiction, any

indexes appear at the end of the back matter in a multivolume work, they are found at the end of the

last volume in very large multivolume reference works, the last

volume may be devoted entirely to indexes

Definition of terms

Page 8: Introduction to indexing

index also refers to: an open-end finding guide to the literature of an

academic field or discipline ex. Philosopher's Index

works of a specific literary form ex. Biography Index

published in a specific format ex. Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature

analyzed contents of a serial publication ex. New York Times Index

Page 9: Introduction to indexing

Indexing◦ the operation of creating an index for information

retrieval◦ the process of:

compiling one or more indexes for a single publication, such as a monograph or multivolume reference work,

adding entries for new documents to an open-end index covering a particular publication format (example: newspapers), works of a specific literary form (biography, book reviews, etc.), or the literature of an academic field, discipline, or group of disciplines.

Page 10: Introduction to indexing

Indexer◦ a person who does indexing

Indexable matter◦ the portions of documents that are actually analyzed and

indexed

Indexing language◦ in a broad sense, any vocabulary, including uncontrolled

vocabulary, used for indexing and the rules of syntax for its application

◦ in a narrower sense, a controlled vocabulary or classification system and the rules of syntax for its application

Page 11: Introduction to indexing

minimize the time and effort in finding information and maximize the searching success of users

identify potentially relevant information in the document or collection being indexed

analyze concepts treated in a document to produce appropriate index headings based on the indexing language assigned

indicate relationship among terms group together related topics scattered due to the

arrangement used in a document or collection direct the users seeking information under terms not chosen

as index headings to headings that have been chosen, by means of See reference

suggest related topics by means of see also reference tools for current awareness services

Purposes and Uses of Indexes

Page 12: Introduction to indexing

Anderson, James D. 1997. NISO-TR02, Guidelines for indexes and related information retrieval devices.

◦ provides guidelines for the content, organization, and presentation of indexes used for the retrieval of documents and parts of documents

◦ deals with the principles of indexing, regardless of the type of material indexed, the indexing method used (intellectual analysis, machine algorithm, or both), the medium of the index, or the method of presentation for searching

◦ it emphasizes three processes essential for all indexes: comprehensive design, vocabulary management, and the provision of syntax

Indexing Standards

Page 13: Introduction to indexing

Wellisch, Hans 1999. NISO-TR03, Guidelines for alphabetical arrangement of letters and sorting of numerals and other symbols.

◦ provides rules for the alphabetical arrangement of headings in lists of all kinds, such as bibliographies, indexes, dictionaries, directories, inventories, etc.

◦ it also covers the sorting of Arabic or Roman numbers, and other symbols

◦ it consists of seven rules that cover problems which may arise in alphanumeric arrangement of headings

◦ is based on the traditional order of letters in the English alphabet and that of numerals in ascending arithmetical order

Page 14: Introduction to indexing

ISO 999:1996, Information and documentation—guidelines for the content, organization and presentation of indexes

◦ gives guidelines for the content, arrangement and presentation of indexes to books, periodicals, reports, patent documents and other written documents, also to non-print materials, such as electronic documents, films, sound and video recordings.

◦ concerned with basic indexing principles and practice rather than with the detailed procedures of indexing that vary according to type of matter indexed and the users for whom the index is intended

◦ covers the choice, form and arrangement of headings and subheadings used in index entries once the subjects to be indexed have been determined

Page 15: Introduction to indexing

ISO 25964-1: 2011 Information and documentation – Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies – Part 1: Thesauri for information retrieval

◦ gives recommendations for the development and maintenance of thesauri intended for information retrieval applications

◦ applicable to vocabularies used for retrieving information about all types of information resources, irrespective of the media used (text, sound, still or moving image, physical object or multimedia) including knowledge bases and portals, bibliographic databases, text, museum or multimedia collections, and the items within them

◦ provides a data model and recommended format for the import and export of thesaurus data

◦ applicable to monolingual and multilingual thesauri◦ not applicable to the preparation of back-of-the-book indexes,

although many of its recommendations could be useful for that purpose

◦ not applicable to the databases or software used directly in search or indexing applications, but does anticipate the needs of such applications among its recommendations for thesaurus management

Page 16: Introduction to indexing

ASI/H.W. Wilson Award◦ was established in 1978 to honor excellence in

indexing of an English language monograph or other non-serial work published in the United States during the previous calendar year

◦ its purpose is two-fold: for indexers, to provide and publicize models of

excellence in indexing; for publishers, to encourage greater recognition of

the importance of quality in book indexing.

Indexing Awards

Page 17: Introduction to indexing

The Theodore C. Hines Award or Hines Award◦ was established in 1993 to honor those members

who have provided exceptional service to American Society for Indexers.

◦ ASI’s highest honor to its own, and was named for Ted Hines, who played a large part in the establishment of the Society

Page 18: Introduction to indexing

Web Indexing Awards

to encourage high quality web site indexes and to promote the web indexing work of professional indexers, the Web & Electronic Indexing Special Interest Group of the American Society for Indexing awards a deserving indexer the annual Web & Electronic Indexing SIG Award for excellence in web site indexing

Page 19: Introduction to indexing

Indexes by type of object referred toa. authors: all types of document creators such as

writers, composers, illustrators, translators, editors, choreographers, artists, sculptors, painters, inventors

b. subjects (topics or features): topics treated in documents and/ or features of documentary units (for example, genre, format, methodological approach). Separate indexes are often devoted to special types of topics such as persons, places, or corporate bodies; features, such as genres (for example, poetry, drama); or notations, such as International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN).

Types of IndexesNISO-TR02-1997

Page 20: Introduction to indexing

Indexes by type of term used for headingsa. names: proper nouns, such as names of

persons, places, corporate bodies.b. numbers or notations: numerical or coded

designations, such as classification notation, patent number, ISBN, date.

c. words and phrases: common words and phrases (as opposed to names or proper nouns).

Page 21: Introduction to indexing

Indexes by type or extent of indexable matter on which an index is baseda. full text of documentb. abstractsc. titles onlyd. first lines only (for example, first lines of poems)e. citations(reference citations to other documents

Page 22: Introduction to indexing

Indexes by arrangement of entriesa. alphabetical or alphanumericb. classified: headings arranged on the basis of

relations among concepts represented by headings, for example, hierarchy, inclusion, chronology, or other association. Classified indexes are often based on existing classification schemes, such as the Dewey Decimal Classification.

c. alphabetico-classed: broad headings arranged alphabetically. Narrower headings are grouped under broad headings and arranged alphanumerically or relationally on the basis of hierarchy, inclusion, chronology, or other association.

Page 23: Introduction to indexing

Indexes by method of document analysisa. human intellectual analysis and identification of

topics and concepts expressed and/ or features manifested

b. computer algorithms designed to identify useful terms, phrases, or features

c. combination of computer-based and human analysis.

Page 24: Introduction to indexing

Indexes by method of term selectiona. assignment of terms to represent topics and

features (whether or not the term is in the documentary unit being indexed)

b. extraction of terms from the documentary unitc. a combination of assignment and extraction

methods

Page 25: Introduction to indexing

Indexes by method of term coordinationa. pre-coordinate combination: such as subject

heading indexes, string indexes, chain indexes, keyword indexes (including KWIC, KWOC, KWAC indexes), rotated, and permuted indexes

b. post-coordinate combination: includes the use of Boolean operators, proximity measures, and the combination of weighted terms.

Page 26: Introduction to indexing

Indexes by type, periodicity, format, genre, or medium of document(s) being indexed◦ Examples are: books, monographs, periodicals, serials,

poetry, fiction, short stories, films, videos, illustrations, pictures, paintings, artifacts, software, computer readable texts, maps, and sound recordings

Indexes by medium of indexa. printed or writtenb. microformc. electronic media, including online, CD-ROMd. braille

Page 27: Introduction to indexing

Indexes by periodicity of the indexa. one-time, closed-end indexesb. continuing, open-end indexes

Indexes by authorshipc. authored: an authored index; a separately authored

document distinct from the document(s) that is (are) being indexed. It is created independently by one or more persons through intellectual analysis of text, as distinguished from indexes that are created solely through algorithmic analysis of text carried out electronically

d. automatically generated