Finely made lanterns

were greatly favored

by European merchants

Lin Zexu, Chinese official

Britain’s Union Jack

By the 1830s, British merchant ships were arriving in China loaded with opium to trade with the Chinese for tea. In 1839, Chinese government official Lin Zexu wrote a letter to Britain’s Queen Victoria condemning the practice: “We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity—this is strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is . . . . Since . . . you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country.”

Trading Opium for Tea

In the 1700s, China enjoyed a favorable balance of trade.

They had forbidden all strangers to trade with them, but...

China

The Power of Opium

By 1779, the British East India Company was importing opium into China

Within a generation, opium addiction in China became widespread

Mandarin with Opium Pipe

The East India Company’s opium

factory stacking room

This slide gives an impression of the huge volume of opium imported into China by the British. The East India Company developed a monopoly on opium cultivation in India, but disengaged itself legally and officially from the illicit trade with China by using vessels owned by private merchants (the boats were known as “country ships”) to transfer and sell the opium in China.

Reminds me of something

China and Britain Clash over Opium

Chinese unloading opium from a British ship

In 1839, the emperor of China sent a commissioner to Canton to put an end to the opium trade. The British ignored this demand, and the Chinese government responded by having the commissioner destroy 20,291 chests of opium.

In 1839, a Chinese official demanded that the opium trade in Guangzhou (Canton) stop. The British refused, and war ensued.

The British navy attacks

The Opium War: 1839–1842Britain, with its powerful navy, occupied several Chinese ports, including Hong Kong. British armies also met with success, coming within miles of Peking, the Chinese capital. In 1842, the Chinese conceded and Britain forced them to sign a treaty.

The Opium WarDuring the late 1700s, British merchants began making huge profits by trading opium grown in India for Chinese tea, which was popular in Britain. Soon, many Chinese had become addicted to the drug. Silver flowed out of China in payment for the drug, disrupting the economy.The Chinese government outlawed opium and executed Chinese drug dealers. They called on Britain to stop the trade. The British refused, insisting on the right of free trade.In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British merchants, triggering the Opium War. British gunboats, equipped with the latest in firepower, bombarded Chinese coastal and river ports. With outdated weapons and fighting methods, the Chinese were easily defeated.

The Treaty of Nanjing

Britain gained •Control of Hong Kong•The right to trade in five major cities•Extraterritoriality•The legalization of opium in China•The treaty forced China to accept some major concessions and further opened the country to European trade. •It was an Unequal Treaty The signing of the Treaty of Nanjing

aboard the British ship Cornwallis

On 1 July 1997 , Hong Kong wastransferred from the UK to the PRC, officially ending 156 years of British colonial rule.

Unequal Treaties

In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing Britain received a huge indemnity, or payment for losses in the war. The British also gained the island of Hong Kong. China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China extraterritoriality, the right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts.The treaty was the first of a series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to make concessions to Western powers. A second war, lasting from 1856 to 1858, ended with France, Russia, and the United States pressuring China to sign treaties stipulating the opening of more ports to foreign trade and letting Christian missionaries preach in China.

Treaty Ports

Who do the 5 characters at the table represent?

What is China’s reaction to their dinner plans?

U.S. Secretary of State John Hay

Turmoil in China“Spheres of

influence” and “Open Door” policy--

formulated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay.

No nations formally accepted Hay’s proposal, but they didn’t counter the Open Door policy’s provisions either.

The Open Door Policy

Internal Problems

Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley.

The population explosion that had begun a century earlier created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants.

An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden.

The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals. Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping

Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.

By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.

The Taiping Rebellion Weakens China

China Faces the West– During the 1500s, Chinese civilization had been highly advanced and had

little interest in European goods– China's political, economic, and military position weakened under the

Qing dynasty who ruled from 1644-1912

– The Unequal Treaties• In early 1800s, British merchants found a way to break China's trade barriers

and earned huge profits. In exchange of tea, silk, and porcelain, the merchants smuggled a drug called opium, which they obtained from India and Turkey, into China.

• In 1839 Chinese troops tried to stop the smuggling and war broke out and was fought for three years.

• In 1842 British won the Opium War, which led to the Treaty of Nanking which forced China to yield many of its rights to western powers and Hong Kong was given to Great Britain.

• Over the next 60 years the unequal treaties increased foreign influence in China and weakened the Qing dynasty. Civil war, such as the Taiping rebellion(1850-1864), also eroded the dynasty's power, and in 1890s, European powers as well as Japan claimed large sections as

• Spheres of Influence -areas where they had exclusive trading rights

The Trade Issue

Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders. China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported. Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them. **** We do so now, too!In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the first in a series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to make concessions to western powers. China paid a huge indemnity to Britain. Reparations now The British gained the island of Hong Kong. China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China extraterritoriality. Rights as if they were exempt from local law; like diplomatic immunity.

Chinese Responses

During late 1800s reformers began the "self-strengthening" movement involved importing both Western technology and educational methods. It also improve agriculture, strengthen the armed forces, and ended the European practice of extraterritoriality

Chinese weakness was furthered by modernizing Japan that ended in China's defeat and loss of territory. (Sino-Japanese War) Japan gained the island of Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula as well as trading benefits in Chinese territory, and also Korea.

Reformers gained influence from Emperor Guang Xu and launched the Hundred Days of Reform to modernize the government and encouraged new industries. However his mother, Ci Xi, returned to power, arrested her son, and halted the reform.

Reform EffortsIn the 1860s, reformers launched the “self-strengthening movement” in an effort to westernize and modernize China.

The movement made limited progress because the government did not rally behind it.

After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Emperor Guang Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform.

Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort and the emperor was imprisoned.

The Revolution

of 1911

Ci Xi struggled to hold power. She agreed to give in to some of her people's demands for change. She established school and reorganized the government. Even in these efforts people began to believe in the modern republic.

Revolutionaries wanted China to regain its former power and influence. On of them, a doctor named Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian) and others formed the United League.

Their goal was to modernize China on the basis of the "Three Principles of the People“:

Nationalism: freedom from Foreign controlDemocracy: representative government Livelihood: economic well-being for all Chinese

controlThe revolutionary cause was strengthened in 1908 when

Ci Xi died, and two-year-old Prince Pu Yi became emperor. The Last Emperor

Revolution swept China as peasants, soldiers, workers, and court officials turned against the weak dynasty and on January 1912, Sun Yat-sen became the first president of the new Chinese republic.

Fall of the Qing Dynasty

As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China.In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers.

Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms.

Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic.

When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos.

In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled.

Sun Yixian (Yatsen) was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun wanted to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”: nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all Chinese.

In response to the European presence in China, nationalist groups emerged and organized in the hopes of removing foreign influence from the country.

One group named the “Harmonious Fists” (called the “Boxers” by Europeans) attacked foreign missionaries, Chinese Christians, and government officials whom they held responsible for allowing Europeans to dominate China. In mid-1900, close to 150,000 Boxers occupied Beijing.

An international force composed of European, American, and Japanese soldiers occupied Beijing and defeated the Boxers.

The Boxer Rebellion, 1899

American, Japanese, and British troops storming Beijing

The Boxer RebellionSuffering from the effects of floods and famine, poverty, and foreign aggression, Boxers (below) participated in an anti-foreign movement. In 1900, some 140,000 Boxers attempted to drive Westerners out of China. An international force eventually put down the uprising.

Why were Westerners and Western influences a source of discontent for the Boxers?

Signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901.

• China was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol• Required to

pay damages to Europeans

• Forced to allow foreign soldiers to live in Beijing

The Boxer Protocol

Imperialism in

China to 1914

Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West?

a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the Westc) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to

foreign trade.d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.

What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.

b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.

Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the West?

a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West.c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to

foreign trade.d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.

What happened in the Boxer Rebellion? a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.

b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants. d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.

Sun YixianSun Yixian (1866–1925) was not born to power. His parents were poor farmers. Sun’s preparation for leadership came from his travels, education, and personal ambitions. In his teen years, he lived with his brother in Hawaii and attended British and American schools. Later on, he earned a medical degree.Sun left his career in medicine to struggle against the Qing government. After a failed uprising in 1895, he went into exile. Sun visited many nations, seeking support against the Qing dynasty. When revolution erupted in China, Sun was in Denver, Colorado. He returned to China to begin his leading role in the new republic.

How did Sun’s background prepare him to lead? Also known as Sun Yat-sen

The Qing Dynasty Falls

The Big 60: Happy Birthday Communist China!The Big 64:

2013

Japanese women mingle with Europeans in Yokohama’s trading compound in this woodcut print created by a Japanese artist in 1861.

The emperor Meiji wrote a poem to provide inspiration for Japan’s efforts to become a modern country in the late 1800s:

“May our country,Taking what is good,

and rejecting what is bad,Be not inferiorTo any other.”

Cooperation: Japan as a World PowerAfter its rapid modernization in the late 1800s, Japan took its place among the leading powers of the world. It asserted that power throughout the 1900s, with varying results. Today, Japan’s economy is second in size only to that of the United States. Conduct research on Japan and write a paragraph describing its role in international affairs today.

The Meiji Restoration

•Tokugawa Shogunate overthrown by imperial forces.•Emperor Mutsuhito ruled 1867–1912•Modernization of Japan was swift.

Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito

Japanese admire gifts brought by U.S. Commodore Perry

The “Opening” of Japan

Perry brought many gifts, but he also threatened to bombard the Japanese if they refused to trade with the U.S. The Japanese conceded, leading to what many called the “opening of Japan.” On March 31, 1854, the U.S. and Japan signed a treaty that opened two ports to American ships and proclaimed peace and friendship between the two countries

In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States sailed to Japan and anchored in Edo Bay near Tokyo. He had instructions from U.S. President Millard Fillmore to open the country to trade with the United States

Modernizing Japan– Japan didn't trade until 1853, when four

American warships commanded by Commodore Matthew C. Perry sailed into the bay at Edo(present-day Tokyo).He wanted to trade with Japan and so they signed a treaty with Perry in 1854.

– Meiji Leaders/Meiji Restoration• First five years after Perry, shogun signed treaties

with Britain, France, Holland, Russia, and the United States. Unhappiness at the treaties led to the overthrow of the shogun in 1868. A group of Samurai gave its allegiance to the new emperor, Mutsuhito, but kept the real power to themselves.

• Mutsuhito was known as the Meiji, or Enlightened emperor, Japan's new rulers were called Meiji leaders. They strengthened the military, and worked to transform the nation into industrial society.

– They established a system of universal education designed to produce loyal, skilled citizens who worked for Japan's modernization.

Events Leading Up to the Meiji Restoration

By the 1800s, discontent simmered throughout Japan.

The government responded by trying to revive old ways.

The United States forced Japan to grant trading rights and forced unequal treaties on Japan.

Some Japanese strongly criticized the shogun for not taking a strong stand against the foreigners. Foreign pressure deepened the social and economic unrest.

Discontented daimyo (landowners) and samurai (warriors) overthrew the shogun and “restored” the emperor to power. The Meiji restoration, which lasted from 1868 to 1912, was a major turning point in Japanese history.

Reforms Under the Meiji

Ended legal distinctions between classes

Set up schools and a university

Hired westerners to teach the new generation modern technology

Encouraged Japan’s business class to adopt western methods

Built factories and sold them to wealthy business families, known as zaibatsu

Adopted the German model of government

Set forth the principle that all people were equal under the law

Established a western-style bureaucracy

Used western technology to strengthen the military

Ended the special privilege of samurai under bushido

SOCIAL CHANGE

ECONOMIC REFORMS

GOVERNMENT

The Meiji reformers wanted to replace the rigid feudal order with a completely new political and social system and to build a modern industrial economy.

Japanese Imperialism

In 1894,Japan defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War, gaining treaty ports in China and control over the island of Taiwan.

In 1905, Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, gaining control of Korea as well as rights in parts of Manchuria. Russia was humiliated

In 1910, Japan annexed Korea, absorbing the kingdom into the Japanese empire and ruling it for 35 years.

As with western industrial powers, Japan’s economic needs fed its imperialist desires.

Japan’s Rising Power• Industrialization

–In late 1870s Japan began to industrialize in an effort to strengthen its economy.–Japanese government revised tax structure to raise money for investment. It also developed a modern currency system, supported the building of postal, and telegraph networks, railroads. and port facilities.–Beginning in the late 1880s, Japan's economy grew rapidly. Growing population also provided a continual supply of cheap labor–By 1914 Japan had become one of the world's leading industrial nations,– hungry for empire and eager to use their new military.

–Japan had acquired an efficient government, a vigorous economy, and a strong military.–People of Korea had revolted against Chinese rule in 1894. So Japan decided to intervene and defeated the Chinese army in the Sino-Japanese war. Although Korea became independent, they were partially owned by Japan.–In 1904 the Japanese navy launched a surprise attack on Port Arthur, a Russian port. This was a major victory, because so few expected Japan to win the Russo-Japanese War. –Japan had victory after victory and eventually had Russia sign a treaty in 1905 that granted control of Korea and other nearby areas. It annexed Korea as a colony in 1910 and continued to expand its empire for the next 35 years.

Why Was Japan Able to Modernize So Rapidly?Japan was a homogeneous society — that is, it had a common culture

and language that gave it a strong sense of identity.

Economic growth during the Tokugawa times had set Japan on the road to development.

The Japanese had experience learning from foreign nations, such as China.The Japanese were determined to resist foreign rule.

得たい E Tai = one people; community; Everyone dedicated to the same ideals—as in to rebuild after tsunami

In the Japanese woodblock print below, Japanese boats go out to meet one of Commodore Matthew Perry’s ships in Tokyo Bay. In response to Perry’s expedition, the Japanese statesman Lord li considered Japan’s strategy toward contact with foreign powers:

“There is a saying that when one is besieged in a castle, to raise the drawbridge is to imprison oneself. . . . Even though the Shogun’s ancestors set up seclusion laws, they left the Dutch and Chinese to act as a bridge. . . . Might this bridge not now be of advantage to us in handling foreign affairs, . . . providing us with the means whereby we may for a time avert the outbreak of hostilities and then, after some time has elapsed, gain a complete victory?”

In the image, a Japanese woman wears Western clothing.

What role did westernization play in helping both Japan and Siam avoid colonization by European nations?

The powerful banking and industrial families were known as zaibatsu provided capital for business start-ups.

Japan modernized with amazing speed during the Meiji period. Its success was due to a number of causes. Japan had a strong sense of identity, partly because it had a homogeneous society—that is, its people shared a common culture and language. Economic growth during Tokugawa times had set Japan on the road to development. Japan also had experience in learning and adapting ideas from foreign nations, such as China.

Korea in the MiddleImperialist rivalries put the spotlight on Korea. Located at a crossroads of East Asia, the Korean peninsula was a focus of competition among Russia, China, and Japan. Korea had been a tributary state to China for many years. A tributary state is a state that is independent but acknowledges the supremacy of a stronger state. Although influenced by China, Korea had its own traditions and government. Korea had also shut its doors to foreigners. It did, however, maintain relations with China and sometimes with Japan.By the 1800s, Korea faced pressure from outsiders. As Chinese power declined, Russia expanded into East Asia. Then, as Japan industrialized, it too eyed Korea. In 1876, Japan used its superior power to force Korea to open its ports to Japanese trade. Faced with similar demands from Western powers, the “Hermit Kingdom” had to accept unequal treaties.

Japan RisingIn this political cartoon, Japan is depicted marching over Korea on its way to Russia. Why would Russia feel threatened by Japan’s aggression in Korea?

The Japanese in Korea

In this illustration, Japanese soldiers march into Seoul, Korea’s capital city.

Japan controlled Korea from 1905 until 1945.

There was no looting, no breaking in lines. Everyone was very polite and waited their turn in an orderly manner. This line is for Kerosene.

得たい

Assessment

Random Japanese terms:Shogun Daimyo zaibatsuSamurai bushido seppuku/hari kari

Wealthy business families in Japan were known as

a) daimyo. b) shogun.

c) samurai.

d) zaibatsu.

Japan was able to modernize so quickly in part due to being a) a heterogeneous society. c) a homogeneous

society. b) a military society. d) an isolated society.

Wealthy business families in Japan were known as

a) daimyo. b) shogun.

c) samurai.

d) zaibatsu.

Japan was able to modernize so quickly in part due to being a) a heterogeneous society. c) a homogeneous

society. b) a military society. d) an isolated society.

Assessment

A European woman being transported in a rickshaw in French Indochina

Currency from a British colony in Malaya

In 1867, Phan Thanh Gian, a Vietnamese official, faced a dilemma. The French were threatening to invade. As a patriot, Phan Thanh Gian wanted to resist. But as a devoted follower of Confucius, he was obliged “to live in obedience to reason.” And based on the power of the French military, he concluded that the only reasonable course was to surrender:“The French have immense warships, filled with soldiers and armed with huge cannons. No one can resist them. They go where they want, the strongest [walls] fall before them.”

Southeast Asia• The East Indies and the Philippines are the two

distinct geographic areas that France, Spain, Great Britain, United State, and the Netherlands had set up colonies in that region.

• The Islands of Southeast Asia– At the beginning of the 1800s, the Dutch

controlled most of the East Indies and Spain controlled the Philippines.

– The East Indies, present-day Indonesia, had many natural resources, including rich soil where farmers grew indigo, and tea, coffee, pepper, cinnamon, sugar; miners dug for tin and copper; loggers cut down ebony, teak, and other hardwood trees. Dutch Government used a method of forced labor called the culture system to gather all these materials.

– Diponegoro, a Native prince from the East Indian island of Java, started a revolt against the Dutch in 1825. Though it lasted 10 years, it failed, and the Dutch encountered little opposition for the next 80 years. In the early 1900s, Dutch won control of the entire archipelago.

After the Spanish-American War, we had promised to grant the Philippines their independence, but we did not. Aguinaldo led a rebellion against US and was brutally suppressed.

French Indochina

“French Indochina” encompassed a number of self-governing regions in Southeast Asia, including modern-day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia (labeled as Kampuchea).

Colonization of Southeast Asia

By the 1890s, Europeans controlled most of Southeast Asia. They: introduced modern technology expanded commerce and industry set up new enterprises to mine tin and harvest rubber brought in new crops of corn and cassava built harbors and railroads

These changes benefited Europeans far more than the people of Southeast Asia.

Mainland Southeast

Asia

• In early 1880s, there consisted on a mainland region that included Burma (Myanmar), and Malaya in the west, Vietnam in the east, and Siam, Cambodia, and Laos in the Middle. All though the 1800s, Great Britain and France struggled for domination of the area

• The British swept in from India in the 1820s. Over the next 60 years, they took full control of Burma and neighboring Malaya.

• Slowly, France was conquering Indochina, the region that includes:– Present-day Vietnam– Cambodia– Laos

• They established complete control in the 1880s. • European rivalries for control of resources brought

much disturbance to mainland Southeast Asia. • Western influences changed traditional ways of life. • Colonial landowners and trading companies forced

local farmers and workers to grow cash crops, mine coal, and cut teak trees.

Imperialism in the Americas

The Monroe Doctrine

U.S. and Britain opposed Spain’s plan to regain former colonies

Monroe Doctrine-In 1823, James Monroe and John Quincy Adams issued warning to European powers that an attempt to gain land in Latin America would be considered a threat to the United States.

The British navy helped to enforce the Doctrine.

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: The Western Hemisphere is Ours! Stay Out! Or else!

Senator Albert J. Beveridge• Oct 6, 1862- April 27, 1927• Orator, Senator, and historian• 1898, Gave speech on America’s growing as a

world power• “Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of

the world must and shall be ours. We will establish trading-posts throughout the world as distributing-points for American products…Great colonies governing themselves, flying our flag and trading with us, will grow about our posts of trade.”

Writer and political activistConsidered father of modernist poetryWritings sparked Cuban revolution against SpainDied in battle against Spaniards

Remember the Maine!To show support for the Cubans, U.S. President William McKinley sent the battleship

the Maine to Havana, the capital of Cuba.The ship exploded in a harbor near Havana.Newspapers blamed Spain for the explosion.The battle cry “Remember the Maine!” swept across the United States.1898, Congress declared war on Spain.The Spanish-American War lasted four months and resulted in an American victory.

It was a “Splendid Little War!”

The Spanish-American War 1898 The Spanish-American War of 1898 marked a turning point in United States foreign policy. Spain ruled Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and other overseas possessions during the 1890's. In the mid-1890's, Cubans revolted against their Spanish rulers. Many Americans demanded that the United States aid the rebels. On Feb. 15, 1898, the United States battleship Maine blew up off the coast of Havana, Cuba. No one was certain what caused the explosion, but many Americans blamed the Spaniards. Demands for action against Spain grew, and "Remember the Maine" became a nationwide war cry. On April 25, 1898, at the request of President William McKinley, Congress declared war on Spain. The United States quickly defeated Spain, and the Treaty of Paris of Dec. 10, 1898, officially ended the war. Under the treaty, the United States received Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from Spain. Also in 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii.

Spanish-American War marked the emergence of the United States as a world power. This brief conflict between the United States and Spain took place between April and August 1898, over the issue of the liberation of Cuba. In the course of the war, the United States won Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands.

The Spanish-American War“A Splendid Little War”“Remember the Maine!” (and to hell with Spain!)

Remember the Maine!

Arriving 25 January, Maine anchored in the center of the port, remained on vigilant watch, allowed no liberty, and took extra precautions against sabotage. Shortly after 2140, 15 February, the battleship was torn apart by a tremendous explosion that shattered the entire forward part of the ship. Out of 350 officers and men on board that night (4 officers were ashore), 252 were dead or missing. Eight more were to die in Havana hospitals during the next few days. The survivors of the disaster were taken on board Ward Line steamer City of Washington and Spanish cruiser Alfonso XII. The Spanish officials at Havana showed every attention to the survivors of the disaster and great respect for those killed. The Court of Inquiry convened in March was unable to obtain evidence associating the destruction of the battleship with any person or persons. The destruction of Maine did not cause the U.S. to declare war on Spain, but it served as a catalyst, accelerating the approach to a diplomatic impasse. In addition, the sinking and deaths of U.S. sailors rallied American opinion more strongly behind armed intervention. The United States declared war on Spain 21 April.

Yellow Journalism—”You provide the pictures, I’ll supply the war.”

February 151898

Preludeto

War 

Lieutenant Catlin later testified that he heard the sound like the "crack of a pistol and (then) the second (was) a roar that engulfed the ship's entire forward section." Indeed the entire forward section of the Maine had broken almost entirely in half.

A Splendid Little War, By Jingo!

Facts / StatisticsDates: 1898-1901Troops: 306,760

Deaths: 2,446

• America went to war against Spain to free Cuba from Spanish domination. But the war provided the United States an opportunity to seize overseas possessions and begin building an American empire. After ousting Spain from Cuba, the United States seized Puerto Rico. And subsequently it annexed the Philippines, Samoa, Guam, and Wake Island, followed by Hawaii.

• . A New Navy, A New WarAfter the Civil War, the United States neglected its navy, which ranked twelfth in the world by 1880. Although the United States had no overseas colonies to protect, business and government leaders realized that a strong navy was essential to defend trade and growing international interests. Beginning in 1881, Congress supported a modernization program that would make the American navy effective. The new ships would have steel hulls, steam engines, and large, rifled guns. At first, the ships still used sails as a backup to steam power. But by the 1890s, the U.S. Navy had converted to all-steel and -steam, and ranked among the top five navies in the world. Naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan stated, “Americans must now begin to look outward. The growing production of the country demands it . . . .” This Means War! On February 15, 1898, a mysterious explosion sank the battleship USS Maine in Havana Harbor, triggering a war between the United States and Spain.The Maine had come to Cuba to protect American citizens while Cuban revolutionaries were fighting to win independence from Spain. The United States supported their cause, and after the Maine exploded, demanded that Spain give Cuba freedom. Instead, Spain declared war, and America quickly followed suit, moving Commodore George Dewey into position in the Philippines and Commodore Winfield Scott Schley into Santiago Bay.War fever was fanned by the press, particularly publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. Although the United States claimed it had no designs on Cuba, many believed the war would be an opportunity to seize other overseas possessions and begin building an American empire. Newspapers printed maps to help Americans follow the war. The United States now entered an era of overseas expansion

Admiral George Dewey •

In 1900 much of America was caught up in what might be termed Dewey Delirium. For the first time since the Civil War, Americans had set their sights upon a war hero whose allegiance was to the entire nation, not just the North or South. George Dewey, a commodore at the time, slipped into Manila Bay in the Philippines on the night of April 30, 1898 and quietly plotted to destroy the once-formidable Spanish Pacific fleet. Just 4 days earlier, the US had declared war on Spain in response to events in Cuba. Caught unawares, the Spanish fleet in Manila was destroyed a mere two hours after Dewey issued his famous order, "You may fire when ready, Gridley." Millions were on hand in New York harbor to greet Dewey upon his triumphant return to the States. Congress bestowed upon him the special rank of admiral of the navy. Other honors followed, including the naming of a chewing gum, Dewey's Chewies, after him. He also enjoyed the dubious distinction of providing the inspiration for a laxative: The Salt of Salts.

Such adulation prompted Dewey to consider politics. Though he lacked any party affiliation and had never himself voted, in March 1900 Dewey let it be known that he was making himself available to the American people as a presidential candidate. "If the American people want me for this high office, I shall be only too willing to serve them," he declared. He went on to point out that "since studying this subject I am convinced that the office of the President is not such a very difficult one to fill..." The Admiral's lack of command of the issues of the day caused few to take him seriously. One reporter wrote, "A great sailor should have a better chart in a strange sea." Failing to secure any serious backing for his presidential bid, Dewey served out his days as the head of the General Board of the Navy Department.

"Gridley, you may fire when ready".

Where is the Olympia berthed?

The USS Olympia - a battle cruiser - and the USS Becuna - a submarine - at Independence Seaport Museum, Penn's Landing.

The United States Expands its Empire

Treaty of Paris 1899

• After heated debate, United States Congress approved the Treaty of Paris on February 6, 1899, by a two-thirds margin (57 to 27). The following day, President McKinley signed the treaty, and the United States officially controlled Spain's former colonies—Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. With the Treaty of Paris, the United States emerged as an imperial power.

• Under the treaty's terms, the U.S. gained possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and for $20 million, the Philippines. As for Cuba, the U.S. could neither keep it without reneging on the Teller Amendment, nor release the island without abandoning it to the revolutionary aims of the Cuban insurgency.

Teddy Roosevelt

The Great White Fleet

Great White Fleet - Teddy Roosevelt sent the sixteen new battleships of the Atlantic Fleet on a voyage around the world in 1907. These ships were painted white with added gold detailing. Postcards were made depicting the individual ships, their welcoming at foreign and domestic ports, and other events the fleet took part in around the world. Other countries also published cards of the fleet’s visit to their ports, most notably in Japan.

This is how we become both Momma and Cop to the World

In 1854,Commodore Perry establishes Open Door policy with the Far East.

In 1900, with the backing of the Great White Fleet, TR convinces them to agree

to trade deals with relative ease.

TR sends Taft and Alice on a trade/visit to Japan. The secret deal was that we would look the other way if Japan expanded its sphere of influence in the East. Bottom line, we sold out Korea. The Japanese virtually rape the country, north and south. Secretary of War William Howard Taft and Alice

Roosevelt (TR’s daughter) on a goodwill mission to Japan and the Philippines in 1905.

Territorial Gains

During late 1800’s and early 1900’s ,U.S. made many territorial gains.

1867- purchased Alaska from Russia

1898- annexed Hawaii

Gained the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in victory in Spanish-American War.

1917- US purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark

A man, a plan, a canal,

Panama!

Roosevelt developed plan to obtain the isthmus.

American agents encouraged the people of Panama to rebel against Columbia.

The U.S. Navy helped the rebels. The new Republic of Panama signed

the land over to the United States.

Isthmus of PanamaU.S. wanted quick access

across the Isthmus of Panama for trade and military reasons.

Isthmus of Panama connects Central and South America

Separates Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Columbia had rights to the isthmus.

Pres. Theodore Roosevelt tried to sign treaty with them to gain the land, but Columbia refused.

And so….

A man, a plan, a canal, Panama

The Panama CanalOne of Roosevelt's proudest accomplishments--and most controversial--was acquiring U.S. rights to building and operating a canal in Panama. This cartoon shows him throwing dirt on the Colombian capital. (Cartoon by W. A. Rogers)

TR cartoon by Berryman“The news reaches Bogota”

Panama CanalThe Construction of the Panama

Canal lasted 10 year between 1904- 1914.

Involved more than 40,000 workers. Many died of malaria and yellow

fever. A sanitation program contained the mosquitoes.

The canal was hailed as one of the greatest engineering feats .

It was an engineering marvel; it was built on time, and it came in under budget.

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/wh_modern05/secured/resources/applications/ebook/swf/animations/whs05_028_820.html

Walter Reed

Walter Reed, an American medical doctor had received his medical degree by the time he was 18 years old. He joined the Army and became a captain. For 16 years he had served in an outpost that was far away from other doctors. He wanted to be able to study and learn more about medicine, so he asked for a four month leave. He learned so well that they allowed him to study for seven months at Johns Hopkins Hospital.

He continued to study and do experiments at the Army outpost. He and some other doctors studied typhoid fever * and discovered that it was carried by flies.

Yellow fever * was a dreaded disease. 90,000 people in the United States had died of the disease. Many American soldiers in Cuba had died also. Reed noticed that people who cared for the patients with yellow fever didn't usually get the disease. So he concluded that people didn't catch it from each other.

Reed began looking for answers. He remembered the research they had done on typhoid fever. He wondered if maybe mosquitoes might be spreading it. Some of the doctors and soldiers volunteered to take part in the experiment.

The mosquitoes were put in test tubes. First they bit the arms of men who already had yellow fever. Then they were allowed to bite the arms of people who didn't have the disease. After many tests, they decided that the mosquito did carry the disease from one person to another.

The next step was to get rid of the mosquitoes. They sprayed the areas of water where the mosquitoes were hatching, with chemicals. This stopped the spread of the disease.

The Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington D.C. is named in honor of him.

The Influence of the United StatesIn 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the American continents were no longer open to colonization by any European powers.

In 1904, the United States issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Under this policy, the United States claimed “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere.

In the next decade, the United States frequently intervened militarily in Latin American nations to protect American lives and investments.In 1903, the United States backed the Panamanians in a revolt against Colombia in order to gain land to build the Panama Canal. “A man, a plan, a canal, Panama”

To people in Latin America, the canal was an example of “Yankee Imperialism.”

4

Benito Juárez is the central figure of this detail from Mexican artist Diego Rivera’s mural Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park.

Sugar cane, a Latin American cash crop

Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna (above) is well-known for his ruthless decision to give no quarter to the Texan defenders of the Alamo, a fort in San Antonio, Texas, during the Texas Revolution.

The illustration shows Texan defenders of the Alamo bravely fighting against overwhelming odds. In what light does this illustration present the defenders of the Alamo?

Remember the Alamo!

Uncle Sam Takes Off

This cartoon represents the entry of the United States into competition with European powers over new territory in the Eastern Hemisphere in the early 1900s.Uncle Sam represents the United States.The horse wears a saddle that reads “Monroe Doctrine.”European powers watch in frustration.What do the wheels on Uncle Sam’s bicycle represent?Why are the European powers shouting at Uncle Sam?

Latin American ConcernsThe canal gave the U.S. great

access to Latin America.The Roosevelt Corollary was

added to the Monroe Doctrine.

This said U.S. would intervene to make Latin American countries honor foreign debts

Many Latin Americans looked at the United State’s interventions as steps to turn Latin American countries into colonies.

Mexico

Revolution

Many Mexicans unhappy with dictator-like rule of General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

1835- Mexicans and Americans in Texas revolt

1845- Texas becomes a state of the United States

This sparks Mexican War which United States wins

U.S. gains much Mexican land through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

La Reforma and French ConflictLa Reforma was a Mexican period of changeBenito Juarez was elected president in 1855He reduced power of the military, separated the

church and state, and improved the lot of impoverished farmers

1863-French troops came to collect money owed to France

1864-Austrian Archduke Maximilian named emperor of Mexico

1867-French troops withdrew under American pressure and Juarez returned to power

Juarez died mysteriously and Porfirio Diaz seized power, who limited individual rights, but the economy grew.

Mexican Revolution• 1910-1920: many Mexicans fought authorities, and

many immigrated to U.S.• Armies were made up of farmers, workers, ranchers,

and soldaderas (women soldiers)

Power Struggles• Revolution started in 1910 when

Francisco Madero overthrew Diaz in 1910

• Madero killed by one of his followers, Victoriano Huerta

• Huerta overthrown by Mexican revolts

• Three revolutionary leaders emerged:

• Emiliano Zapata, • Francisco “Pancho” Villa, and • Venustiano Carranza

Where’s Pancho?

Villa was unhappy with the result, crosses the border of New Mexico, and kills 18 Americans.

Pres. Woodrow Wilson sent American troops to Mexico to capture Villa.

The troops were withdrawn because of the start of World War I in 1917

General Pancho

Villa

Villa looked for the recognition of the United States, for his government, and as he did not obtain it, he visited the border population of Columbus, where he takes weapons. North American General Pershing entered Mexican territory, persecuting it, without never reaching it. Carranza was killed in a revolt in 1917-1920.U.S. President Woodrow Wilson responded by sending 12,000 troops, under Gen. John J. Pershing into Mexico on March 15 to pursue Villa. In the U.S., this was known as the Pancho Villa Expedition During the search, the United States launched its first air combat mission when eight airplanes lifted off on March 19. The expedition to capture Villa was called off as a failure on January 28, 1917.

Modern historians debate whether Villa was involved with the Germans and how much aid and information passed through them. Some contend that the Germans encouraged Villa's actions against U.S. interests and incursions into Texas and New Mexico in order to create instability on the southern border of a power they definitely did not want interfering in World War I. Other actions by the Germans such as the Zimmermann Telegram correspond with Germany's wish to destabilize the United States. The extent of Villa's role as an abettor of German interests and receiver of German aid is still very much in question, but the idea would not seem to be in contradiction with his opportunistic tendencies.

Quote:"Don't let it end like this. Tell them I said something." (Last words.)

Protecting U.S. Interests

• In the late 1800s and early 1900s the United States policy in Latin America was based on protecting U.S. interests and keeping European countries out of the area. The United States used military occupation and other tactics to ensure dominance in this region.

• In 1916 and 1917, General “Black Jack” Pershing led an unsuccessful expedition with over 10,000 men into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa. In other incidents, the U.S. bombarded or occupied Latin American locations.

J. J. Pershing“Black Jack” Pershing had spent

years looking for Pancho Villa with his Buffalo soldiers, but he gets to be the leader of the AEF—American Expeditionary Forces—our army in Europe during WWI.

He is the Supreme Commander for all of our forces—highest honor and only Washington held this rank before him.

And the Winner is…..

Zapata used battle cry, “Tierra y Liberdad” meaning “Land and Liberty”He fought for the impoverished farmers.Villa proposed radical reforms.Carranza was more conservative and in1915- with the help of American support, Carranza became president.

Carranza’s Rule

• Carranza reluctantly introduced a liberal constitution

• He was slow in carrying out reforms• Force was used to fight opposition• 1920- Carranza was killed in a revolt• Revolt brought Alvaro Obregon to

power• Tensions cooled between Mexico and

the United States until…

The Zimmerman Telegram• The German

ambassador Zimmerman telegraphs the Mexican ambassador with a proposition. The British intercept it and decode it for US.

• The Kaiser is offering Mexico choice parts of the US (CA, TX, NM) if they attack US and keep US off balance during The Great War.

• This angers US so much that we will join the Allies against Germany.