Html 5-bangla e-book tutorial

GBP wU Gg Gj 5 Aa¨vq-15

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cieZx© fvm©b : 2.0 [ Av‡iv wKQz †ewk ]

HTML 4 & 5

GBP wU Gg Gj 5

m¤cv`bvq

eyKwewW

www.bookbd.info


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Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Ò

eB m¤c‡K© †h †Kvb ai‡bb Z_¨ I mgm¨vi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‚b :

01712901842 (Shihab) Email: [email protected]

www.bookbd.info eyKwewW n‡‛Q evsjv‡`kx cÖ‡dkbvj evsjv eB mg~‡ni I‡qemvBU| †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb B-eyK

webv g~‡j¨ WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †h eB¸‡jv Avcbv‡K AvBwU AvDU‡mvwm©s-G

cÖ‡dkbvj K¨vwiqvi M‡o Zzj‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| G QvovI wb‡R wb‡R †Kvb cÖKvi †Uªwbs

QvovB †h †Kvb wel‡qi Dci cÖ‡dkbvj `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib GB eB¸‡jv c‡o| Avi

Avcbv‡ì †Kvb civgk© _vK‡j Aek¨B Avgv‡ì‡K Rvbv‡eb, GB wVKvbvq t-

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3

GBP wU Gg Gj 5

†jLK : †gvt wgRvbyi ingvb (m¤úv`bvq eyKwewW)

¯^Z¡ : †jLK

cÖKvkK : kixd nvmvb Zid`vi

Ávb‡Kvl cÖKvkbx

38/2K evsjvevRvi, XvKv-1100|

†dvb-7118443, 8623251, 8112441

E-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]

cÖKvkKvj : RyjvB 2013 Bs‡iwR

cÖ‛Q` : †gvt †gvRv‡¤§j ûmvBb (mRj)

†gKvc : wek¦wRr `vm

K‡¤úvR : KgwcDUvi wjU¨v‡iwm nvDm

gy ªY : †bvfv †cÖm GÛ cvewj‡KkÝ

15/we, wgicyi †ivW XvKv-1205|

†dvb t 9667919

ISBN : 978-984-90538-0-4

g~j¨ : 360.00 (wmwW mn) UvKv gvÎ |

mailto:[email protected]


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DrmM©

Av¤§y wg‡mm mvwdqv †eMg

Ges

AveŸy †gvt knx`Dj ¨v cv‡Uvqvix|


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K…ZÁZv

Bgivb †nv‡mb

I‡qe cÖ‡dkbvj (mvD_ Gwkqvb AvBwmwU)

abëv` t

1. †gvt kwid †nv‡mb (wknve), I‡qe cÖ‡dkbvj (mvD_ Gwkqvb AvBwmwU)

2. mvjgvb Rybv‡q`, I‡qe cÖ‡dkbvj (mvD_ Gwkqvb AvBwmwU)

3. Zvbfxi Bmjvg, I‡qe cÖ‡dkbvj (mvD_ Gwkqvb AvBwmwU)

4. wmKv›`vi ev`kv, wmBI (e½ KwgDwb‡Kkbm)

GB eBwUi mv‡_ wd« hv i‡q‡Q :


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wd« wmwW

1. eBwUi mv‡_ GKwU wd« wmwW Av‡Q|

2. eB‡q eëüZ mKj †KvWmg~n D³ wmwW‡Z †`qv Av‡Q|

3. eB‡q eëüZ mKj cÖ‡R±mg~n D³ wmwW‡Z †`qv Av‡Q|

cwi‡ekK/cÖvwß ’vb


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f‚wgKv


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gvbe mf¨Zvi Rb¨ weÁv‡bi Avkxe©v` ¯îƒc AmsL¨ Ae`vb Gi g‡a¨ eënvi I cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi w`K

w`‡q kx‡l© Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q Kw¤úDUvi bvgK hš¿wU| Avi eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi bvgK GB hš¿wUi mv‡_

hy³ n‡q‡Q Avi GK gnvN©¨ welq - ÔÔB›Uvi‡bUÕÕ| B›Uvi‡bU Avwef©v‡ei ì‚Y Avgv‡ì •`bw›`b

Rxeb Z_v †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v, †jLvcov, we‡bv`b, †Kbv-KvUv BZ¨vw` me wKQzB n‡q D‡V‡Q mnR

†_‡K mn‡RvËi| gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨B B›Uvi‡bU Z_v I‡qemvB‡Ui gva¨‡g Avgiv Avgv‡ì †Kvb

Kvw“LZ Z_¨ nvwQj wKsev wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z m¶g nw‛Q| Avi †mB mv‡_ cvj v w`‡q evo‡Q

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Gi g‡a¨ HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) eënvi eva¨Zvg~jK|

GBPwUGgGj‡K I‡qe‡cBR •Zwii wfwËI ejv n‡q _v‡K| GBPwUGgGj eënvi K‡i wb‡Ri

I‡qemvBU •Zwi Kivi cvkvcvwk PvB‡j AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi gva¨‡g AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb GiI e¨vcK

my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv, eZ©gv‡b †jvKvj gv‡K©U‡c m Ges d«xj¨vwÝs †h †Kvb Gwiqv‡ZB GKRb

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KvR Ki‡Z †h mKj welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© my¯úó Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb (c¨vivMÖvd, †U·U dig¨vwUs,

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9

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Pvwn`v Avi Aby‡ivaB Avgv‡K GB eBwU †jLvi Aby‡cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q|

eZ©gvb DbœZ we‡k¦i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pjv, wKsev wb‡Ri GKwU Ae¯’vb •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ gvbyl AvR

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my‡hvMB †bB| gvby‡qi wbZ¨-bZzb Pvwn`v, wKsev wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡b B›Uvi‡bU Z_v I‡qemvBU

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ai‡Yi I‡qemvBU| wfwRUi‡ì GmKj Pvwn`v c~i‡Y •Zwi n‡‛Q bvbv ai‡Yi I‡qemvBU| †h¸‡jv

•Zwi‡Z eëüZ n‡‛Q wewfbœ ai‡Yi †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR| Zb¥‡a¨ GBPwUGgGj (gvK©Avc

j¨vs¸‡qR) Ab¨Zg, †hwU I‡qemvBU •Zwi‡Z wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †h‡nZz, w`b w`b I‡qemvBU

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wbR Kg©ms¯’v‡bi GK Avkvc~Y© w`K D‡b¥vPb Kiv m¤¢e| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AvBwU †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv

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cÖPzi cwigv‡Y A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Z m¶g n‡‛Q| Zviv AvR B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡gB Zv‡ì Kg©ms¯’v‡bi

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mK‡ji wbKU mn‡R †evaMg¨ nq| me‡k‡l, mK‡ji mvdj¨ Kvgbv KiwQ, Avwg-

†gvt wgRvbyi ingvb

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m~wPcÎ

GBPwUGgGj-5


10

Aa¨vq c„ôv

Aa¨vq-1 t GBPwUGgGj (HTML) wb‡q cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv :..........................................16

1.1: GBPwUGgGj (HTML) Kx?......................................................................................17

1.2: HTML j¨vs¸‡qR wKfv‡e KvR K‡i?..........................................................................17

1.3: GBPwUGgGj j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxqZv.......................................................................18

1.4: K¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e HTML j¨vs¸‡qR..........................................................................19

Aa¨vq-2 t HTML e¨vwmK:....................................................................................21 2.1 t HTML U¨vM (Tag)........................................................................................................22

2.1.1 t HTML U¨vM †jLvi wbqg......................................................................................22

2.1.2 t I‡cwbs U¨vM (Opening Tags) .............................................................................22

2.1.3 t †K¬vwRs U¨vM (Closing Tags) ...............................................................................22

2.1.4 t HTML G¤úwU U¨vM (Empty Tags) .....................................................................22

2.2 t HTML †WwcÖ‡K‡UW U¨vM (Deprecated Tags) I A¨vwUªweDU (Attributes) .............................22

2.3 t HTML A¨vwUªweDU (Attributes) I f¨vwjD (Value) ...........................................................23

2.3.1 t A¨vwUªweDU †jLvi wbqg ..........................................................................................23

2.3.2 t f¨vwjD †mU Kivi wbqg .........................................................................................23

2.3.3 t HTML Gi cÖavb A¨vwUªweDU mg~n ..........................................................................23

2.3.3.1 t id ........................................................................................................24

2.3.3.2 t class ...................................................................................................24

2.3.3.3 t title .....................................................................................................24

2.3.3.4 t style ...................................................................................................25

2.4 t Kb‡U›U (Contents) .......................................................................................................25

2.5 t HTML G·‡Ubkb (Extension) .....................................................................................25

2.6 t HTML GwWUi .............................................................................................................26

2.7 t HTML dvBj Gi e¨vwmK MVb .........................................................................................27

2.8 t HTML G cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg †jLv ...........................................................................................27

2.9 t Bb‡W‡›Ukb (Indention) .................................................................................................35

2.10 t GBPwUGgGj K‡g›U (Comments) .................................................................................36

2.10.1 t K‡g›U (Comments) Gi eënvi .........................................................................36

2.11 t WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qv‡ikb ..............................................................................................37

Aa¨vq-3 t GBPwUGgGj Bwj‡g›U (Elements)...................................................................39 3.1 t HTML Bwj‡g›U (Elements) .........................................................................................40

3.1.1 t Bwj‡g›U Gi MVb .................................................................................................41

3.1.2 t †b‡óW GBPwUGgGj Bwj‡g›U (Nested HTML Elements) .......................................42

3.1.3 t HTML Gi cÖavb Bwj‡g›Umg~n ..............................................................................43

3.1.3.1 t <html> Element .................................................................................44

3.1.3.2 t <head> Element ................................................................................45


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3.1.3.3 t <title> Element .................................................................................46

3.1.3.3.1 t <title> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi t .......................................................47

3.1.3.4 t <body> Element ...............................................................................49

3.1.3.4.1 t <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi t ......................................................49

3.1.3.4.1.1 t <body> Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ............................52

3.1.3.4.1.1.1 t alink .................................................................52

3.1.3.4.1.1.2 t background ......................................................54

3.1.3.4.1.1.3 t bgcolor .............................................................56

3.1.3.4.1.1.4 t link ..................................................................58

3.1.3.4.1.1.5 t text ...................................................................60

3.1.3.4.1.1.6 t vlink .................................................................61

Aa¨vq-4 t GBPwUGgGj †U·U di‡gwUs : ............................................................................65

4.1 t HTML Basic Text Formatting ..................................................................................66

4.1.1 t Heading (<h1> †_‡K <h6>) Elements wb‡q Av‡jvPbv .........................................66

4.1.1.1 t.Heading Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ..................................................72

4.1.1.1.1 t align (Deprecated) .................................................................72

4.1.1.1.1.1 t left ...............................................................................72

4.1.1.1.1.2 t right .............................................................................73

4.1.1.1.1.3 t center ...........................................................................74

4.1.2 t Paragraph (<p>) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ...........................................................75

4.1.2.1 t.Paragraph Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ..............................................76

4.1.2.1.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated) ..................................................76

4.1.2.1.1.1 t left ...............................................................................77

4.1.2.1.1.2 t right .............................................................................78

4.1.2.1.1.3 t center ...........................................................................79

4.1.2.1.1.4 t justify ..........................................................................80

4.1.2.1.2 t style A¨vwUªweDU ...........................................................................81

4.1.2.1.3 t dir A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................85

4.1.2.1.3.1 t ltr .................................................................................85

4.1.2.1.3.2 t rtl .................................................................................86

4.1.3 t bb †eªwKs †¯úm ( ) Gi eënvi ....................................................................87

4.1.4 t jvBb †eªK (<br />) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ...........................................................89

4.1.5 t Preformatted (<pre>) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ...................................................92

4.1.6 t Font (<font>) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv (Deprecated).........................................93

4.1.6.1 t.Font Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ........................................................93

4.1.6.1.1 t color A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)..................................................93

4.1.6.1.2 t face A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated) ...................................................96

4.1.6.1.3 t size A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated) ...................................................97

4.2 t HTML Presentational Elements ...............................................................................97


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4.2.1 t Bold <b> Element .......................................................................................100

4.2.2 t Italic <i> Element ........................................................................................100

4.2.3 t Underline <u> Element ...............................................................................101

4.2.4 t Center <center> Element (Deprecated)......................................................102

4.2.5 t <s> Ges <strike> (Deprecated) Elements ..................................................104

4.2.6 t <tt> Element (Deprecated)..........................................................................105

4.2.7 t <sup> Element ............................................................................................106

4.2.8 t <sub> Element ............................................................................................107

4.2.9 t <big> Element (Deprecated).......................................................................108

4.2.10 t <small> Element ........................................................................................109

4.2.11 t <hr> Element .............................................................................................110

4.2.11.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)............................................................111

4.2.11.2 t width A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated) .........................................................112

4.2.11.3 t noshade A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated).......................................................112

4.2.11.4 t size A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated).............................................................118

4.3 t HTML Phrase Elements ..........................................................................................119

4.3.1 t <em> Element ..............................................................................................121

4.3.2 t <strong> Element ........................................................................................121

4.3.3 t <address> Element ......................................................................................122

4.3.4 t <abbr> Element ...........................................................................................122

4.3.4.1 t title A¨vwUªweDU......................................................................................124

4.3.5 t <acronym> Element (Deprecated).............................................................124

4.3.5.1 t title A¨vwUªweDU .....................................................................................126

4.3.6 t <dfn> Element ............................................................................................128

4.3.7 t <blockquote> Element ................................................................................129

4.3.7.1 t cite A¨vwUªweDU ......................................................................................131

4.3.8 t <q > Element ...............................................................................................132

4.3.9 t <cite > Element ...........................................................................................133

4.3.10 t <code> Element .........................................................................................134

4.3.11 t <kbd> Element ..........................................................................................135

4.3.12 t <var> Element ...........................................................................................136

4.3.13 t <samp> Element ........................................................................................137

4.4 t Editing Text Elements ............................................................................................138

4.4.1 t <ins> Bwj‡g›U ................................................................................................138


4.4.1.2 t cite A¨vwUªweDU ......................................................................................141

4.4.1.3 t datetime A¨vwUªweDU ..............................................................................142

4.4.2 t <del> Bwj‡g›U ................................................................................................143



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4.4.2.2 t cite A¨vwUªweDU ......................................................................................146

4.4.2.3 t datetime A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................147

Aa¨vq-5 t GBPwUGgGj wj÷ ............................................................................................151

5.1 t List <li> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................152

5.2 t Ordered List (ol) Bwj‡g›U ..........................................................................................152

5.2.1 t type A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi .................................................................................154

5.2.2 t start A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi .................................................................................160

5.3 t Unordered List (ul) Bwj‡g›U ......................................................................................166

5.3.1 t type A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi .................................................................................138

5.4 t Directory List (dir) Bwj‡g›U ......................................................................................172

5.5 t Menu List (menu) Bwj‡g›U ........................................................................................173

5.6 t Definition List (<dl>,<dt> & <dd>) Bwj‡g›U ............................................................175

5.7 t Nesting Lists ...........................................................................................................177

Aa¨vq-6 t GBPwUGgGj wjsK ...........................................................................................187

6.1 t <a> Bwj‡g›U ...............................................................................................................188

6.1.1 t href A¨vwUªweDU .................................................................................................188

6.1.2 t style A¨vwUªweDU ...............................................................................................204

6.1.3 t name A¨vwUªweDU ..............................................................................................206

6.1.4t target A¨vwUªweDU ...............................................................................................212

6.1.4.1 t _blank f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ......................................................................213

6.1.5t tabindex A¨vwUªweDU ..........................................................................................217

6.1.6 t accesskey A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ........................................................................219

6.2 t <link /> Bwj‡g›U ........................................................................................................219

6.3 t <nav> Bwj‡g›U ...........................................................................................................219

Aa¨vq-7 t GBPwUGgGj B‡gR ..........................................................................................222

7.1 t <img /> Bwj‡g›U ........................................................................................................223

7.1.1 t src A¨vwUªweDU ..................................................................................................227

7.1.2 t alt A¨vwUªweDU ...................................................................................................227

7.1.3 t height A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................229

7.1.4 t width A¨vwUªweDU ..............................................................................................231

7.1.5 t border A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)......................................................................233

7.1.6 t hspace A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated).....................................................................233

7.1.7 t vspace A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)......................................................................234

7.2 t <figure> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................235

7.3 t <figcaption> Bwj‡g›U ................................................................................................237

Aa¨vq-8 t GBPwUGgGj B‡gR ..........................................................................................239

8.1 t <table> Bwj‡g›U .........................................................................................................240

8.1.1 t border A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)......................................................................242


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8.1.2 t cellpadding A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)..............................................................243

8.1.3 t cellspacing A¨vwUªweDU

(Deprecated)...............................................................245

8.1.4 t width A¨vwUªweDU

(Deprecated)........................................................................246

8.1.5 t align A¨vwUªweDU ...............................................................................................249

8.1.5.1 t left ....................................................................................................249

8.1.5.2 t center ................................................................................................251

8.1.5.3 t right ..................................................................................................252

8.1.6 t bgcolor A¨vwUªweDU ...........................................................................................253

8.2 t <tr> Bwj‡g›U ..............................................................................................................255

8.2.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated).........................................................................257

8.2.2 t bgcolor A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)....................................................................259

8.3 t <td> Bwj‡g›U .............................................................................................................261

8.3.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)........................................................................264

8.3.2 t bgcolor A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)....................................................................265

8.3.3 t colspan A¨vwUªweDU ..........................................................................................267

8.3.4 t rowspan A¨vwUªweDU .........................................................................................269

8.4 t <th> Bwj‡g›U .............................................................................................................271

Aa¨vq-9 t GBPwUGgGj dg© ..............................................................................................276

9.1 t <form> Bwj‡g›U .........................................................................................................275

9.1.1 t action A¨vwUªweDU ............................................................................................278

9.1.2 t method A¨vwUªweDU ...........................................................................................280

9.1.3 t target A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................282

9.2 t <input> Bwj‡g›U ........................................................................................................284

9.2.1 t type A¨vwUªweDU ................................................................................................284

9.2.1.1 t text f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ...........................................................................284

9.2.1.1.1 t size A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ...........................................................286

9.2.1.1.2 t value A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ........................................................287

9.2.1.2 t password f¨vwjD Gi eënvi .................................................................288

9.2.1.2.1 t size A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ...........................................................289


9.2.1.3 t checkbox f¨vwjD Gi eënvi .................................................................290


9.2.1.4 t radio f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ........................................................................292

9.2.1.4.1 t name A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ........................................................293


9.2.1.5 t file f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ...........................................................................296

9.2.1.6 t reset f¨vwjD Gi eënvi .........................................................................296


15


9.2.1.7 t submit f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ......................................................................297


9.2.2 t <label> Bwj‡g›U .............................................................................................300

9.2.2.1 t for A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ........................................................................302

9.2.3 t <select> Bwj‡g›U ............................................................................................302

9.2.3.1 t multiple A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ...............................................................303

9.2.4 t <option> Bwj‡g›U ...........................................................................................305

9.2.4.1 t disabled A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ...............................................................307

Aa¨vq-10 t GBPwUGgGj Kvjvi .......................................................................................310

10.1 t GBPwUGgGj Kvjvi .....................................................................................................311

10.2 t Kvjvi Gi eënvi ........................................................................................................311

10.2.1 t Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg) eënvi K‡i : ........................................................311

10.2.2 t t RGB Code eënvi K‡i ...............................................................................311

10.2.3 t Hex (Hexadecimal) †KvW eënvi K‡i t ..........................................................312

Aa¨vq-11 t GBPwUGgGj GbwUwU (Entities) ...................................................................315

11.1 t GBPwUGgGj GbwUwU (Entities) ....................................................................................316

11.1.1 t GbwUwU Gi eënvi ............................................................................................316

Aa¨vq-12 t GBPwUGgGj wgwWqv (Media) ......................................................................320

12.1 t <audio> Bwj‡g›U ......................................................................................................321

12.1.1 t src A¨vwUªweDU ................................................................................................321

12.1.2 t controls A¨vwUªweDU .......................................................................................322

12.1.3 t loop A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................324

12.1.4 t autoplay A¨vwUªweDU ......................................................................................325

12.2 t <video> Bwj‡g›U ......................................................................................................326

12.2.1 t src A¨vwUªweDU ...............................................................................................327

12.2.2 t controls A¨vwUªweDU ........................................................................................327

12.2.3 t loop A¨vwUªweDU ..............................................................................................329

12.2.4 t autoplay A¨vwUªweDU .......................................................................................331

12.2.5 t width A¨vwUªweDU ............................................................................................332

12.2.6 t height A¨vwUªweDU ...........................................................................................333

12.2.7 t muted A¨vwUªweDU ...........................................................................................334

12.2.8 t poster A¨vwUªweDU ...........................................................................................335

12.3 t <source> Bwj‡g›U ....................................................................................................336

12.3.1 t <src> A¨vwUªweDU ............................................................................................336

12.3.2 t <type> A¨vwUªweDU .........................................................................................337

Aa¨vq-13 t GBPwUGgGj MÖ“wcs

(Grouping)..................................................................340


16

13.1 t <div> Bwj‡g›U ..........................................................................................................341

13.1.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................341

13.1.2 t id A¨vwUªweDU ..................................................................................................344

13.1.3 t class A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................347

13.2 t <span> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................348

13.2.1 t class A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................348

Aa¨vq-14 t GBPwUGgGj †nW (Head) ............................................................................349

14.1 t <head> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................351

14.2 t <title> Bwj‡g›U .........................................................................................................351

14.3 t <meta> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................352

14.3.1 t name A¨vwUªweDU ............................................................................................352

14.3.2 t content A¨vwUªweDU .........................................................................................354

14.4 t <style> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................355

14.4.1 t type A¨vwUªweDU ..............................................................................................356

Aa¨vq-15 t GBPwUGgGj cÖ‡R± (cÖ‡R±) ...........................................................................358 15.1 t Project-1 (Two Column Layout with a Header and a Footer) ..............................359

15.2 t Project-2 (Three Column Layout with Header, Navigation bar and Footer) ........361

15.3 t Project-3 (Creating a Index Page) .........................................................................364

15.4 t Project-4 (Creating a Page using List) ..................................................................367

15.5 t Project-5 (Use of Images in Table in a Page) .......................................................374

15.6 t Project-6 (Uses of Images and Paragraph in Table in a Page) .............................378

15.7 t Project-7 (Creating a Registration Page) ..............................................................382

15.8 t Project-8 (Creating a Login Page) ........................................................................385

15.9 t Project-9 (Creating a Full Website) ......................................................................388

Aa¨vq-1


17

GBPwUGgGj (HTML) wb‡q cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv


18

1.1 t GBPwUGgGj (HTML) Kx t

nvBcvi‡U·U gvK©Avc j¨vs¸‡qR (HyperText Markup Language) Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q GBPwUGgGj

(HTML)| GwU †Kvb †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR bq, GwU g~jZ GKwU gvK©Avc j¨vs¸‡qR|

Hyper : AwZ cyi‡bv (HTML •Zwii c~‡e©) Kw¤úDUvi ¸‡jv‡Z †Kvb †jLv‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖKvk Kivi

Rb¨ †jLvi wb‡P †iLv Uvbv nZ| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b ïay †iLvB bq, "Hyper" Gi gva¨‡g eënviKvixiv GLb Ab¨

†Kvb I‡qe‡cBR G cÖ‡ek Ki‡ZI m¶g n‡‛Q|

Text:Text ej‡Z g~jZ Avgiv hv co‡Z cvwi| GwU †Kvb kã ev k‡ãi mgwó‡K eySvq|

Markup:I‡qe‡c‡Ri MVb wba©viY/cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Z eëüZ c×wZB n‡‛Q Markup.

†hgb:mvaviYZ †Kvb †U·U‡K wjsK Kivi Rb¨ <a> U¨vM eëüZ nq|

Language:G‡¶‡Î j¨vs¸‡qR ej‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ eëüZ wewfbœ j¨vs¸‡qR‡K eySv‡bv n‡q

_v‡K| †hgb : HTML (Markup Language), XML (Markup Language), PHP

(Programming Language) BZ¨vw`|

gvK©Avc j¨vs¸‡qR g~jZ c~e© wba©vwiZ wKQz †KvW ev U¨vM Gi mgwó, hv †Kvb GKwU I‡qe‡c‡Ri evwn¨K MVb

wbY©vq‡b eëüZ nq| I‡qe‡c‡Ri Kb‡U›U‡K (†U·U,AwWD,wfwWI BZ¨vw`) eªvDRv‡i cÖ`k©b Kiv‡bvi Rb¨

HTML j¨vs¸‡qR eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|

wPÎ : 1.1.1 (HTML j¨vs¸‡qR)|

1.2 t HTML j¨vs¸‡qR wKfv‡e KvR K‡i

†Kvb wfwRUi hLb I‡qe mvf©v‡ii wbKU †Kvb GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi Rb¨ wi‡Kv‡q÷ cvVvq, I‡qe mvf©vi ZLb

wfwRUi Gi Kw¤úDUv‡i ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) †U·U

Gi GK `xN© w÷ªs cvVvq Ges wfwRUi Gi eªvDRvi ZLb GwU‡K I‡qe‡cR AvKv‡i cÖ`k©b K‡i| eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z

I‡qe‡cR Gi MVb wKiƒc n‡e, †U·Umg~n wKfv‡e cÖ`wk©Z n‡e BZ¨vw` welq wbf©i K‡i GBPwUGgGj dvBj/†cR

G eëüZ wewfbœ U¨vM Gi Dci| G eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z Avgiv U¨vM wb‡q we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|


19

wPÎ : 1.2.1 (I‡qe mvf©v‡ii wbKU cvVv‡bv wfwRUi Gi wi‡Kv‡q÷)|

1.3 t GBPwUGgGj j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

I‡qe‡cR •Zwi‡Z HTML j¨vs¸‡qR wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| HTML e¨vwZZ †Kvb I‡qemvBU

•Zwi/wWRvBb/†W‡fjc Kiv m¤¢e bq| hwÌ HTML †Kvb cwic~Y© j¨vs¸‡qR bq| HTML eënvi K‡i †Kej

÷¨vwUK I‡qemvBU •Zwi Kiv hvq| wb‡P HTML G •Zwi GKwU I‡qe‡cR Gi wPÎ †`Lv‡bv nj t

wPÎ : 1.3.1 (GBPwUGgGj eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡cBR •Zwi Kiv)|

D³ †c‡R wewfbœ ÷vBj cÖ‡qvM K‡i cwic~Y©Zv Avbvi Rb¨ CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) eënvi Kiv

Avek¨K| CSS m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y© Ávb AR©b Kivi Rb¨ †jL‡Ki ÔÔwmGmGm (3) A¨vÛ wWfÕÕ eBwU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z

cv‡ib| ZvQvov wewfbœ gvwëwgwWqv, d¬¨vk, A¨vwc ‡Kkb Z_vwc I‡qemvBU‡K WvBbvwgK Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ

†cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR (PHP, JAVA, JavaScript BZ¨vw`) eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h,

I‡qe‡c‡Ri Kb‡U›U‡K (†U·U, AwWD, wfwWI BZ¨vw`) eªvDRv‡i cÖ`k©b Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ HTML j¨vs¸‡qR eëüZ

n‡q _v‡K| Zvn‡j wPš—v K‡i †`Lyb †h, Avcbvi I‡qemvB‡U hZB ÷vBj eënvi Kiv †nvK, Avi †cÖvMÖvwgs eënvi

K‡i hZB WvBbvwgK Kivi †Póv Kiv †nvK bv †Kb, I‡qemvB‡Ui Kb‡U›U B hw` cÖ`wk©Z bv nq - Zvn‡j meB

e„_v| myZivs ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, `vjvb •Zwi‡Z †hgb BU, wm‡g›U eënvi Acwinvh©, wVK †Zgwb I‡qemvBU •Zwi‡Z

HTML.


20

1.4 t K¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e HTML j¨vs¸‡qR

eZ©gvb we‡k¦ Web Design/Development Gi Pvwn`v w`b w`b †e‡oB Pj‡Q| Avi I‡qe wWRvBwbs‡qi Rb¨

Acwinvh© j¨vs¸‡qR n‡‛Q HTML. †jvKvj gv‡K©U‡c m¸‡jv‡Z i‡q‡Q Gi e¨vcK Pvwn`v| cÖwZwU eëmv

cÖwZôvb/†Kv¤úvbx AvR wek¦e¨vcx Zv‡ì eëmv cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ I‡qemvBU •Zwii w`‡K SzK w`‡‛Q| Avi ZviB

mv‡_ evo‡Q HTML Gi Pvwn`v| ZvQvov ïaygvÎ HTML Gi Dci AbjvB‡b i‡q‡Q AmsL¨ KvR| HTML Gi

Dci `¶ n‡q AvR AbjvBb Gi gva¨‡g N‡i e‡mB nvRvi nvRvi Wjvi BbKvg Kiv m¤¢e| AbjvB‡b Av‡qi c_‡K

AviI mnR fv‡e †bqvi Rb¨ †jL‡Ki ÔÔB›Uvi‡b‡U AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb (fvm©b-1)ÕÕ I ÔÔB›Uvi‡b‡U AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb

(fvm©b-2)ÕÕ eB `ywU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|

weMxwbs Rygjv A¨vWfvÝW Rygjv cÖ‡dkbvj Rygjv Rygjv †U¤ú‡jU †gwKs

weMxwbs IqvW©‡cÖm A¨vWfvÝW IqvW©‡cÖm cÖ‡dkbvj IqvW©‡cÖm B›Uvi‡b‡U

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb-1 B›Uvi‡b‡U AvZ¥Kg©ms ’vb-2 B-Kgvm© A¨vÛ Rygjv!

fvPz©gvU© B-Kgvm© g¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWªgI‡qfvi mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb

A¨vWfvÝW mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb cÖ‡dkbvj mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb

d‡i· †UªwWs B-gv‡K©wUs A¨vWfvÝW GBPwUGgGj wcGBPwc A¨vÛ gvB

GmwKDGj A¨vWfvÝW wcGBPwc A¨vÛ gvB GmwKDGj Ae‡R± Awi‡q‡›UW

wc.GBP.wc †WUv‡eBR gvB GmwKDGj wm †cÖvMÖvwgs Rvfv †cÖvMÖvwgs

Rvfvw¯ŒÞ A¨vWfvÝW d‡Uvkc A¨vWfvÝW Bjv‡÷ªUi cÖ‡dkbvj MÖvwd·

wWRvBb cÖ‡dkbvj Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s I‡W¯‹ Ges AvD‡mvwm©s

A¨vwdwj‡qU gv‡K©wUs


21


22

Aa¨vq-2

HTML e¨vwmK

2.1 t HTML U¨vM (Tag)


23

I‡qe‡cR Gi Kb‡U›U‡K eªvDRv‡i cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡Yi U¨vM eënvi n‡q _v‡K| GBPwUGgGj U¨vM

¸‡jv A‡bKUv BDRvi †d«Ûjx| BDRvi †d«Ûjx ej‡Z HTML U¨vM ¸‡jv AvqË Kiv Ab¨vb¨ †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR

Gi g‡Zv †Zgb Kómva¨ bq| eªvDRvi HTML G eëüZ U¨vM Gi Dci wfwË K‡i Kb‡U›U‡K cÖ`wk©Z K‡i| †hgb

: †jLv‡K †evì Kivi Rb¨ b U¨vM, AvÛvijvBb Kivi Rb¨ u U¨vM eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ cÖkœ n‡‛Q, Zvn‡j

mvaviY †U·U Ges U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ cv_©¨K¨ wK ? HTML U¨vM †jLvi g~jZ wKQz wbqg i‡q‡Q|

2.1.1 t HTML U¨vM †jLvi wbqg

cÖwZwU HTML U¨vM < (less than Sign) w`‡q ïi‚ Ki‡Z nq|

Gici U¨vM Gi bvg D‡j L Ki‡Z nq|

Ges me‡k‡l > (greater than Sign) w`‡q U¨vM †kl Ki‡Z nq|

†hgb t <a>, <b>, <img />, <code> BZ¨vw`|

Note : HTML U¨vM ¸‡jv †Km †mbwmwUf bq, Z‡e W3C ÷¨vÛvW© Abyhvqx †QvU A¶‡i †jLv fvj|

HTML G †Kvb †U·U‡K wewfbœ U¨vM Gi gva¨‡g †jLvi mgq cÖwZwU U¨vM‡K yBevi K‡i eënvi Ki‡Z nq|

G¸‡jv nj t

2.1.2 t I‡cwbs U¨vM (Opening Tags)

†U·U ïi‚ Kivi Av‡M I‡cwbs U¨vM wW‡K¬qvi Ki‡Z nq| I‡cwbs U¨vM †jLvi wbqg t <Tag>

2.1.3 t †K¬vwRs U¨vM (Closing Tags)

†U·U †kl nIqvi ci †K¬vwRs U¨vM wW‡K¬qvi Ki‡Z nq| †K¬vwRs U¨vM †jLvi wbqg n‡‛Q U¨vM Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© /

less than mvBb Gi c‡i GKwU d«›U ¯ ¨vk "/" eënvi Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr t </Tag>| wb‡P I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs

Gi D`vniY †Ìqv nj t

<Opening Tag> Here is Your Text </Closing Tag>

<p> This line would be written under Paragraph style </p>

2.1.4 t HTML G¤úwU U¨vM (Empty Tags)

HTML G †ek wKQz U¨vM i‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv †Kvb †U·U‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i bv| we‡kl wKQz Kv‡R G‡ì eënvi n‡q

_v‡K| †hgb t <br>, <hr>, <img>, <input> BZ¨vw`| GB U¨vM ¸‡jv‡K G¤úwU U¨vM (Empty Tags) ejv

n‡q _v‡K| GB U¨vM¸‡jvi †Kvb †K¬vwRs U¨vM †bB| Z‡e W3C ÷¨vÛvW© Abyhvqx GmKj G¤úwU U¨vM¸‡jv‡KI

†K¬vR Kiv DwPZ| GRb¨ U¨vM Gi bv‡gi †k‡l Ges greather than mvBb Gi c~‡e© GKwU †¯úm ( ) Ges GKwU

d«›U ¯ ¨vk "/" eënvi Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr t <br />, <hr />

2.2 t HTML †WwcÖ‡K‡UW U¨vM (Deprecated Tags) I A¨vwUªweDU (Attributes)

GBPwUGgGj Gi c~‡e©i fvm©b¸‡jv‡Z (HTML 4.01 Gi c~‡e©) eëüZ wKQz U¨vM I A¨vwUªweDU HTML 4.01

fvm©‡b †WwcÖ‡K‡UW (Abby‡gvw`Z) †Nvlbv Kiv nq| †WwcÖ‡K‡UW gv‡b GB bq †h, GwU KvR Ki‡e bv !! Z‡e,

†cBR f¨vwj‡Wk‡b GwU mgm¨v n‡q `vov‡e| wewfbœ †WwcÖ‡K‡UW U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q - <big>, <center>,

<font>, <franme>, <strike> BZ¨vw`|

2.3 t HTML A¨vwUªweDU (Attributes) I f¨vwjD (Value)


24

HTML U¨vM G eëüZ welqmg~‡ni wewfbœ cwieZ©b mvab, wewfbœ Avw½‡K Dc ’vcb Kiv, mywbw ©ófv‡e cÖKvk

Kivi Rb¨ U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ wewfbœ A¨vwUªweDU eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb n‡q _v‡K| Avi GmKj A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi

/KvR‡K mywbw ©ó Ki‡Z, G‡Z wewfbœ f¨vwjD eëüZ nq| †hgb t <p> U¨vM eënvi K‡i hLb †Kvb †U·U †jLv

nq, ZLb ¯vfvweK wbq‡g GwU eªvDRvi G evg w`K †_‡K ïi‚ nq| GLb Avwg hw` GB †U·U‡K eªvDRvi Gi Wvb

w`K †_‡K ïi‚ Ki‡Z PvB, A_v©r Wvb w`K †_‡K cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z PvB-Z‡e <p> U¨vM G wb‡Pi g‡Zv A¨vwUªweDU I

f¨vwjD eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

<p dir="rtl"> This line will be shown as right to left in browser </p>

GLv‡b <p> n‡‛Q U¨vM, dir n‡‛Q D³ <p> U¨vM Gi A¨vwUªweDU Ges rtl n‡‛Q dir A¨vwUªweDU G eëüZ f¨vwjD|

Note : mKj U¨v‡M A¨vwUªweDU eënvi nq bv| Avevi mKj U¨vMI me ai‡Yi A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv| Avgiv

cieZ©x Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z G m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|

2.3.1 t A¨vwUªweDU †jLvi wbqg

HTML G A¨vwUªweDU †jLvi wbqg n‡‛Q-I‡cwbs U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ U¨vM Gi bvg Gi ci GKwU †¯úm eënvi K‡i

A¨vwUªweDU D‡j L Ki‡Z nq|

<Tag_name Attribute_name

2.3.2 t f¨vwjD †mU Kivi wbqg

A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD †mU Kivi Rb¨ A¨vwUªweDU Gi bv‡gi c‡i GKwU BKzqvj mvBb, Zvici †Kv‡Ukb Gi g‡a¨

f¨vwjD wjL‡Z nq|

= "Value" wb‡P A¨vwUªweDU I f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i U¨vM wj‡L †`Lv‡bv nj t

<a href="http://www.bookbd.info"> BookBD </a>

A¨vwUªweDU f¨vwjD

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="theme.css" />

Attr Val Attr Val Attr Val

Note : f¨vwjD A¨vmvBb Kivi mgq †Kv‡Ukb eënvi Kiv Avek¨K| wms‡Mj Ges Wvej †Kv‡Ukb - Dfq c×wZB

eënvi Kiv hv‡e|

2.3.3 t HTML Gi cÖavb A¨vwUªweDU mg~n

HTML G D‡j L‡hvM¨ wKQz A¨vwUªweDU i‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv cÖvq me ai‡Yi U¨vM Gi mv‡_ eënvi‡hvM¨| G¸‡jv nj

t id, class, title Ges style|


25

2.3.3.1 t id HTML †c‡Ri †Kvb U¨vM‡K wbw ©ófv‡e mbv³ Kivi Rb¨ id A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Kiv n‡q

_v‡K| HTML †cR‡K hLb †Kvb CSS A_ev JavaScript dvB‡ji mv‡_ wjsK Kiv nq, ZLb HTML Gi

U¨vM‡K id A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Gi gva¨‡g D³ CSS A_ev JavaScript dvBj h_vh_ KvR m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|

†hgb t-

HTML dvB‡j id attribute Gi eënvi CSS dvB‡j id (#) eënvi

K‡i U¨vM mbv³ Kiv

2.3.3.2 t class HTML †c‡Ri g‡a¨ GKB iK‡gi wewfbœ U¨vM‡K Avjv`v-Avjv`vfv‡e mbv³ Kivi Rb¨

class A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb t †Kvb GKwU HTML †c‡Ri g‡a¨ 4wU <p> U¨vM i‡q‡Q| GLb

Avwg hw` GB 4wU <p> U¨vM‡K Avjv`v-Avjv`vfv‡e mbv³ Ki‡Z PvB, Z‡e class Attribute Gi gva¨‡g

msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb t

HTML dvB‡j class attribute Gi eënvi CSS dvB‡j class (.) eënvi K‡i U¨vM mbv³ Kiv

Note : HTML id Ges class A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD Ô†Km-†mbwmwUfÕ| f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e †h †Kvb bvg n‡Z cv‡i,

†mB gvb a‡i CSS A_ev JavaScript cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡e| f¨vwjD Aek¨B †jUvi w`‡q ïi‚ n‡Z

n‡e Ges cieZ©x‡Z bv¤^vi (0-9), nvB‡db (-), AvÛvi‡¯‹vi ( _ ), Kgv (.) eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

2.3.3.3 t title HTML †c‡Ri †Kvb Bwj‡g›U‡K (Bwj‡g›U wb‡q cieZ©x Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv

Kiv n‡q‡Q) eªvDRv‡i wb‡ ©k Kivi Rb¨ title A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| title A¨vwUªweDU mvaviYZ

<a>, <area>, <img>, <link>, <abbr>, <acronym> U¨vM¸‡jv‡Z †ewk eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| eB‡qi

cieZ©x Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z title A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

<p class="attr1">

<p class="attr2">

<p class="attr3">

<p class="attr4">

p.attr1

p.attr2

p.attr3

p.attr4

<div id="attribute">

div#attribute


26

2.3.3.4 t style HTML †c‡R GK jvBb wewkó †Kvb Bwj‡g‡›U ÷vBj (Inline CSS) cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨

style A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb t-wb‡Pi <p> U¨v‡M ÷vBj A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Gi d›U I

Kvjvi cwieZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q|

<p style="font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;"> Some text. </p>

2.4 t Kb‡U›U (Contents)

I‡qe‡c‡R Avgiv hv †`L‡Z cvB, (†U·U, B‡gR, AwWD, wfwWD BZ¨vw`) me wKQzB Kb‡U›U| D`vniY¯iƒc t

Avgiv hw` I‡qe‡cR‡K GKwU Kb‡UBbvi Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kwi †h, GKwU Kb‡UBbvi Gi g‡a¨ wK _v‡K ? Pvj,

Wvj, cvwb BZ¨vw`| Kb‡UBbvi Gme wKQz aviY (contain) K‡i| Avi aviYK…Z Pvj, Wvj, cvwb n‡‛Q D³

Kb‡UBbvi Gi Kb‡U›U (Contents)| wVK †Zgwb, GLv‡b Kb‡UBbvi n‡‛Q Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡cR Avi Kb‡UBbvi Gi

g‡a¨ _vKv Pvj,Wvj, cvwb BZ¨vw` hveZxq Kb‡U›U n‡‛Q I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ †U·U, B‡gR, AwWD, wfwWD BZ¨vw`|

wPÎ : 2.4.1 (I‡qe‡cR Gi Kb‡U›U mg~n)|

2.5 t HTML G·‡Ubkb (Extension)

Kw¤úDUv‡i eëüZ cÖwZwU dvBj, wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR Gi wbR¯ G·‡Ubkb/dig¨vU i‡q‡Q| G·‡Ubkb

ej‡Z GKwU dvBj †h bv‡g †mf Kiv n‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K eySvq| †hgb t-wewfbœ wfwWI dvB‡ji G·‡Ubkb t

".avi, .vod. .dat, .mp4" BZ¨vw` n‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ AwWI dig¨v‡Ui Mvb Gi G·‡Ubkb t ".mp3, .amr,

.wav" BZ¨vw` n‡q _v‡K| Avevi wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR †hgb t-wcGBPwcÔi G·‡Ubkb n‡‛Q ".php",

JavaScript †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR Gi G·‡Ubkb n‡‛Q ".js"| wVK †Zgwb HTML j¨vs¸‡qR Gi G·‡Ubkb

n‡‛Q ".html"| G·‡Ubkb e¨vwZZ A_ev G·‡Ubkb cwieZ©b n‡j †Kvb fv‡eB D³ dvBj KvR Ki‡e bv| †hgb

t †Kvb AwWI dvB‡ji G·‡Ubkb cwieZ©b K‡i hw` B‡gR dig¨vU dvB‡ji G·‡Ubkb ".jpg, .gif, .png" †`qv

nq, Zvn‡j †hgb D³ AwWI dvBj KvR Ki‡e bv, wVK †Zgwb HTML Gi G·‡Ubkb cwieZ©b K‡i hw` ".php"

ivLv nq, Zvn‡j GwU I KvR Ki‡e bv| myZivs G·‡Ubkb AwZ ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© welq|


27

2.6 t HTML GwWUi

GBPwUGgGj †KvW wjLvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì GKwU †U·U GwWUi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e, †hgb - Notepad, Notepad ++,

Text Editor BZ¨vw`| GQvov, eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

Software †hgb:- (Macromedia Dreamweaver, Adobe Dreamweaver BZ¨vw`) i‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv

eënvi K‡i mnR I ¯^í mg‡q †cÖvMÖvg †jLv hvq| g¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWªgI‡qfvi eënvi K‡i Abvqv‡mB A‡bK

AvKl©bxq I‡qemvBU •Zwi Kiv hvq| g¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWªgI‡qfvi eënvi K‡i I‡qemvBU •Zwi Kiv wkL‡Z PvB‡j

†jL‡Ki †jLv ÔÔg¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWªgI‡qfviÕÕ eBwU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|

wPÎ : 2.6.1 (g¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWªgI‡qfvi)

wPÎ : 2.6.2 (Notepad Editor)


28

2.7 t HTML dvBj Gi e¨vwmK MVb

GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi GKwU wbR¯ •ewkó¨/MVb c×wZ i‡q‡Q| †mB MVb/wbqg Abymv‡i GBPwUGgGj dvBj

wjL‡Z nq| Gi evB‡i GBPwUGgGj dvBj KvR Ki‡e bv| wb‡P GKwU GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi e¨vwmK MVb

c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj

wPÎ : 2.7.1 (HTML dvBj Gi e¨vwmK MVb)|

cÖwZwU HTML dvBj ïi‚ Ki‡Z nq <html> (html Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM) w`‡q, Ges †kl Ki‡Z nq </html>

(html Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM) w`‡q| GB html Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ Avgv‡ì Ab¨vb¨ mg¯— U¨vM,

Kb‡U›U _vK‡e| html Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb †h `yÕwU †mKkb _vK‡e, G¸‡jv nj t head

†mKkb Ges body †mKkb| head †mKkb Gi wfZi †cR m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ Bbdi‡gkb, †cR Gi wk‡ivbvg,

wewfbœ w¯ŒÞ, ÷vBj BZ¨vw` welqmg~n †hvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| head †mKkb‡K body †mKkb ïi‚ nIqvi Av‡MB

†K¬vR Ki‡Z n‡e| head †mKkb wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi Avgiv Avgv‡ì

I‡qe‡c‡R †h mKj wKQz (†U·U, B‡gR, d¬¨vk BZ¨vw`) †`L‡Z cvB, Zvi meB body †mKkb Gi g‡a¨ D‡j L

Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b Av‡iv GKwU welq j¶¨bxq †h, †h U¨vM mevi Av‡M ïi‚ n‡q‡Q, †mwU mevi c‡i G‡m †kl

n‡q‡Q| G mKj welq¸‡jv Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z cÖ¨vKwUK¨vjx †`L‡Z cv‡ev|

2.8 t HTML G cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg †jLv

GZ¶b Avgiv GBPwUGgGj Gi LuywUbvwU welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| GLb GmKj welq¸‡jv eënvi K‡i

GBPwUGgGj G Avgiv Avgv‡ì cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg wj‡L Zv eªvDRv‡i ivb K‡i †`L‡ev| Pjyb, Zvn‡j ïi‚ Kiv hvK . .

avc-1 t †bvUc¨vW I‡cb Kiv

GRb¨ cÖ_‡g Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii Start †gby¨ †_‡K Run G wK¬K Ki‚b|


29

wPÎ : 2.8.1 (Start Run G wK¬K Kiv)|

A_ev, Kx-†evW© †_‡K (Window evUb + R) †cÖm Ki‚b|

wPÎ : 2.8.2 (Kx-†evW© †_‡K Window key + R †cÖm Kiv)|

GLb wb‡Pi g‡Zv GKwU WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|

wPÎ : 2.8.3 (ivb WvqvjM e·)|

Gevi Open Gi cv‡ki †U·U wd‡ì "notepad" UvBc Ki‚b Ges Ok evU‡b wK¬K Ki‚b|


30

wPÎ : 2.8.4 (†U·U wd‡ì notepad UvBc K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiv)|

Zvn‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv GKwU †bvUc¨vW I‡cb n‡e|

wPÎ : 2.8.5 (†bvUc¨vW I‡cb nIqv)|

avc- 2 t HTML dvB‡j †KvW †jLv

Gevi AvMZ †bvUc¨v‡W wb‡Pi g‡Zv HTML †KvW/U¨vM wjwL|

†cÖvMÖvg bs 1 (p1.html) HTML G cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg †jLv|

<html>

<head> <title> This is my first HTML Program ;) </title>

</head>

<body> Hellow World !! </body>

</html>


31

wPÎ : 2.8.6 (Notepad G HTML †KvW †jLv)|

avc-3 t dvBj †mf Kiv

Gevi dvBjwU‡K Avgiv HTML dig¨v‡U †mf Ki‡ev| GRb¨ cÖ_‡g File †gby¨ †_‡K Save As...G wK¬K Kwi|

wPÎ : 2.8.7 (File Save As... G wK¬K Kiv)|

cÖ_‡g Save in Gi cv‡ki Wªc-WvDb wj÷ †_‡K Gi †jv‡Kkb, A_©vr dvBjwU †Kv_vq wM‡q msiw¶Z n‡e, Zv

wVK K‡i w`B| Gevi dvBjwUi Rb¨ GKwU bvg w`‡Z n‡e Ges bv‡gi †k‡l Aek¨B .html G·‡Ubkb eënvi

Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi g‡Zv File name Gi N‡i Avgv‡ì dvBj Gi Rb¨ GKwU bvg wjwL|

wPÎ : 2.8.8 (.html G·‡Ubkb eënvi K‡i html dvBj Gi bvg †jLv)|

1

2


32

GLv‡b GKwU welq j¶¨bxq †h, HTML dvBj Gi bv‡g †Kvb †nvqvBU †¯úm (" ") eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv| †nvqvBU

†¯úm Gi cwie‡Z© nvB‡db ("-") A_ev AvÛvi‡¯‹vi ("_") eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

Gevi Save as type wdì n‡Z All Files wm‡j± Ki‚b|

wPÎ : 2.8.9 (Save as type Gi cv‡ki Wªc-WvDb wj÷ n‡Z All Files wm‡j± Kiv)|

me‡k‡l Save evU‡bv wK¬K K‡i dvBjwU †mf Ki‚b|

wPÎ : 2.8.10 (cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR †k‡l Save evU‡b wK¬K Kiv)|


33

avc-4 t AvDUcyU

GLb Avgiv Avgv‡ì •Zwi Kiv GBPwUGgGj Gi AvDUcyU †`L‡ev| GRb¨ cÖ_‡g Avgiv Avgv‡ì dvBjwU †h

wW‡i±ix‡Z †mf K‡iwQ, †mLv‡b P‡j hvB|

wPÎ : 2.8.11 (dvBj Gi wW‡i±wi)|

Gevi †h dvBjwU wKQz¶b Av‡M †mf K‡i‡Qb, †mwU †Kvb GKwU eªvDRvi w`‡q I‡cb Ki‚b| GRb¨ dvBjwUi

Dci gvDm Gi Wvb evUb wK¬K Ki‚b| Zvici Open With Ges GLvb †_‡K AvMZ †h †Kvb GKwU eªvDRvi

(†hgb t- Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera BZ¨vw`) Gi bv‡gi Dci

wK¬K Ki‚b, †h¸‡jv Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i Bb÷j Kiv Av‡Q|

we t ªt GBPwUGgGj Gi A‡bK U¨vM, A¨vwUªweDU-eªvDRvi Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i KvR K‡i| G m¤ú‡K© Avgiv

cieZ©x Aa¨vq ¸‡jv‡Z we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|

wPÎ : 2.8.12 (GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi AvDUcyU †`Lvi Rb¨ eªvDRvi wm‡j± Kiv )|

Gevi wb‡Pi g‡Zv Avcbvi •ZwiK…Z GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`L‡Z cv‡eb|


34

wPÎ : 2.8.13 (HTML dvBj Gi AvDUcyU)|

†KvW we‡k lY t

GLb Avgiv GB HTML dvBj Gi cÖwZwU U¨vM m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev|

Avgv‡ì HTML dvBjwU <html> (html Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM) w`‡q ïi‚ n‡q‡Q Ges †kl n‡q‡Q </html>

(html Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM) eënvi K‡i| A_©vr wbqgvbymv‡i <html> Ges </html> U¨vM Gi wfZi Ab¨vb¨ U¨vM

I Kb‡U›U eëüZ n‡q‡Q|

<html>

</html>

<html> Gi ci <head> U¨vM eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| <head> †mKkb Gi wfZi wewfbœ ÷vBj, w¯ŒÞ eënvi

Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wbqgvbymv‡i head †mKkb‡K (<head> </head>) body U¨vM ïi‚ nIqvi Av‡MB †K¬vR Kiv

n‡q‡Q| head †mKkb wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

<html>

<head>

</head>

</html>

<head> †mKk‡bi wfZi <title> bv‡g GKwU U¨vM eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB U¨vMwU I‡qe‡c‡Ri

UvB‡Uj/wk‡ivbvg aviY K‡i| UvB‡Uj U¨vM eënvi K‡i cieZ©x‡Z Avgiv cÖ¨vKwUK¨vjx A‡bK KvR †`L‡ev|

<title> This is my first HTML Program ;) </title>

<html>

<head>


</head>

</html>

wb‡P eªvDRv‡i UvB‡Uj U¨vM Gi AvDUcyU †`Lv‡bv nj t


35

wPÎ : 2.8.14 (UvB‡Uj U¨vM Gi AvDUcyU)|

Dc‡i wPwýZ RvqMvUzKz Title U¨vM Gi wfZi †jLv, hv eªvDRvi Gi UvB‡Uj As‡k cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|

<head> U¨vM †K¬vR Kivi ci Avgiv <body> U¨vM Gi KvR ïi‚ K‡iwQ| Avgiv †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡R hv wKQz

†`L‡Z cvB (Kb‡U›U), Zvi me wKQzB GB <body> U¨vM Gi wfZi wjL‡Z nq| †hgb t-Hellow World!!

†jLvwU‡K I‡qe‡c‡R cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv GwU‡K <body> U¨vM Gi wfZi wW‡K¬qvi wj‡LwQ| I‡qe‡c‡Ri

GmKj Kb‡U›U‡K wbqš¿b Kivi Rb¨ HTML G A‡bK U¨vM eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Av‡¯— Av‡¯— Avgiv G

mKj welq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev| "<body> Hellow World !! </body>"

<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>

Hellow World !!

</body>

</html>

wPÎ : 2.8.15 (<body> U¨vM Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvi AvDUcU)|


36

2.9 t Bb‡W‡›Ukb (Indention)

†cÖvMÖvg †jLvi mgq wbw ©ó ’v‡b duvKv (Avwg GLv‡b PviwU K‡i †¯úm eënvi K‡iwQ - G KvRwU Avcwb mn‡R

Kivi Rb¨ Kx-†evW© †_‡K Tab evUb eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib) †i‡L †i‡L †cÖvMÖvwgs‡q †mŠ›`h©/¯úóZv e„w× KivB n‡‛Q

Indentation. †hgb t Dc‡ii GBPwUGgGj dvBjwU‡Z Indentation eënvi K‡i dvBjwU wj‡LwQ| Avwg hw`

Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi bvI KiZvg, ZeyI Avgvi dvBjwU KvR Ki‡Zv| wKš‘, Avcwb GKRb fv‡jv I‡qe

wWRvBbvi/†W‡fjcvi/†cÖvMÖvgvi-Ab¨ †Kvb †cÖvMÖvgvi Gi Kv‡Q Avcbvi `¶Zv Avcwb †cÖvMÖvg wjLvi gva¨‡g cÖKvk

Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ZvQvov A‡bK mgq †cÖvMÖvwgs‡q Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi bv Kivi Kvi‡b A‡b‡K B›UviwfD †_‡KI ev`

c‡o hvq| †h‡Kvb fv‡jv Af¨v‡mi g‡Zv †cÖvMÖvwgs‡q Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi KivUvI mgq mva¨ e¨vcvi| Dc‡ii

†cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z Avwg <html> </html> †jLvq †Kvb Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi Kwiwb, KviY html U¨vM GBPwUGgGj

dvB‡ji cÖ_g/cÖavb Ask|

<html>

</html>

wKš‘, head Ges body †mKkb eënvi Gi mgq Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi K‡iwQ, KviY G¸‡jv html Gi GK GKwU

Bwj‡g›U (A_©vr, <html> GLv‡b cÖavb Bwj‡g›U, Avi <head> Ges <body> n‡‛Q <html> Gi Bwj‡g›U)|

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

Avevi †nW †mKkb Gi wfZi UvB‡Uj U¨vMwU‡K Avjv`v Bb‡b›Ukb eënvi K‡i wj‡LwQ| KviY, title n‡‛Q head

Gi Bwj‡g›U| Bwj‡g›U wb‡q Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

<head>

<title> This is my first HTML Program;) </title>

</head>

wVK †Zgwb, <body> </body> Gi wfZ‡ii Hellow World!! †jLvwU‡Z Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi K‡iwQ| KviY,

Hellow World!! <body> Gi Kb‡U›U|

<body>

Hellow World!!

</body>


37

2.10 t GBPwUGgGj K‡g›U (Comments)

K‡g›Um Gi K_v ïb‡j nq‡Zv ev †dmeyK K‡g›U Gi K_v g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| welqwU Avm‡j Zv bv| †dmeyK K‡g›U

Gi g‡Zv GwU eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq bv| GBPwUGgGj G K‡g›U eënvi Ki‡eb †Kej Avcbvi eySvi myweav‡_©|

g‡b Ki‚b, AvR Avcbvi •Zwi Kiv GKwU GBPwUGgGj †cBR/†cÖvMÖvg/WKz‡g›U-AvR †_‡K AvMvgx 6 gvm ci

Gi wewfbœ †KvW Gi eënvi bvI eyS‡Z cv‡ib| G‡¶‡Î †KvW Gi cv‡k K‡g›U eënvi K‡i GB mgm¨v †_‡K gyw³

†c‡Z cv‡ib| ZvQvov A‡bK mgq I‡qe‡cR wWRvBb/†W‡fjc‡g›U Gi †¶‡Î GKvwaK wWRvBbvi/†W‡fjcvi

GKmv‡_ KvR K‡i _v‡Kb, ZLb Avcbvi †cÖvMÖvgwU Ab¨vb¨ wWRvBbvi Gi eySvi myweav‡_©I K‡g›U eënv‡ii

cÖ‡qvRb n‡q _v‡K|

2.10.1 t K‡g›U (Comments) Gi eënvi

GBPwUGgGj G K‡g›U eënvi Kivi Rb¨ K‡g›U (!--) U¨vM eëüZ nq|

†h †jLv‡K K‡g›U Gi wfZ‡i ivL‡Z Pvb, Zvi cÖ_‡g "<!—" Ges †jLvi †k‡l "-->" eënvi Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr,



wb‡P GKwU D`vnib Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi nIqv hvK|

wPÎ : 2.10.1.1 (†cÖvMÖvg G K‡g›U Gi eënvi)|

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡i Avgiv This is a comment. The Comment line(s) w...jvBbwU‡K K‡g›U U¨vM Gi wfZ‡i †i‡LwQ,

ZvB GwU eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e bv| wKš‘ wb‡Pi jvBbwU wVKB eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLb †cRwU eªvDRv‡i ivb

Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 2.10.1.2 (†cÖvMÖv‡g K‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|


38

2.11 t WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qv‡ikb

†Kvb GBPwUGgGj †cB‡R Gi WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi bv Kiv n‡j eªvDRvi eyS‡Z cv‡i bv †h, GwU GBPwUGgGj

Gi †Kvb fvm©‡b •Zwi| †m‡¶‡Î GBPwUGgGj msµvš— wewfbœ Z_¨B eªvDRvi Gi wbKU †cuŠQvq bv| WKz‡g›U UvBc

wW‡K¬qvi Kiv Qvov GBPwUGgGj †cBR f¨vwj‡WkbI m¤¢e bq| ZvB h_vh_ WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi Kiv Ri‚ix|

WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi Kivi Rb¨ GBPwUGgGj Gi <!DOCTYPE> eëüZ nq| Z‡e, GwU GBPwUGgGj

Gi †Kvb U¨vM bq| GwU GBPwUGgGj †cBR Gi ïi‚‡Z (<html> U¨vM Gi cÖ_‡g) D‡j L Ki‡Z nq|

D`vniY t

wPÎ : 2.11.1 (WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qv‡ikb)|

2.11.1 t HMTL 4.01 fvm©‡b WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi Kiv

HTML 4.01 G wZbfv‡e WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi Kiv nq|

2.11.1.1 t Strict

GBPwUGgGj 4.01 fvm©‡b Dchy³ WKz‡g›U dig¨vU GwU| †Kvb †WwcÖ‡K‡UW U¨vM, A¨vwUªweDU, †d«g‡mU GB

WKz‡g›U dig¨v‡U eënvi‡hvM¨ bq| GwU †jLvi wbqg t

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

2.11.1.2 t Transitional

A‡bK mgq Avcbv‡K Avcbvi I‡qe‡cB‡R †WwcÖ‡K‡UW A¨vwUªweDU, U¨vM eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î

GB WKz‡g›U UvBcwU D‡j L Ki‡Z nq|

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

2.11.1.3 t Frameset

†d«g‡mU eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡cBR •Zwi‡Z GB WKz‡g›U UvBcwU D‡j L Ki‡Z nq|

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">

2.11.2 t HMTL 5 fvm©‡b WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi Kiv

HTML 5 G wb‡gœv³ c×wZ‡Z WKz‡g›U UvBc D‡j L Ki‡Z nq|

<!DOCTYPE html>


39

we t `ª t GBPwUGgGj 5 G †Kvb cÖKvi †WwcÖ‡K‡UW U¨vM, A¨vwUªweDU mgw_©Z bq|


40


41

Aa¨vq-3

HTML Bwj‡g›Um

(Elements)

3.1 t HTML Bwj‡g›U (Elements)


42

Bwj‡g›U ej‡Z hLb GBPwUGgGj Gi †Kvb U¨vM Gi cwic~Y© eënvi nq, ZLb H cy‡iv U¨vM Gi eënvi‡K GKwU

Bwj‡g›U e‡j| †hgb t- <p> GKwU U¨vM| hLb GB p U¨vMwUi m¤ú~Y© eënvi n‡e, ZLb cy‡iv welqwU wg‡j GwU

n‡e p Bwj‡g›U|

wPÎ : 3.1.1 (p Bwj‡g›U)|

1) GLv‡b <p> n‡‛Q I‡cwbs U¨vM

2) This is Paragraph Text – n‡‛Q p U¨vM Gi Kb‡U›U

3) Ges </p> n‡‛Q †K¬vwRs U¨vM

GLb GB cy‡iv welqwU wg‡j GwU‡K ejv n‡e <p> Bwj‡g›U|

wb‡P Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi nIqv hvK -

wPÎ : 3.1.2 (h1 Bwj‡g›U)|

wPÎ : 3.1.3 (html Bwj‡g›U)|


43

wPÎ : 3.1.4 (html, body Ges p Bwj‡g›U)|

wPÎ : 3.1.5 (html, body, p Ges a Bwj‡g›U)|

3.1.1 t Bwj‡g›U Gi MVb

1) I‡cwbs U¨vM w`‡q ïi‚ n‡Z n‡e

2) †K¬vwRs U¨vM eënvi K‡i †kl Ki‡Z n‡e

3) I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi wfZi Ab¨vb¨ U¨vM/Bwj‡g›U A_ev Kb‡U›U _vK‡e

4) G¤úwU Bwj‡g›U‡K (†hgb t - hr, br, img BZ¨vw`) I‡cwbs U¨vM Gi wfZiB †K¬vR Ki‡Z n‡e

(<hr />, <br />, <img src="html.jpeg" />)|

5) cÖvq mKj Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨B A¨vwUªweDU eënvi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb t- <body>, <img>, <a>

<abbr> BZ¨vw`|


44

3.1.2 t †b‡óW GBPwUGgGj Bwj‡g›U (Nested HTML Elements)

cÖwZwU GBPwUGgGj WKz‡g›U/†cBR AmsL¨ Bwj‡g›U Gi mgš‡q MwVZ| GBPwUGgGj Gi cÖvq cÖwZwU Bwj‡g›U

Aci †Kvb Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY K‡i Ges hLb †Kvb Bwj‡g›U Aci †Kvb Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY K‡i _v‡K, ZLb cy‡iv

welqwU‡K Nested Element (GKvwaK Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi) ejv n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P wKQz D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g

welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi nIqv hvK|

wPÎ : 3.1.2.1 (Nested Element - <head>)|

GLv‡b <head> Bwj‡g›UwU <title> Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q|

wPÎ : 3.1.2.2 (Nested Element - <head> )|

GLv‡b <head> Bwj‡g›UwU <meta> Ges <title> Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q|

wPÎ : 3.1.2.3 ( Nested Element - <body> )|


45

GLv‡b <body> Bwj‡g›UwU <p> Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q|

wPÎ : 3.1.2.4 (Nested Element - <body>)|

GLv‡b <body> Bwj‡g›UwU <h1> Ges <p> Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q|

wPÎ : 3.1.2.5 (Nested Element - <html>)|

GLv‡b <html> Bwj‡g›UwU <body>, <h1> Ges <p> Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q|

3.1.3 t HTML Gi cÖavb Bwj‡g›Umg~n

cÖwZwU GBPwUGgGj †cBR •Zwi‡Z cÖavb PviwU Bwj‡g›U eëüZ nq, †h¸‡jv bv n‡jB bq| GB Bwj‡g›U¸‡jv

n‡jv t

1. <html>

2. <head>

3. <title>

4. <body>


46

3.1.3.1 t <html> Element

†Kvb GBPwUGgGj WKz‡g›U/†cBR Gi cÖavb Bwj‡g›U n‡‛Q GB <html> Bwj‡g›U| GBPwUGgGj †cB‡Ri

mg¯— Bwj‡g›U/Kb‡U›U GB Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ Ae ’vb K‡i (!DOCTYPE ev‡`)| GBPwUGgGj Gi I‡cwbs

U¨vM‡K mevi cÖ_‡g (!DOCTYPE Gi c‡i) Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM‡K mevi †k‡l wjL‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î Avgiv †Kvb

I‡qe‡c‡Ri †mvm© †KvW (Source Code) †`‡LI welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi n‡Z cvwi|

†mvm© †KvW †`Lv t

†Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri †mvm© †KvW †`Lvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g I‡qe‡c‡Ri †h †Kvb RvqMvq gvD‡mi Wvb evUb wK¬K Ki‚b|

AZtci AvMZ Ackb¸‡jv †_‡K "View Page Source" †jLvwUi Dci wK¬K Ki‚b|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.1.1 (I‡qe‡c‡Ri †mvm© †KvW †`Lvi Rb¨ †c‡Ri Dci gvD‡mi Wvb evUb wK¬K Kiv )|

Gevi wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv GB †cRwUi †mvm© †KvW P‡j Avm‡e|


47

wPÎ : 3.1.3.1.2 (†Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri †mvm© †KvW †`Lv)|

3.1.3.2 t <head> Element

†Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri wk‡ivbvg, I‡qe‡cR msµvš— wewfbœ Z_¨vewj, wewfbœ CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)

Style, Javascript †KvW <head> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi wjL‡Z nq| <head> Bwj‡g›U‡K <html> I‡cwbs

U¨vM Gi c‡i-ïi‚ Ges <body> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM ïi‚ nIqvi c~‡e©-†kl Ki‡Z nq Ges <head> Bwj‡g›U

Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM (<head> </head>) Gi wfZi <head> Bwj‡g›U Gi Ab¨vb¨ Bwj‡g›U,Dcv`vb

(<title>, <meta>, <base> BZ¨vw`) wjL‡Z nq| wb‡P GKwU D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi

nIqv hvK t

GBPwUGgGj Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM

GBPwUGgGj Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM


48

wPÎ : 3.1.3.2.1 (<head> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi)|

<head> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi eëüZ Ab¨vb¨ Bwj‡g›Umg~n t

<title>

<style>

<base>

<link>

<meta>

<script> Ges

<noscript>

Gme welq mg~n m¤ú‡K© Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|

3.1.3.3 t <title> Element

I‡qe‡cR Gi UvB‡Uj/wk‡ivbvg Gi Rb¨ <title> Bwj‡g›UwU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| UvB‡Uj‡K (UvB‡Uj

Bwj‡g›U) †Kvb m¤ú~Y© I‡qe‡cBR Dc ’vcb Kivi gva¨g wn‡m‡eI AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| UvB‡Uj †`‡L †Kvb GKRb

wfwRUi eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, GwU Avm‡j †Kvb ai‡Yi I‡qemvBU| ZvQvov, mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb (GmBI) Gi

†¶‡ÎI UvB‡Uj Bwj‡g›U AZ¨š— ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| I‡qe‡c‡Ri UvB‡Uj eënv‡i wewfbœ †KŠkj

eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi I‡qemvB‡U Ggb wewfbœ †KŠkj eënvi K‡i I‡qemvBU‡K mvP© BwÄb †iRv‡ëi

kx‡l© wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ †jL‡Ki ÔÔmvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ Ges ÔÔA¨vWfvÝW mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ eB

`yÕwU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri UvB‡Uj eªvDRv‡ii mevi Dc‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq| wb‡Pi wP‡Îi gva¨‡g

Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

<html> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM

<head> Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM

<head> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM

<body> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM


49

wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1 (I‡qe‡c‡Ri UvB‡Uj)|

3.1.3.3.1 t <title> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi t

<title> Bwj‡g›U‡K GBPwUGgGj †cB‡Ri <head> †mKkb Gi wfZi wjL‡Z nq| wb‡P GKwU D`vniY Gi

gva¨‡g UvB‡Uj Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1.1 (<title> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi)|


50

AvDUcyU t

wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1.2 (<title> Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i AvDUcyU †`Lv)|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1.3 (<title> Bwj‡g›U‡K <head> †mKk‡bi wfZi ivLv)|

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii HTML dvBjwU‡Z Avgiv <title> Bwj‡g›U‡K wbqgvbymv‡i <head> †mKkb Gi wfZi †i‡LwQ|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1.4 (<title> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi †c‡Ri Rb¨ UvB‡Uj/wk‡ivbvg wjLv )|

I‡qe‡c‡R Avgiv †h †jLvwU‡K UvB‡Uj/wk‡ivbvg wn‡m‡e cÖ`k©b Kiv‡Z Pvw‛Q, †mwU‡K <title> Ges </title>

(<title> Bwj‡g›U) Gi wfZi ivLv n‡q‡Q|


51

3.1.3.4 t <body> Element

Avgiv †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri g‡a¨ hv wKQz †`L‡Z cvB (B‡gR, AwWI, wfwWI, †U·U, wjsK BZ¨vw`), Zv me wKQzB

GB <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi Aš—f©~³| wb‡P GKwU D`vnib Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi nIqv hvK -

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1 (<body> Bwj‡g›U Gi Dcv`vbmg~n)|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î gvK© Kiv cÖwZwU Ask, A_©vr †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡R `„k¨gvb mKj wKQ zB <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi Aš—f~©³|

3.1.3.4.1 t <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi t

<body> Bwj‡g›U‡K GBPwUGgGj †cB‡Ri <head> Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM (</head>) Gi c‡i-I‡cb Ges

<html> Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM (</html>) Gi c~‡e©-†K¬vR Ki‡Z nq Ges I‡qe‡c‡R cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ mKj

Bwj‡g›U, Kb‡U›U‡K <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM (<body> . . . . . </body>) Gi wfZi

ivL‡Z nq| wb‡P GKwU D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g ewW Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t


52

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1 (<body> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi)|

AvDUcyU t

Dc‡ii dvBjwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.2 (<body> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡ii Kb‡U›Umg~n eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z nIqv )|

Contents


53

†KvW we‡k lb t

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.3 ( <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM)|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, <body> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM‡K <head> Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi c‡i Ges

<body> Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM‡K <html> Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi c~‡e© wjLv n‡q‡Q|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.4 (I‡qemvB‡Ui Kb‡U›U‡K <body> Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi wfZi ivLv )|

GLv‡b I‡qemvB‡U cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ Kb‡U›Umg~n‡K <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi †jLv n‡q‡Q|


54

3.1.3.4.1.1 t <body> Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi

GBPwUGgGj Gi ewW Bwj‡g›U G wb‡gœv³ A¨vwUªweDU¸‡jv eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|

alink

background

bgcolor

link

text Ges

vlink

3.1.3.4.1.1.1 t alink

"active link" Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q "alink". GB A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i wjs‡Ki Kvjvi wba©viY K‡i †`qv

nq| wfwRUi hLb I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ †Kvb wjs‡Ki Dci wK¬K K‡i, ZLb GB A¨vwUªweDUwU KvR K‡i| A_©vr,

†Kvb wjs‡Ki Dci wK¬K Kivi mgq "alink" A¨vwUªweDU G eënvi Kiv KvjviwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

Value :

alink A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba©viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv

hvq|

1. Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgbt "green");

2. RGB (Red, Greeen & Blue) Code - RGB gvb, †hgb t rgb (0,0,0) eënvi K‡i

3. Hex (Hexadecimal) †KvW eënvi K‡i - †hgb t- "#0000FF"|

GBPwUGgj Kvjvi wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wjLvi wbqg t

<body alink="Color_name A_ev RGB_Code A_ev Hex_Code">

wb‡P alink A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-2 (p2.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G alink A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<body alink="red">

<p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com">W3Schools.com</a></p>

<p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/">HTML Tutorial</a></p>

<p><b>Note:</b> If using color names, different browsers may render different

colors, and Firefox have problems if the attribute value is in RGB code (will not display

correct color).</p>

<p><b>Tip:</b> To produce equal results in all browsers, always use hex code to

specify colors.</p>


55

<p>However, the alink attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in

HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS instead.</p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <body alink="red"> Gi gva¨‡g alink A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e jvj Kvjvi eënvi

Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Avgiv Kvjvi Gi bvg D‡j L K‡i KvRwU K‡iwQ| PvB‡j RGB A_ev Hexadecimal

Code eënvi K‡iI KvRwU Ki‡Z cviZvg| Gi wb‡P <p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com">

W3Schools.com </a></p> Ges <p> <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/">HTML

Tutorial </a></p> jvBb `yÕwUi gva¨‡g I‡qe‡c‡R yÕwU wjsK •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| (wjsK wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z

we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q)|

GLb †cRwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcyU Avm‡e|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.1.1 (GBPwUGgGj †cR‡K eªvDRv‡i †kv Kiv‡bv)|

Gevi I‡qe‡c‡R cÖ`wk©Z wjsK yÕwUi (W3Schools.com Ges HTML Tutorial) Dci wK¬K Ki‡j, G¸‡jv

jvj is (KviY, Avgv‡ì A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD jvj is‡qi wQj) aviY Ki‡e|

GLb Avwg hw` HTML Tutorial wjsKwUi Dci wK¬K Kwi, Zvn‡j †`wL welqwU wK nq !!


56

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.1.2 (HTML Tutorial wjs‡K wK¬K Kiv)|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶ Kiv hv‡‛Q †h, HTML Tutorial wjsKwUi Dci wK¬K Kiv‡Z GwU jvj is aviY Ki‡Q|

Note :

*) HTML 5 - <alink> A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|

*) HTML 4.01 fvm©‡b GwU‡K Deprecated (AewPZ) †Nvlbv Kiv nq|

*) Gi cwie‡Z© CSS eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

3.1.3.4.1.1.2 t background I‡qe‡c‡Ri e¨vKMÖvD‡Û B‡gR eënv‡ii Rb¨ GB A¨vwUªweDUwU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

Value :

background A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD/gvb wn‡m‡e URL (Uniform Resource Locator), A_©vr wjsK

eënvi Kiv nq| A_©vr †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb B‡gRwU eënvi Ki‡Z Pv‡‛Qb, †mLvbKvi wjsK GLv‡b D‡j L K‡i

w`‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î yB ai‡Yi wjsK eënvi Kiv nq| h_v t

1. Absolute URL : hLb Ab¨ †Kvb I‡qemvB‡Ui wjsK eënvi Kiv nq, ZLb GwU‡K Absolute

URL ejv nq| †hgb t (www.anotherwebsite.com/images/body_image.jpeg)

2. Relative URL : hLb GKB I‡qemvB‡Ui †Kvb wjsK eënvi Kiv nq, ZLb GwU‡K Relative

URL ejv nq| †hgb t (images/body_image.jpeg)

wjsK Ges B‡gR wb‡q Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|

wjLvi wbqg t

<body background="URL of image">

wb‡P background A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

http://www.anotherwebsite.com/images/body_image.jpeg


57

Absolute URL f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i e¨KMÖvD‡Û B‡gR †mU Kiv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-3 (p3.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G background A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<body background="http://pubpages.unh.edu/~cas254/html.jpg">

<h1>Hello world!</h1>

<p>The background attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in


</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g e¨KMÖvDÛ B‡g‡Ri Rb¨ GKwU Absolute Url "<body

background="http://pubpages.unh.edu/~cas254/html.jpg">" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GLb †cRwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.2.1 (e¨vKMÖvDÛ B‡gR eënvi K‡i †c‡Ri AvDUcyU †`Lv )|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î "HTML Logo" m¤wjZ GKwU B‡gR Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡c‡Ri eëKMÖvD‡Û †`Lv hv‡‛Q|

Relative URL f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i e¨vKMÖvD‡Û B‡gR †mU Kiv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-4 (p4.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G background A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<body background="images/grey.jpg">

<h1>Hello Learners!</h1>


58

<p>The background attribute will show a grey color image on Webpage

Background.</p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g e¨vKMÖvDÛ B‡g‡Ri Rb¨ Background A¨vwUªweDU G GKwU Relative URL "<body

background="images/grey.jpg">" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GLb †cRwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.2.2 (e¨vKMÖvDÛ G B‡gR eënvi K‡i †c‡Ri AvDUcyU †`Lv)|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î a~mi is‡qi GKwU B‡gR Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡c‡Ri eëKMÖvD‡Û †`Lv hv‡‛Q

Note :

*) HTML 5 - <alink> A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|



3.1.3.4.1.1.3 t bgcolor I‡qe‡c‡Ri e¨vKMÖvD‡Û Kvjvi eënvi Kivi Rb¨ bgcolor A¨vwUªweDUwU eënvi Kiv nq|

Value :

bgcolor A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba©viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv

hvq|

1. Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgb t "green,red,yellow");

2. RGB (Red, Greeen & Blue) Code - RGB gvb, †hgb t rgb(0,0,0) eënvi K‡i


59



wjLvi wbqg t

<body bgcolor="Color_name A_ev RGB_Code A_ev Hex_Code">

wb‡P bgcolor A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

Hex_Code eënvi K‡i e¨KMÖvDÛ Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs - 5 (p5.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G bgcolor A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body bgcolor="#A52A2A">

<h1>Hello world!</h1>



correct color).</p>


specify colors.</p>

<p>However, the bgcolor attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not

supported in HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS

instead.</p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g-I‡qe‡c‡Ri e¨vKMÖvDÛ G Kvjvi †`qvi Rb¨ "<body bgcolor="A52A2A">" jvBbwU

eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Brown (ev`vwg) KvjviwU wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ Hex_Code

"A52A2A" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GLb Dc‡ii †cRwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


60

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.3.1 (e¨vKMÖvDÛ G Kvjvi †mU K‡i †c‡Ri AvDUcyU †`Lv )|

Note :

*) HTML 5 – "bgcolor" A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|


*) Gi cwie‡Z© CSS eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| (wmGmGm G cÖ‡dkbvjx KvR Ki‡Z †jL‡Ki ÔÔwm Gm Gm (3)

eBwU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib)|

3.1.3.4.1.1.4 t link

I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ mKj wjsK Gi Kvjvi †mU Kivi Rb¨ GB link A¨vwUªweDUwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|

Value :

link A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba©viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv hvq|

1. Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgbt "green,red,yellow");




wjLvi wbqg t

<body link="Color_Name A_ev RGB_Code A_ev Hex_Code">

wb‡P link A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

Color_Name eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡c‡Ri wjsK Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv t


61

†cÖvMÖvg bs-6 (p6.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G link A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<body link="red">

<p><a href="http://www.bookbd.info">BookBD</a></p>

<p><a href="http://www.facebook.com">Facebook</a></p>



correct color).</p>


specify colors.</p>

<p>However, the link attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported

in HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS instead.</p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g-I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ cÖwZwU wjsK Gi Kvjvi wba©viY K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ "<body link="red">"

jvBbwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b green (meyR) KvjviwU wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨

Color_Name "red" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z <p><a href="http://www.bookbd.info">

BookBD </a></p> Ges <p> <a href="http://www.facebook.com">Facebook </a></p>

jvBb `yÕwUi gva¨‡g I‡qe‡c‡R yÕwU wjsK •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| (wjsK wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv

Kiv n‡q‡Q)|


wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.4.1 (<body> Bwj‡g›U G link A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i AvDUcyU †`Lv)|


62

Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, Avgv‡ì †c‡R BookBD Ges Facebook bv‡g †h `ywU wjsK eënvi

Kiv n‡q‡Q, <body link="red"> jvBbwU eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y †m¸‡jv jvj is‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|

Note : *) HTML 5 – "link" A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|



3.1.3.4.1.1.5 t text I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ mKj †U·U Gi Kvjvi †mU Kivi Rb¨ GB text A¨vwUªweDUwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|

Value :

text A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba©viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv hvq|




GBPwUGgGj Kvjvi wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wjLvi wbqg t

<body text="Color_Name A_ev RGB_Code A_ev Hex_Code">

wb‡P text A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

Hex_Code eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡c‡Ri †U·U Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-7 (p7.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G text A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<body text=" #FFD700">



correct color).</p>


specify colors.</p>

<p>However, the link attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported


</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t


63

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g -I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ cÖwZwU †U·U Gi Kvjvi wba©viY K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ "<body text="

#FFD700">" jvBbwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b gold (†mvbvjx) KvjviwU wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi

Rb¨ Hex_Code "#FFD700" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|


wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.5.1 (<body> Bwj‡g‡›U link A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i AvDUcyU †`Lv)|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡c‡Ri mKj †U·U Gi Kvjvi †mvbvjx is‡qi †`Lv

hv‡‛Q|

3.1.3.4.1.1.6 t vlink

Visited link Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q vlink. Visited link ej‡Z †h mKj wjsK c~‡e© wfwRU Kiv n‡q‡Q/wK¬K

Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m mKj wjsK Gi Kvjvi vlink A¨vwUªweDU Gi gva¨‡g wba©viY K‡i †`qv hvq|

Value :

text A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba©viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv hvq|

1. Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgb t "green, red, yellow");



GBPwUGgGj Kvjvi wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wjLvi wbqg t

<body vlink="Color_Name A_ev RGB_Code A_ev Hex_Code">

wb‡P vlink A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

Color_Name eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡c‡Ri wfwR‡UW wjsK Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-8 (p8.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G vlink A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|


64

<html>

<body vlink="yellow">

<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com"> Youtube </a></p>

<p><a href="http://www.twitter.com"> Twitter </a></p>



correct color).</p>


specify colors.</p>

<p>However, the vlink attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported


</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g-wfwR‡UW wjsKmg~‡ni Kvjvi wba©viY K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ "<body vlink="yellow">" jvBbwU

eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b yellow (njy`) KvjviwU wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ Color_Name

"yellow" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖvgwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.6.1 (<body> Bwj‡g‡›U link A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i AvDUcyU †`Lv)|


65

Dc‡ii wP‡Î Youtube Ges Twitter †h ywU wjsK †`Lv hv‡‛Q, †m¸‡jvi Kvjvi bxj †`Lv hv‡‛Q| wKš‘ Avgiv

Avgv‡ì †cÖvMÖv‡g njy` Kvjvi eënvi K‡iwQjvg| Gi KviY n‡‛Q, GB wjsK¸‡jv GL‡bv wfwRU/wK¬K Kiv nqwb|

Avi wWdëfv‡e wjsK Gi Kvjvi bxj _v‡K| Gme welq m¤ú‡K© Avgiv GBPwUGgGj wjsK †mKk‡b we¯—vwiZ

Rvb‡ev|

GLb Dc‡ii wjsK ywUi †h †Kvb GKwUi (Twitter) Dci wK¬K Kwi Ges cybivq GB †cRwU‡Z wd‡i Avwm|

Zvn‡j Avgiv wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv D³ Twitter wjsKwUi Kvjv‡i cwieZ©b (njy` Kvjvi) †`L‡Z cv‡ev|

wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.6.2 (wfwRU nIqvi ci wjsK Gi Kvjvi cwieZ©b)|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, wfwRU Kivi ci Twitter †jLv wjsKwUi wWdë Kvjvi (bxj) cwieZ©b

n‡q njy` Kvjv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|

Note : *) HTML 5 – "link" A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|




66


67

Aa¨vq - 4

GBPwUGgGj †U·U dig¨vwUs

(HTML Text Formatting)

Avgiv hLb †Kvb I‡qemvBU wfwRU Kwi, ZLb †mLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡Yi †U·U (†jLv) †`L‡Z cvB| wewfbœ ai‡Yi

†U·U ej‡Z - †U·U‡K wewfbœfv‡e mvRv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb t †jLv‡K †evì Kiv, AvÛvijvBb Kiv, c¨vivMÖvd


68

AvKv‡i wjLv, †jLvi Kvjvi cwieZ©b Kiv, d›U cwieZ©b Kiv BZ¨vw`| Avcbviv hviv gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© G KvR

K‡i‡Qb, Zviv Rv‡bb - †jLv‡K Ggb wewfbœ Avw½‡K cÖKvk Kiv †Kej wKQz Ack‡b wK¬K Kiv gvÎ| †hgb t "b"

evU‡b wK¬K K‡i †jLv‡K †evì Kiv, "Font color" Ackb †_‡K wewfbœ Kvjvi wbe©vPb Kiv, "Font size" Ackb

†_‡K †jLvi AvKvi cwieZ©b Kiv BZ¨vw`| GBPwUGgGj GI welq¸‡jv A‡bKUv GKB, Z‡e cv_©K¨ n‡jv

gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© G †hgb KvR¸‡jv Avgiv wK¬K K‡i K‡i K‡iwQ, Avi GLv‡b g¨vbyqvjx †KvW wj‡L wj‡L Ki‡Z

n‡e| cÖ‡qvRb n‡e wewfbœ Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kivi| eënv‡ii w`K †_‡K Gme Bwj‡g›Umg~n‡K Avevi wewfbœ fv‡M

fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Avgiv Gme Bwj‡g›Um m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|

4.1 t HTML Basic Text Formatting

4.1.1 t Heading (<h1> †_‡K <h6>) Elements wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

Avgiv hLb cÎ-cwÎKvq †Kvb †jLv cwo, ZLb †jLvi Dci wk‡ivbvg †`‡L _vwK| wVK †Zgwb I‡qemvB‡UI wewfbœ

AvwU©‡Kj, †cv÷, B‡gR A¨vjevg BZ¨vwì Dci wk‡ivbvg eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K, hv‡Z K‡i cvVKiv GK bR‡i

cy‡iv welqe ‘wU ey‡S wb‡Z cv‡i| Avi I‡qe‡c‡R Gme wel‡q wk‡ivbvg eënvi Kivi †¶‡Î GBPwUGgGj Gi

†nwWs Bwj‡g›U (<h1> †_‡K <h6>) eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| GBPwUGgGj G Qq ai‡Yi †nwWs Bwj‡g›U i‡q‡Q| h_v t

1. h1 (Heading 1)

2. h2 (Heading 2)

3. h3 (Heading 3)

4. h4 (Heading 4)

5. h5 (Heading 5) I

6. h6 (Heading 6)

G‡¶‡Î eªvDRvi Heading 1 (<h1>) Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLv‡K me‡P‡q eo AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z K‡i Ges

µgvbymv‡i G AvKvi †QvU n‡Z _v‡K| wb‡Pi D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi nIqv hvK|

†cÖvMÖvg bs-9 (p9.html) †nwWs 1 Gi eënvi|

<html>

<body>

<h1> This is Heading 1 </h1>

</body>

</html>

GLb dvBjwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


69

wPÎ : 4.1.1.1 (GBPwUGgGj †nwWs 1 Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i eªvDRv‡i Zvi AvDUcyU †`Lv)|


<html>

<body>


</body>

</html>




<html>

<body>


</body>

</html>



70


<html>

<body>


</body>

</html>




<html>

<body>


</body>

</html>




<html>

<body>


</body>

</html>


71



†cÖvMÖvg bs-15 (p15.html) †nwWs Bwj‡g›Umg~‡ni eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> The example of Heading Elements </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1> This is Heading 1 – The largest one </h1>

<h2> This is Heading 2 – The larger one </h2>

<h3> This is Heading 3 – Larger than (h4,h5 & h6) </h3>

<h4> This is Heading 4 – Smaller than (h3) </h4>

<h5> This is Heading 5 – Larger than (h6) </h5>

<h6> This is Heading 6 – The smallest one </h6>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g GBPwUGgGj Gi mKj †nwWs Bwj‡g›U (<h1> †_‡K <h6>) Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

GLv‡b †nwWs 1 Bwj‡g›U (<h1> </h1>) Gi wfZi "This is Heading 1–The largest one" †jLvUzKz

eªvDRv‡i me‡P‡q eo AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| †nwWs 2 Bwj‡g›U (<h2> </h2>) Gi wfZi "This is Heading 2

– The larger one" †jLvUzKz eªvDRv‡i †nwWs 1 Bwj‡g›U Gi PvB‡Z †QvU AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gfv‡e

µgvbymv‡i †jLvi AvKvi †QvU n‡q Avm‡e|



72

wPÎ : 4.1.1.7 (GBPwUGgGj Gi mKj †nwWs Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i eªvDRv‡i Zvi AvDUcyU †`Lv)|

Dc‡i Avgiv GBPwUGgGj Gi mKj †nwWs Bwj‡g›Umg~‡ni AvDUcyU †`L‡Z cvw‛Q| GLb cÖkœ n‡‛Q, †Kvb †¶‡Î

†Kvb †nwWswU eënvi Ki‡ev?? n¨v !! g~jZ welqe ‘i ¸i‚Z¡c~Y©Zvi µg Abymv‡i Gme †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi

n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb welqe ‘i cÖavb †mKkb/wk‡ivbvg‡K †nwWs 1 (<h1>) Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ †jLv n‡q _v‡K| Zvi

‡P‡q GKUz Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †mKkb‡K †nwWs 2 (<h2>) Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ †jLv n‡q _v‡K| Avevi Zvi †P‡qI GKUz

Kg ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© †mKkb‡K †nwWs 3 (<h3>) Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ †jLv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e GLv‡b j¶¨bxq welq n‡‛Q,

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g eënvi Kiv (<h4>, <h5> Ges <h6>) †nwWsmg~‡ni AvDUcyU A‡bKUv ¯^vfvweK †U·U Gi

g‡ZvB cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q| G‡¶‡Î wfwRUi eyS‡Z cvi‡e bv †h, †KvbwU Avm‡j †nwWs Avi †KvbwU bigvj †U·U|

ZvQvov, mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb Gi †¶‡ÎI h_vh_ †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi GKwU ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© welq| ZvB

†nwWs Bwj‡g›U eënv‡i h_vh_ †KŠkj eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi Ggb wewfbœ †KŠkjmg~n †jL‡Ki ÔÔmvP© BwÄb

AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ Ges ÔÔA¨vWfvÝW mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ eB `yÕwU‡Z ¯úó I we¯—vwiZfv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q,

†h¸‡jv Abymib K‡i AvcwbI Avcbvi I‡qemvBU‡K mvP© BwÄb †iRv‡ëi kx‡l© wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib|

wb‡P †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi Av‡iv GKwU D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi nIqv hvK t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-16 (p16.html) †nwWs Bwj‡g›Umg~‡ni eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> The example of Heading Elements </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1> Web Designing </h1>

<p> To learn or work professionally as being a Web Designer, you must have the

knowledge of HTML, CSS & Photoshop at least. For further you can learn also . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . </p>

<h2> HTML (HyperText Markup Language) </h2>


73

<p> HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. Developed by scientist Tim

Berners-Lee in 1990, HTML is the "hidden" code that helps us communicate with others

on the World Wide Web (WWW). </p>

<h2> CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) </h2>

<p> Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing

the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup

language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and

XHTML, but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML document, including

plain XML, SVG and XUL. </p>

</body>

</html>

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z Avwg "Web Designing" †jLvwU‡Z †nwWs 1 (<h1>) eënvi K‡iwQ, KviY-GB jvBbwU‡K

Avwg cÖavb wk‡ivbvg wn‡m‡e D‡j L Ki‡Z Pvw‛Q| cieZ©x‡Z Avwg "HTML (HyperText Markup

Language)" Ges "CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)" GB `yÕwU RvqMvq †nwWs 2 (<h2>) eënvi K‡iwQ, KviY-

GB †jLv `yÕwU‡K Avwg "Web Designing" Gi Dc-wk‡ivbvg wn‡m‡e D‡j L Ki‡Z Pvw‛Q| Avkv Kwi welqwU

eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|


wPÎ : 4.1.1.8 (†nwWs 1 Ges †nwWs 2 Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

"Web Designing" †jLvwU‡Z †nwWs 1 eënvi Kivi Kvi‡Y GwU eªvDRv‡i me‡P‡q eo AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|

Ab¨w`‡K, "HTML (HyperText Markup Language)" Ges "CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)" †jLv

`y'wU‡Z †nwWs 2 eënvi Kivi Kvi‡Y GwU eªvDRv‡i †nwWs 1 Gi PvB‡Z wKQzUv †QvU AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_sheet_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_semantics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Old_XML

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XUL


74

4.1.1.1 t.Heading Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi

Heading Bwj‡g›U G eëüZ A¨vwUªweDUmg~‡ni eënvi m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

4.1.1.1.1 t align Alignment Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q align. †nwWsmg~‡ni w`K wb‡ ©k Kivi Rb¨ align A¨vwUªweDU eënvi n‡q

_v‡K|

Value :

align A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e wewfbœ w`K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G¸‡jv n‡jv t

1. left : wWdëfv‡e left f¨vwjD wba©viY Kiv _v‡K| left f¨vwjD eënv‡i eªvDRv‡ii evg w`K †_‡K

†nwWs ïi‚ n‡e|

2. right : right f¨vwjD eënv‡i eªvDRv‡ii Wvb w`K †_‡K †nwWs ïi‚ n‡e|

3. center : center f¨vwjD eënv‡i eªvDRv‡ii gvSLvb †_‡K †nwWs ïi‚ nq|

4. justify : Gi eënvi wb‡q Avgiv cieZ©x‡Z Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| †Kbbv, †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi †¶‡Î

GwU KL‡bvB eëüZ nq bv|

wjLvi wbqg t

<h1-h6 align="left A_ev right A_ev center A_ev justify">

wb‡P align A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

t left †cÖvMÖvg bs-17 (p17.html) align A¨vwUªweDU G left f¨vwjD Gi eënvi|

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of Align Attribute in HTML Heading Element </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 align="left"> Left Alignment </h1>

<p> The Heading Text will be displayed as Left-aligned in Browser. </p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t


75

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <h1 align="left"> eënv‡i GB †nwWs Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUzKz eªvDRvi Gi evg w`K †_‡K

cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.1.1.1.1.1.1 (align A¨vwUªweD‡U left f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î Left Alignment †nwWsUzKz‡K Avgiv eªvDRvi Gi evg w`‡K †`L‡Z cvw‛Q-†Kbbv, align

A¨vwUªweD‡U Gi value/gvb left eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

4.1.1.1.1.2 t right

†cÖvMÖvg bs-18 (p18.html) align A¨vwUªweDU G right f¨vwjD Gi eënvi|

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>

<h1 align="right"> Right Alignment </h1>

<p> The Heading Text will be displayed as Right-aligned in Browser. </p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <h1 align="right"> eënv‡i GB †nwWs Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUzKz eªvDRvi Gi Wvb w`K †_‡K

cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|



76

wPÎ : 4.1.1.1.1.2.1 (align A¨vwUªweD‡U right f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î Right Alignment †nwWsUzKz‡K Avgiv eªvDRvi Gi Wvb w`‡K †`L‡Z cvw‛Q-†Kbbv, align

A¨vwUªweD‡U Gi value/gvb right eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

4.1.1.1.1.3 t center

†cÖvMÖvg bs-19 (p19.html) align A¨vwUªweDU G center f¨vwjD Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Center Alignment </h1>

<p> The Heading Text will be displayed as Center-aligned in Browser. </p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lb

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <h1 align="center"> eënv‡i GB †nwWs Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUzKz eªvDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K

cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|



77

wPÎ : 4.1.1.1.1.3.1 (align A¨vwUªweD‡U center f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î Center Alignment †nwWsUzKz‡K Avgiv eªvDRvi Gi gvSLv‡b †`L‡Z cvw‛Q-†Kbbv, align

A¨vwUªweD‡U Gi value/gvb center eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Note : *) HTML 5 - <alink> A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|



4.1.2 t Paragraph (<p>) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

I‡qe‡c‡R †jLv‡K c¨vivMÖvd AvKv‡i †jLvi Rb¨ <p> Bwj‡g›U eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| I‡qe‡c‡Ri wewfbœ WKz‡g›U

Z_v †jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ mvaviYZ <p> Bwj‡g›UwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv

n‡jv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-20 (p20.html) Paragraph Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<body>

<p> This is Paragraph </p>

</body>

</html>

GLb †cÖvMÖvgwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcyU Avm‡e|

wPÎ : 4.1.2.1 (c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|


78

†cÖvMÖvg bs-21 (p21.html) Paragraph Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> The example of Paragraph Element </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Paragraph Element </h1>

<p> This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a

paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a

paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a paragraph. This is a

paragraph. This is a paragraph. </p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <h1 align="center"> eënvi K‡i GKwU †nwWs Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hwU eªvDRv‡ii

gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Ges wb‡P c¨vivMÖvd (<p>) Bwj‡g›U Gi gv‡S wKQz †jLv n‡q‡Q, hv eªvDRv‡i

c¨vivMÖvd AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.1.2.2 (c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.1.2.1 t.Paragraph Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi

Paragraph Bwj‡g›U G eëüZ A¨vwUªweDUmg~‡ni eënvi m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

4.1.2.1.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU

Alignment Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q align. c¨vivMÖvd Gi w`K wb‡ ©k Kivi Rb¨ align A¨vwUªweDU eënvi n‡q

_v‡K|

Value :



79


c¨vivMÖvd ïi‚ n‡e|

2. right : right f¨vwjD eënv‡i eªvDRv‡ii Wvb w`K †_‡K c¨vivMÖvd ïi‚ n‡e|

3. center : center f¨vwjD eënv‡i eªvDRv‡ii gvSLvb †_‡K c¨vivMÖvd ïi‚ n‡e|

4. justify : †Kvb †cv÷/AvwU©‡Kj †jLvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q fv‡jv dig¨vU GwU| Gi gva¨‡g †jLv¸‡jv

evg w`K †_‡K ïi‚ nq Ges cÖwZwU jvBb ïi‚ †_‡K †kl ch©š— mgvb _v‡K|

wjLvi wbqg t

<p align ="left A_ev right A_ev center A_ev justify">

wb‡P align A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

t left †cÖvMÖvg bs-22 (p22.html) align A¨vwUªweDU G left f¨vwjD Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of Align Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Left Alignment in Paragraph Element </h1>

<p align="left"> This Paragraph will be displayed from left to right in browser.

</p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <h1 align="center"> eënv‡i GB †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUzKz eªvDRvi Gi

gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gi wb‡P c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U G left-alignment A_©vr <p align="left"> eënv‡i

GB c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUzKz eªvDRvi Gi evg w`K †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|



80

wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.1.1.1 (align A¨vwUªweD‡U left f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

t right

†cÖvMÖvg bs-23 (p23.html) align A¨vwUªweDU G right f¨vwjD Gi eënvi|

<html> <head>


</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Right Alignment in Paragraph Element </h1>

<p align="right"> This Paragraph will be displayed from right to left in browser.

</p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <h1 align="center"> eënv‡i GB †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvU zKz eªvDRvi Gi

gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gi wb‡P c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U G right-alignment A_©vr <p align="right">

eënv‡i GB GB c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUzKz eªvDRvi Gi Wvb w`K †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|



81

wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.1.2.1 (align A¨vwUªweD‡U right f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

t center

†cÖvMÖvg bs-24 (p24.html) align A¨vwUªweDU G center f¨vwjD Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Right Alignment in Paragraph Element </h1>

<p align="center"> This Paragraph will be displayed as center-alignment in

browser. </p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t


gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gi wb‡P c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U G center-alignment A_©vr <p align="center">

eënv‡i GB GB c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUzKz eªvDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|



82

wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.1.3.1 (align A¨vwUªweD‡U center f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

t justify

†cÖvMÖvg bs-25 (p25.html) align A¨vwUªweDU G justify f¨vwjD Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Justify Alignment in Paragraph Element </h1>

<p align="justify"> This Paragraph will be displayed as justify-alignment in

browser. All the lines in this Paragraph will be shown in equal. This Paragraph will be

displayed as justify-alignment in browser. All the lines in this Paragraph will be shown in

equal. This Paragraph will be displayed as justify-alignment in browser. All the lines in

this Paragraph will be shown in equal. This Paragraph will be displayed as justify-

alignment in browser. All the lines in this Paragraph will be shown in equal. This

Paragraph will be displayed as justify-alignment in browser All the lines in this

Paragraph will be shown in </p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t


gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gi wb‡P c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U G justify-alignment A_©vr <p align="justify">

eënv‡i GB GB c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi cÖwZwU jvBb ïi‚ †_‡K †kl ch©š— mgvb _vK‡e|


83


wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.1.4.1 (align A¨vwUªweD‡U justify f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

Note :

*) HTML 5 - <align> A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|



4.1.2.1.2 t style A¨vwUªweDU

HTML †c‡R GK jvBb wewkó †Kvb Bwj‡g‡›U ÷vBj (Inline CSS) cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ style A¨vwUªweDU

eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

Value :

style A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e CSS cÖcvwU© I f¨vwjD eëüZ nq| CSS m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y© AwfÁZv

AR©‡bi Rb¨ †jL‡Ki ÔÔwmGmGm (3) A¨vÛ wWfÕÕ eBwU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|

wjLvi wbqg t

<p style="CSS Property:Value; CSS Property2:Value2; CSS Property3:Value3;">

GLv‡b CSS Property:CSS Value Gi gv‡S GKwU †Kvjb eënvi Ki‡Z nq Ges GKvwaK †÷Ug¨v›U (cÖcvwU©

I f¨vwjD) _vK‡j G‡ì †mwg-†Kvjb w`‡q c„_K Ki‡Z nq|

wb‡P style A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-26 (p26.html) c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g‡›U ÷vBj A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of Style Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Use of Style Element </h1>


84

<p style="color:red;"> This Paragraph will be shown as Red color. This

Paragraph will be shown as Red color. This Paragraph will be shown as Red color. This




Paragraph will be shown as Red color. </p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <p style="color:red;"> eënv‡i GB c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUzKz eªvDRv‡i

jvj Kvjv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.2.1 (c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g‡›U style A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv )|


<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>


<p style="color:red; text-align:center"> This Paragraph will be shown as Red

color and Center-aligned. This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned

This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned This Paragraph will be

shown as Red color and Center-aligned This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and


85

Center-aligned This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned This

Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned </p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <p style="color:red; text-align:center;"> eënv‡i GB c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi

†jLvUzKz eªvDRv‡i jvj Kvjv‡i Ges eªvDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


4.1.2.1.2.2 (c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g‡›U style A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|


<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>


<p style="color:red; text-align:center; font-size:20px;"> This Paragraph will be

shown as Red color and Center-aligned & the Font size would be larger than normal. This

Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned & the Font size would be larger

than normal. This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned & the Font

size would be larger than normal. </p>

</body>

</html>


86

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <p style="color:red; text-align:center; font-size:20px;"> eënv‡i GB c¨vivMÖvd

Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUzKz eªvDRv‡i jvj Kvjv‡i Ges eªvDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e Ges Gi

wfZ‡ii †U·U Gi mvBR n‡e 20 wc‡·j| (Font Bwj‡g›U wb‡q Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv

Ki‡ev|


wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.2.3 (c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g‡›U style A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv )|


<head>


</head>

<body>


<p style="color:red; text-align:center; text-transform:capitalize;"> This Paragraph

will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned & all the 1st letters of every words will be

capitalized. This Paragraph will be shown as Red color and Center-aligned & all the 1st

letters of every words will be capitalized. </p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <p style="color:red; text-align:center; text-transform:capitalize;"> eënv‡i GB

c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUzKz eªvDRv‡i jvj Kvjv‡i Ges eªvDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e Ges

Gi wfZ‡ii cÖwZwU IqvW©/k‡ãi cÖ_g A¶i eo nv‡Zi n‡e|



87

wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.2.4 (c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g‡›U style A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.1.2.1.3 t dir A¨vwUªweDU

Direction Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q dir. †Kvb Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡ii Kb‡U›U Gi w`K wb‡ ©k Kivi Rb¨ dir

A¨vwUªweDU eënvi n‡q _v‡K|

Value :

align A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e `ywU w`K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G¸‡jv n‡jv t

1. ltr : wWdëfv‡e GwU wba©viY Kiv _v‡K| ltr f¨vwjD eënv‡i eªvDRv‡ii evg w`K †_‡K †jLv ïi‚

nq|

2. rtl : rtl f¨vwjD eënv‡i eªvDRv‡ii Wvb w`K †_‡K †jLv ïi‚ nq| g~jZ Aviex, D ©~ fvlv †jLvi

†¶‡Î GB f¨vwjD eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

†jLvi wbqg t

<p dir="ltr A_ev rtl">

wb‡P dir A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

4.1.2.1.3.1 t ltr †cÖvMÖvg bs-30 (p30.html) align A¨vwUªweDU G ltr f¨vwjD Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of Dir Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Left to Right Direction in Paragraph Element </h1>

<p dir="ltr"> This Paragraph will be displayed from left to right in browser. </p>

</body>

</html>


88

†KvW we‡k lY t

Gi wb‡P c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U G Right to Left Direction A_©vr <p dir="rtl"> eënv‡i GB GB c¨vivMÖvd

Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUzKz eªvDRvi Gi evg w`K †_‡K Wvb w`‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.3.1.1 (c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g‡›U dir A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.1.2.1.3.2 t rtl †cÖvMÖvg bs-31 (p31.html) align A¨vwUªweDU G rtl f¨vwjD Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of Dir Attribute in HTML Paragraph Element </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Right to Left Direction in Paragraph Element </h1>

<p dir="rtl"> This Paragraph will be displayed from right to left in browser. </p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U G Right to Left Direction A_©vr <p dir="rtl"> eënv‡i GB GB

c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLvUzKz eªvDRvi Gi Wvb w`K †_‡K evg w`‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|



89

wPÎ : 4.1.2.1.3.2.1 (c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g‡›U dir A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

Dc‡iv³ A¨vwUªweDUmg~n QvovI c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U G Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ A¨vwUªweDU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| cieZ©x‡Z

Avgiv G¸‡jvi eënvi †`L‡ev|

4.1.3 t bb †eªwKs †¯úm ( ) Gi eënvi

GBPwUGgGj G GKwUi †ewk †¯úm KvD›U/MbYv Kiv nq bv| A_©vr HTML GwWU‡i †Kvb WKz‡g›U/†cÖvMÖvg

†jLvi mgq GKvwaK †¯úm eënvi Kiv n‡jI, eªvDRv‡i †Kej GKwU gvÎ †¯úm Gi eënvi j¶¨ Kiv hvq| G‡K

†nvqvBU †¯úm Kj¨vwás (White Space Collapsing) ev †nvqvBU †¯úm Gi cZb ejv nq| wb‡Pi D`vniYwU

†`Lv hvK|

†cÖvMÖvg bs-32 (p32.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g GKvwaK †¯úm Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of Non-Breaking Space </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> White Space Collapsing! </h1>

<p> The browser will show only one space instead of

using extra spaces in HTML Editor. The browser will

show only one space instead of using extra spaces in

HTML Editor. The browser will show only one space instead of

using extra spaces in HTML Editor.</p>

</body>

</html>


90

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡i GK IqvW© †_‡K Ab¨ IqvW© Gi g‡a¨

A‡bK¸‡jv †¯úm eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ eªvDRv‡i †KejgvÎ GKwU K‡i †¯úm cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.1.3.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g GKvwaK †¯úm eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

GLb GB Ae¯ ’v †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z Avgv‡ì †cÖvMÖv‡g bb-†eªwKs †¯úm ( ) Gi eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU

GBPwUGgGj Gi †Kvb U¨vM/Bwj‡g›U bq, GwU‡K HTML Entity ejv nq| Ggb Av‡iv A‡bK Entity

I‡qe‡c‡R eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq| cieZ©x‡Z Avgiv G m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|

GLb Avgiv †cÖvMÖv‡g bb-†eªwKs †¯úm Gi eënvi †`L‡ev t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-33 (p33.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g Gi eënvi|

<html>

<body>

<p> S P

A C

E </p>

</body>

</html> GLb †cÖvMÖvgwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcyU Avm‡e|

wPÎ : 4.1.3.2 (†cÖvMÖv‡g bb-†eªwKs †¯úm GbwUwU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|


91

†cÖvMÖvg bs-34 (p34.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g bb-†eªwKs †¯úm GbwUwU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head> <title> Use of Non-Breaking Space </title> </head> <body> <h1 align="center"> Non-Breaking Space Entity! </h1>

<p> The Non-Breaking Space Entity creates extra space for displaying in

webpages. </p>

<p> The Non Breaking Space. </p>

</body> </html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, wØZxq c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡i KZ¸‡jv bb-†eªwKs †¯úm

( ) Gi eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv eªvDRv‡i AwZwi³ †¯úm •Zwi Ki‡e|


wPÎ : 4.1.3.3 (†cÖvMÖv‡g bb-†eªwKs †¯úm GbwUwU Gi eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.1.4 t jvBb †eªK (<br />) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

†nvqvBU †¯úm Gi g‡Zv jvBb †eªKI GBPwUGgGj G KvD›U/MbYv Kiv nq bv| GBPwUGgGj GwWU‡i jvBb †eªK

(Kx-†evW© †_‡K Enter evUb †cÖm Kiv) eënvi Kiv n‡jI eªvDRv‡i Gi eënvi j¶¨ Kiv hvq bv, G‡¶‡Î

†KejgvÎ GKwU †¯úm Gi eënvi j¶ Kiv hvq| †hgb t Avwg hw` GBPwUGgGj Gi gva¨‡g GKwU KweZv wjL‡Z

PvB, Z‡e Avgv‡K mvaviYZ wb‡Pi g‡Zv †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z n‡e|


92

†cÖvMÖvg bs-35 (p35.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g GKvwaK jvBb eënvi Kiv|

<html>

<head> <title> Use of Line Break Element </title>

</head>

<body> <h1 align="center"> Line Break Collapsing! </h1>

<p> My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me. </p>

</body> </html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡i GKvwaK jvBb eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wKš‘ GwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j Gme jvBb †eªwKs †Kvb Kv‡R Avm‡e bv, Gme jvBb †eªwKs Gi wecix‡Z †KejgvÎ

GKwU †¯úm Gi eënvi j¶¨ Kiv hv‡e|


wPÎ : 4.1.4.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g jvBb †eªK eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

GLb GB Ae¯’v †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z Avgv‡ì †cÖvMÖv‡g jvBb †eªK Bwj‡g›U (<br />) Gi eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU

GKwU G¤úwU Bwj‡g›U|

GLb Avgiv †cÖvMÖv‡g jvBb †eªK Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi †`L‡ev t


93

†cÖvMÖvg bs-36 (p36.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g jvBb †eªK Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<body>

<p> Line Break <br /> Line Break <br /> Line Break <br /> Line Break <br

/> Line Break <br /> </p>

</body>

</html>


wPÎ : 4.1.4.2 (†cÖvMÖv‡g jvBb †eªK Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

†cÖvMÖvg bs-37 (p37.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g jvBb †eªK Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head> <title> Use of Line Break Element </title> </head> <body> <h1 align="center"> Poem Writing using Line Break Element! </h1>

<p> My Bonnie lies over the ocean. <br /> My Bonnie lies over the sea. <br />

My Bonnie lies over the ocean. <br /> Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me. <br />

</p>

</body> </html>


94

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡i KZ¸‡jv jvBb †eªK Bwj‡g›U eënvi

Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv eªvDRv‡i GKwU K‡i bZzb jvBb •Zwi Ki‡e|


wPÎ : 4.1.4.3 (†cÖvMÖv‡g jvBb †eªK Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.1.5 t Preformatted (<pre>) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

†cÖvMÖv‡g bb-†eªwKs †¯úm Avi jvBb †eªK eënvi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GZ¶‡b nq‡Zv ev gnvMÖš’ iPbv K‡i †d‡j‡Qb|

welqwU A‡bK Sv‡gjvi I e‡U| Avi GB mgm¨v †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z <pre> Bwj‡g›UwU eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB

Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡ii cÖwZwU †¯úm I jvBb †eªK eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq| wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-38 (p38.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g wcÖ-dig¨v‡UW Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head> <title> Use of Preformatted Element </title> </head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Count each Space & Line Break using Preformatted Element !! </h1>

<pre>

First Line Second Line

Third Line Fourth Line

</pre> </body> </html>


95

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, PviwU Avjv`v-Avjv`v jvB‡b wKQz †jLv n‡q‡Q, Ges cÖwZwU jvB‡b

†U·U Gi g‡a¨ wKQz †¯úm eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB Kb‡U›U¸‡jv‡K wcÖ-dig¨v‡UW U¨vM Gi gva¨‡g †jLvq Gi

cÖwZwU jvBb †eªK I †¯úm eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.1.5.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g wcÖ-dig¨v‡UW Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.1.6 t Font (<font>) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

I‡qe‡c‡Ri †U·U Gi Kvjvi, mvBR, wewfbœ d›U wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›UwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|

4.1.6.1 t.Font Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi

Font Bwj‡g›U G eëüZ A¨vwUªweDUmg~‡ni eënvi m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t

4.1.6.1.1 t color A¨vwUªweDU

GB A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i †U·U Gi Kvjvi wba©viY/cwieZ©b Kiv nq|

Value :

color A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba©viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv

hvq|





wjLvi wbqg t

<font color="Color_name A_ev RGB_Code A_ev Hex_Code">

wb‡P color A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t


96

Hex_Code eënvi K‡i †U·U Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-39 (p39.html) <font> Bwj‡g›U G color A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of Color Attribute in HTML Font Element </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1> Set Text/Font Color using Hex_Code! </h1>

<font color="#FFA500"> This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This

Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This Font/Text will be displayed as

Orange Color. This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This Font/Text

will be displayed as Orange Color.</font>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g d›U/†U·U Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ <font color="#FFA500"> jvBbwU eënvi Kiv|

GLv‡b Orange (Kgjv) KvjviwU wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ Hex_Code "#FFA500" eënvi

Kiv n‡q‡Q|


wPÎ : 4.1.6.1.1.1 (d›U Bwj‡g‡›U color A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|


97

Color_Name eënvi K‡i †U·U Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-40 (p40.html) <font> Bwj‡g›U G color A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of Color Attribute in HTML Font Element </title> </head> <body>

<h1> Set Text/Font Color using Color_Name! </h1>

<font color="Orange"> This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This

Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This Font/Text will be displayed as

Orange Color. This Font/Text will be displayed as Orange Color. This Font/Text

will be displayed as Orange Color.</font>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g d›U/†U·U Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ <font color="Orange"> jvBbwU eënvi KKiv

n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ Color_Name "Orange" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|


wPÎ : 4.1.6.1.1.2 (d›U Bwj‡g‡›U color A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|


98

4.1.6.1.2 t face A¨vwUªweDU

wewfbœ iK‡gi d›U †hgb :- Arial, Calbiri, Courier, Times New Roman BZ¨vw` eënvi Kivi Rb¨ d›U

Bwj‡g›U G GB A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| Gme d›U eënv‡i d›U/†U·U Gi AvDUjyK cwieZ©b nq|

Value :

face A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e wewfbœ d›U eëüZ nq| wewfbœ d›U eënv‡i d›U/†U·U Gi ÷vBj wewfbœ

n‡q _v‡K|

wjLvi wbqg t

<font face="Font_Name">

wb‡P face A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-41 (p41.html) <font> Bwj‡g›U G face A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of Face Attribute in Font Element </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Set different types of Fonts using Face Attribute !</h1>

<font face="Times New Roman"> <p> This is a paragraph, shown in the Times

New Roman font.</p> </font>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g d›U †dm A¨vwUªweD‡U d›U wn‡m‡e "Times New Roman" d›UwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|


wPÎ : 4.1.6.1.2.1 (d›U Bwj‡g‡›U face A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|


99

†cÖvMÖvg bs-42 (p42.html) <font> Bwj‡g›U G face A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of Face Attribute in Font Element </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Set different types of Fonts using Face Attribute !</h1>

<font face="Arial"> <p> This is a paragraph, shown in the Arial font.</p>

</font>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g d›U †dm A¨vwUªweD‡U d›U wn‡m‡e "Arial" d›UwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|


wPÎ : 4.1.6.1.2.2 (d›U Bwj‡g‡›U face A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.1.6.1.3 t size A¨vwUªweDU

I‡qe‡c‡R †U·U Gi mvBR/AvKvi wba©viY/cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ d›U Bwj‡g›U G GB A¨vwUªweDU eënvi n‡q

_v‡K|

Value :

size A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e bv¤^vi/msL¨v eëüZ nq| Gi gvb mvaviYZ 1 †_‡K 7 ch©š— n‡q _v‡K Ges

eªvDRv‡i Gi ¯vfvweK gvb n‡‛Q "3"|


100

wjLvi wbqg t

<font size="1-7">

wb‡P size A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-43 (p43.html) <font> Bwj‡g›U G size A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of Size Attribute in Font Element </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Set Fonts Size using Size Attribute !</h1>

<font size="5"> This line should be displayed larger than normal size. </font>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g d›U mvBR A¨vwUªweD‡U d›U Gi mvBR/AvKvi wn‡m‡e 5 eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i eªvDRv‡i

d›U Gi mvBR ¯^vfvweK Gi PvB‡Z wKQzUv eo †`Lv hv‡e|


wPÎ : 4.1.6.1.3.1 (d›U Bwj‡g‡›U size A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|


101

†cÖvMÖvg bs-44 (p44.html) <font> Bwj‡g›U G size A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of Size Attribute in Font Element </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Set Fonts Size using Size Attribute !</h1>

<font size="2"> This line should be displayed smaller than normal size.

</font>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g d›U mvBR A¨vwUªweD‡U d›U Gi mvBR/AvKvi wn‡m‡e 2 eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i eªvDRv‡i

d›U Gi mvBR ¯^vfvweK Gi PvB‡Z wKQzUv †QvU †`Lv hv‡e|


wPÎ : 4.1.6.1.3.2 (d›U Bwj‡g‡›U size A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

Note :

*) HTML 5 - <font> Bwj‡g›U I Gi mKj A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|

*) HTML 4.01 fvm©‡b G¸‡jv‡K Deprecated (AewPZ) †Nvlbv Kiv nq|



102

4.2 t HTML Presentational Elements

GBPwUGgGj G †U·U/†jLv‡K wewfbœ Avw½‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ GmKj Bwj‡g›U¸‡jv eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb t-

†jLv‡K †evì Kiv, AvÛvijvBb Kiv, BZvwjK Kiv BZ¨vw`| GBPwUGgGj G Gme Bwj‡g›U‡K Presentational

Elements ejv nq| GLb Avgiv GmKj Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi †`L‡ev t

4.2.1 t Bold <b> Element

†jLv‡K †evì/Mvp Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K|

wb‡P Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-45 (p45.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <b> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<body>

<b> This is BOLD </b>

</body>

</html>


wPÎ : 4.2.1.1 (†evì Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

†cÖvMÖvg bs-46 (p46.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <b> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of HTML Presentational Elements! </title>

</head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Bold Element </h1> <b> This line should be displayed as bold </b>


103

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g †evì Bwj‡g›U (<b> </b>) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUzKz eªvDRv‡i †evì/Mvp AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.2.1.2 (†evì Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv )|

4.2.2 t Italic <i> Element

†jLv‡K BZvwjK (BZvwj kã †hfv‡e †jLv n‡q _v‡K, GKUz evKv UvBc Gi) ÷vB‡j †jLvi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi

eënvi n‡q _v‡K|


†cÖvMÖvg bs-47 (p47.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <i> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html> <body> <i> This is ITALIC </i> </body> </html>



104

wPÎ : 4.2.2.1 (BZvwjK Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

†cÖvMÖvg bs-48 (p48.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <i> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


</head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Italic Element </h1> <i> This line should be displayed as italic </i>

</body> </html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g BZvwjK Bwj‡g›U (<i> </i>) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUzKz eªvDRv‡i BZvwjK AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.2.2.2 (BZvwjK Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.2.3 t Underline <u> Element

†jLv‡K AvÛvijvBb K‡i (†jLvi wb‡P `vM †U‡b †jLv) cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K|



105

†cÖvMÖvg bs-49 (p49.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <u> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<body> .

<u> This is Underline </u>

</body>

</html>


wPÎ : 4.2.3.1 (AvÛvijvBb Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

†cÖvMÖvg bs-50 (p50.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <u> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html> <head>


</head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Underline Element </h1>

The following word would be <u> Underlined </u>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g AvÛvijvBb Bwj‡g›U (<u> </u>) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUzKz (Underlined) eªvDRv‡i AvÛvijvBb

AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|



106

wPÎ : 4.2.3.2 (AvÛvijvBb Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.2.4 t Center <center> Element

I‡qe‡cB‡Ri Kb‡U›U‡K eªvDRvi Gi gvSLv‡b cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z GB Bwj‡g›UwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|

†cÖvMÖvg bs-51 (p51.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <center> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<body> .

<center> This Line goes to center in Browser. </center>

</body>

</html>


wPÎ : 4.2.4.1 (†m›Uvi Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

†cÖvMÖvg bs-52 (p52.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <center> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html> <head>


</head>


107

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Center Element </h1>

<center> <img src="images.jpg" /> </center>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <img sr. . . . /> Gi gva¨‡g GKwU B‡gR eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges GwU‡K †m›Uvi Bwj‡g›U Gi

g‡a¨ †jLv n‡q‡Q, G‡Z K‡i B‡gRwU eªvDRvi Gi gvSLv‡b cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.2.4.2 (†m›Uvi Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.2.5 t <s> Ges <strike> Elements

Dc‡iv³ <s> Ges <strike> Gi KvR GKB| Strikethrough Gi msw¶ß iƒc G¸‡jv| †jLvi gv‡S `vM

KvUvi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U `ywU eëüZ nq|


†cÖvMÖvg bs-53 (p53.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <s> Ges <strike> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


</head>


108

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Strikethrough Elements </h1>

<p> These Elements are not <s> available </s> in HTML 5 version </p>

<p> These Elements are not <strike> available </strike> in HTML 5 version

</p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g ÷ªvBK‡_ªv Bwj‡g›U (<s> </s>) Ges (<strike> </strike>) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUzKz

(available) Gi gv‡S `vM Uvbv _vK‡e|


wPÎ : 4.2.5.1 (÷ªvBK‡_ªv Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.2.6 t <tt> Element

TeleType Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q tt. †U·U‡K †UwjUvBc AvKv‡i cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q

_v‡K|


†cÖvMÖvg bs-54(p54.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <tt> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of HTML Presentational Elements! </title> </head>


109

<body>

<h1 align="center"> TeleType Element </h1> The following word would be <tt> TeleTyped </tt>

</body> </html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g †UwjUvBc Bwj‡g›U (<tt> </tt>) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUzKz (TeleTyped) †UwjUvBc AvKv‡i

cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.2.6..1 (†UwjUvBc Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.2.7 t <sup> Element Superscript Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q sup. GB Bwj‡g›U eënv‡i †U·U Gi mvBR ¯vfvweK Gi PvB‡Z A‡a©K

AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq| GwU Ab¨vb¨ †U·U Gi cv‡k GKUz Dc‡ii w`‡K cÖ`wk©Z nq|


†cÖvMÖvg bs-55 (p55.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <sup> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html> <head>


</head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Superscript Element </h1> This Book written on the 15<sup>th</sup> March.

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t


110

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g †UwjUvBc Bwj‡g›U (<sup>) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUzKz (th) eªvDRv‡i mycviw¯ŒÞ AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z

n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.2.7.1 (mycviw¯ŒÞ Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.2.8 t <sub> Element

Subscript Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q sub. GB Bwj‡g›U eënv‡i †U·U Gi mvBR ¯^vfvweK Gi PvB‡Z A‡a©K AvKv‡i

cÖ`wk©Z nq| GwU Ab¨vb¨ †U·U Gi cv‡k GKUz wb‡Pi w`‡K cÖ`wk©Z nq|


†cÖvMÖvg bs-56 (p56.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <sub> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Subscript Element </h1>

The EPR paradox< sub >2< /sub > was devised by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen.

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g mvew¯ŒÞ Bwj‡g›U (<sub>) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUzKz (2) eªvDRv‡i mvew¯ŒÞ AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|



111

wPÎ : 4.2.8.1 (mvew¯ŒÞ Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.2.9 t <big> Element

†U·U‡K ¯^vfvweK Gi PvB‡Z wKQzUv eo AvKv‡i cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K|


†cÖvMÖvg bs-57 (p57.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <big> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


</head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Big Element </h1> The following word should be <big> bigger </big> than those around it.

</body> </html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g weM Bwj‡g›U (<big>) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUzKz (bigger) eªvDRv‡i ¯^vfvweK †U·U Gi PvB‡Z

wKQzUv eo AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|



112

wPÎ : 4.2.9.1 (weM Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.2.10 t <small> Element

†U·U‡K ¯^vfvweK Gi PvB‡Z wKQzUv †QvU AvKv‡i cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K|


†cÖvMÖvg bs-58 (p58.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <small> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Small Element </h1>

The following word should be <small> smaller </small> than those around it.

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g mvew¯ŒÞ Bwj‡g›U (<small>) Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvUzKz (smaller) eªvDRv‡i ¯^vfvweK †U·U Gi

PvB‡Z wKQzUv †QvU AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|



113

wPÎ : 4.2.10.1 (¯§j Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.2.11 t <hr> Element

Horizontal Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q hr. I‡qe‡c‡R Avbyf~wgK †iLv •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›UwU eëüZ n‡q

_v‡K| I‡qe‡c‡Ri Kb‡U›Umg~n‡K c„_K Kivi RbÏ GwU eëüZ nq| GwU GKwU G¤úwU Bwj‡g›U| wb‡P Gi

eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-59 (p59.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <hr> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html> <head>


</head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> HR Element </h1> <h1>HTML</h1> <p>HTML is a language for describing web pages.</p>

<hr />

<h1>CSS</h1> <p>CSS defines how to display HTML elements.</p> </body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <p>HTML is a language for describing web pages.</p> Gi wb‡P GKwU <hr>

Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i D³ c¨vivMÖvd Gi wb‡P GKwU Avbyf~wgK †iLv †`Lv hv‡e|



114

wPÎ : 4.2.11.1 (nivBRbUvj Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.2.11.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU

Alignment Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q align. Avbyf~wgK †iLvi w`K wb‡ ©k Kivi Rb¨ align A¨vwUªweDU eënvi n‡q

_v‡K|

Value :



Avbyf~wgK †iLv ïi‚ nq|

2. right : right f¨vwjD eënv‡i eªvDRv‡ii Wvb w`K †_‡K Avbyf~wgK †iLv ïi‚ nq|

3. center : center f¨vwjD eënv‡i eªvDRv‡ii gvSLvb †_‡K Avbyf~wgK †iLv ïi‚ nq|

GLv‡b GKwU welq j¶bxq †h, <hr> Bwj‡g‡›U align A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Ki‡j Gi mv‡_ width A¨vwUªweDU

eënvi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Ab¨_vq †Kvb cwieZ©b j¶¨ Kiv hvq bv|

†jLvi wbqg t

<hr align="left A_ev right A_ev center">

4.2.11.2 t width A¨vwUªweDU

Avbyf~wgK †iLvi cÖk¯—Zv wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ GB A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K|

Value :

width A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e wc‡·j A_ev I‡qe‡c‡Ri cÖk¯—Zvi Dci GKwU kZKiv gvb eënvi

Kiv nq|

wjLvi wbqg t

<hr width="50px A_ev 50%">

wb‡P width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e kZKiv gvb eënvi Kiv


115

†cÖvMÖvg bs-60 (p60.html) <hr> Bwj‡g›U G width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


</head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Width Attribute in HR Element </h1> <h1>HTML</h1> <p>HTML is a language for describing web pages.</p>

<hr width="50%" />


</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <hr> Bwj‡g›U G width A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e kZKiv gvb eënvi

Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kvb A¨vjvBb‡g›U wba©viY K‡i bv †Ìqvq GwU wWdëfv‡e eªvDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K ïi‚ n‡e|



116

wPÎ : 4.2.11.2.1 (<hr> Bwj‡g›U G width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi K‡i Zvi

AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

†cÖvMÖvg bs-61 (p61.html) <hr> Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi|

<html> <head>


</head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Width & Align Attribute in HR Element </h1> <h1>HTML</h1> <p>HTML is a language for describing web pages.</p>

<hr align="left" width="50%" />


</html>


117

†KvW we‡k lY t


Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K align A¨vwUªweDU Gi gvb wn‡m‡e left eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i Avbyf~wgK †iLvwU

eªvDRvi Gi evg w`K †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.2.11.2.2 (<hr> Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU

eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|


<html> <head>


</head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Width & Align Attribute in HR Element </h1> <h1>HTML</h1>

<p>HTML is a language for describing web pages.</p>

<hr align="right" width="50%" />


</html>


118

†KvW we‡k lY t


Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K align A¨vwUªweDU Gi gvb wn‡m‡e right eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i Avbyf~wgK †iLvwU

eªvDRvi Gi Wvb w`K †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.2.11.2.3 (<hr> Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi

K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e wc‡·j eënvi Kiv


<html> <head>


</head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Width & Align Attribute in HR Element </h1> <h1>HTML</h1> <p>HTML is a language for describing web pages.</p>

<hr align="center" width="300px" />

<h1>CSS</h1> <p>CSS defines how to display HTML elements.</p>


119

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <hr> Bwj‡g›U G width A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e wc‡·j (300px)

eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K align A¨vwUªweDU Gi gvb wn‡m‡e center eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i

Avbyf~wgK †iLvwU eªvDRvi Gi gvSLvb †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.2.11.2.4 (<hr> Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi



<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Width & Align Attribute in HR Element </h1>

<h1>HTML</h1>

<p>HTML is a language for describing web pages.</p>

<hr align="left" width="500px" />


120

<h1>CSS</h1>

<p>CSS defines how to display HTML elements.</p>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <hr> Bwj‡g›U G width A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e wc‡·j (500px)

eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K align A¨vwUªweDU Gi gvb wn‡m‡e left eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i Avbyf~wgK

†iLvwU eªvDRvi Gi evg w`K †_‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.2.11.2.5 (<hr> Bwj‡g›U G align Ges width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Gi

eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.2.11.3 t noshade A¨vwUªweDU

Lye fv‡jvfv‡e j¶¨ Ki‡j Avgiv Avbyf~wgK †iLv‡Z Shade/Qvqv †`L‡Z cv‡ev| Avi GB Shade/Qvqv gy‡Q mwjW

Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ noshade A¨vwUªweDUwU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

wb‡P width A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

†cÖvMÖvg bs-65 (p65.html) <hr> Bwj‡g›U G noshade A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Gi eënvi|

<html> <head>

<title> Use of HTML Presentational Elements! </title> </head>


121

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Noshade Attribute in HR Element </h1> <p>A shaded horizontal line (this is default):</p> <hr>

<p>A noshaded horizontal line:</p> <hr noshade />

<p>The noshade attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in


</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g cÖ_g nivBR›Uvj jvBbwU bigvwj eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z GKwU Qvqv j¶¨ Kiv hv‡e|

Ab¨w`‡K, wØZxq nivBR›Uvj jvBbwU‡Z noshade A¨vwUªweDUwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i GwU mwjW Kvjv‡i

cÖ`wk©Z n‡e, A_©vr †Kvb Qvqv _vK‡e bv|


wPÎ : 4.2.11.3.1 (<hr> Bwj‡g›U G noshade A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv )|

4.2.11.4 t size A¨vwUªweDU

Avbyf~wgK †iLvi D‛PZv wba©viY Kiv nq GB A¨vwUªweDU Gi gva¨‡g|


122

f¨vwjD t

size A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e wc‡·j eënvi Kiv nq|

†cÖvMÖvg bs-66 (p66.html) <hr> Bwj‡g›U G size A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html> <head>

<title> Use of HTML Presentational Elements! </title> </head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Size Attribute in HR Element </h1> <p>A normal horizontal line:</p> <hr />

<p>A horizontal line with a height of 30 pixels:</p> <hr size="30" />

<p>The size attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in HTML

4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS instead.</p>

</body> </html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g cÖ_g nivBR›Uvj jvBbwU bigvwj eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwUi AvKvi ¯vfvweK _vK‡e| Ab¨w`‡K,

wØZxq nivBR›Uvj jvBbwU‡Z size A¨vwUªweDUwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e 30px eënvi Kiv

n‡q‡Q|


wPÎ : 4.2.11.4.1 (<hr> Bwj‡g›U G size A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv )|


123

4.3 t HTML Phrase Elements

GBPwUGgGj Gi GB †mKkb Gi wKQz Bwj‡g›U Gi AvDUcyU cÖvq Presentational Elements †mKkb Gi

wKQz Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡ZvB| †hgb t <b>, <i>, <tt>. Z‡e cv_©K¨ n‡jv Presentational Bwj‡g›U¸‡jv †KejgvÎ

eªvDRv‡i †U·U Gi wfbœZv Avbvi Rb¨B eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘, Phrase Bwj‡g›U¸‡jv we‡kl we‡kl †¶‡Î

eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov mvP© BwÄb Gi Kv‡QI GB Bwj‡g›U¸‡jv ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| mvP© BwÄb

AcwUgvB‡Rkb Gi mKj †KŠkjmg~n m¤ú‡K© †jL‡Ki ÔÔmvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ Ges ÔÔA¨vWfvÝW mvP© BwÄb

AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ eB `ywU‡Z mnR I we¯—vwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

4.3.1 t <em> Element

Emphasis Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q em. Gi A_© n‡‛Q †Rvo †`qv/¸i‚Z¡ †`qv| A_©vr †Kvb IqvW©/ev‡K¨

¸i‚Z¡iƒc cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›UwU eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq| GwU eªvDRv‡i BZvwjK AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq|


†cÖvMÖvg bs-67 (p67.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <em> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of HTML Phrase Elements! </title>

</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> em Element </h1>

<p> You <em> must </em> remember to close elements in HTML5 Version. </p

>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi must kãwU‡Z <em> Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|


wPÎ : 4.3.1.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g <em> Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|


124

4.3.2 t <strong> Element

Emphasis Bwj‡g›U Gi PvB‡ZI †ewk ¸i‚Z¡ †`qv nq GB Bwj‡g›U‡K| GwU †Kvb WKz‡g›U/jvBb Gi me‡P‡q

¸i‚Z¡c~Y© AskUzKz wb‡`©k Ki‡Z eëüZ nq| GwU eªvDRv‡i †evì/Mvp AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq|


†cÖvMÖvg bs-68 (p68.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <strong> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Strong Element </h1>

<p> HTML is <strong> mandatory </strong> for creating/building any website!!

</p >

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi mandatory kãwU‡Z <strong> Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|


wPÎ : 4.3.2.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g <strong> Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.3.3 t <address> Element

evmvi wVKvbv / †gBj A¨v‡Wªm/ KbU¨v± Bbdi‡gkb †jLvi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›UwU eënvi n‡q _v‡K|



125

†cÖvMÖvg bs-69 (p69.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <address> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html> <head>

<title> Use of HTML Phrase Elements! </title> </head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Address Element </h1> <address>

Name : Imran Hossain <br />

E-Mail : [email protected] <br />

Phone : 01674 977 208

</address> </body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g A¨v‡Wªm Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †U·U/†jLv ¸‡jv eªvDRv‡i GKUz wfbœ AvK…wZ‡Z cÖ`wk©Z n‡e,

hv‡Z eySv hv‡e †h GwU Kv‡iv KbU¨v± Bbdig¨vkb| ZvQvov Dc‡iv³ A¨v‡Wªm Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi ywU jvBb †eªK

Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv eªvDRv‡i bZzb jvBb •Zwi Ki‡e|



126

wPÎ : 4.3.3.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g <address> Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.3.4 t <abbr> Element

Abbreviation Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q abbr. †Kvb k‡ãi msw¶ß iƒc cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›UwU eëüZ

n‡q _v‡K|

A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi t

4.3.4.1 t title A¨vwUªweDU

<abbr> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi eëüZ msw¶ß k‡ãi c~Y©iƒc cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ title A¨vwUªweDU eënvi n‡q _v‡K|

Value :

UvB‡Uj A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e †U·U eëüZ nq|

wjLvi wbqg t

<abbr title="Full meaning of Abbreviation"> Abbreviation of Word </abbr>


†cÖvMÖvg bs-70 (p70.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <abbr> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


<h1 align="center"> Abbreviation Element </h1>

<p> By marking up abbreviations you can give useful information to browsers, spellcheckers, screen readers, translation systems and search-engines. </p>

I have a Friend called <abbr title="Mohammad"> MD </abbr> Salman.

</body> </html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g A¨vweªwf‡qkb Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi MD (msw¶ß iƒc) †jLv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi c~Y©iƒc‡K A¨vweªwf‡qkb

Bwj‡g›U Gi UvB‡Uj A¨vwUªweD‡U f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e †jLv n‡q‡Q|


127


wPÎ : 4.3.4.1.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g <abbr> Bwj‡g›U I Gi title A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`L‡eb †h, <abbr> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Avgiv †h MD kãwU wj‡LwQjvg, †mwU GLv‡b

cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|

GLb Gi Dci gvD‡mi Kvm©i wb‡q ai‡j Avgiv GB kãwUi c~Y©iƒc wn‡m‡e <abbr> Bwj‡g›U Gi UvB‡Uj

A¨vwUªweD‡U hv wj‡LwQjvg, Zv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 4.3.4.1.2 (title A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD cÖ`wk©Z nIqv)|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, Avgiv UvB‡Uj A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e hv wj‡LwQjvg, Zv D³

BPL †jLvwUi Dci Kvm©i aivq cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|

4.3.5 t <acronym> Element

<acronym> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi A‡bKUv <abbr> Gi g‡ZvB| Z‡e, cv_©K¨ n‡jv t <abbr> Bwj‡g›U

eënvi Kiv nq, †Kvb k‡ãi msw¶ßKiY Kivi Rb¨| Avi <acronym> Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv nq g~jZ †Kvb

GKwU evK¨ ev we‡kl †Kvb welqe¯‘‡K msw¶ßKiY Kivi Rb¨|


4.3.5.1 t title A¨vwUªweDU


128

<acronym> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi eëüZ msw¶ß k‡ãi c~Y©iƒc cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ title A¨vwUªweDU eënvi n‡q

_v‡K|

Value :

UvB‡Uj A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e †U·U eëüZ nq|

wjLvi wbqg t

<abbr title="Full meaning of Acronym"> The Acronym word </abbr>


†cÖvMÖvg bs-71 (p71.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <acronym> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


<h1 align="center"> Acronym Element </h1>

<p> By marking up acronyms you can give useful information to browsers, spellcheckers, screen readers, translation systems and search-engines. </p>

This chapter covers marking up Phrase Elements in <acronym title="HyperText Markup Language"> HTML </acronym>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g A¨v‡µvwbg Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi HTML (msw¶ß iƒc) †jLv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi c~Y©iƒc‡K A¨v‡µvwbg

Bwj‡g›U Gi UvB‡Uj A¨vwUªweD‡U f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e †jLv n‡q‡Q|



129

wPÎ : 4.3.5.1.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g <acronym> Bwj‡g›U I Gi title A¨vwUªweDU eënvi


Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`L‡eb †h, <acronym> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Avgiv †h HTML kãwU wj‡LwQjvg,

†mwU GLv‡b cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|

GLb Gi Dci gvD‡mi Kvm©i wb‡q ai‡j Avgiv GB kãwUi c~Y©iƒc (HyperText Markup Language)

wn‡m‡e <acronym> Bwj‡g›U Gi UvB‡Uj A¨vwUªweD‡U hv wj‡LwQjvg, Zv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

wPÎ : 4.3.5.1.2 (title A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD cÖ`wk©Z nIqv)|

4.3.6 t <dfn> Element

Definition Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q dfn.I‡qe‡c‡R †Kvb WKz‡g›U/jvBb Gi g‡a¨ we‡kl †Kvb kã‡K msÁvwqZ

Ki‡Z GB Bwj‡g›UwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| GwU eªvDRv‡i BZvwjK AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq|



130

†cÖvMÖvg bs-72 (p72.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <dfn> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html> <head>


<h1 align="center"> Definition Element </h1> This book teaches you how mark up your documents for the Web using <dfn> HTML </dfn>

This book teaches you how mark up your documents for the Web using

<dfn> HTML </dfn>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g †Wwdwbkb Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi HTML kãwU †jLv n‡q‡Q| GwU eªvDRv‡i BZvwjK AvKv‡i

cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.3.6.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g <dfn> Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.3.7 t <blockquote> Element

†Kvb WKz‡g›U Gi †Kvb †jLv/jvBb hLb Ab¨ †Kvb I‡qemvBU ev †mvm© †_‡K Kwc K‡i Avbv nq, ZLb mvaviYZ

H Kwc Kiv AskUzKz‡K GB Bwj‡g›U Gi gva¨‡g †jLv n‡q _v‡K| <blockquote> Bwj‡g›U eënv‡i †jLvi yB

cv‡k GKwU wbw ©ó Ask dvuKv _v‡K|


131


†cÖvMÖvg bs-73 (p73.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <blockquote> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html> <head>


<h1 align="center"> Blockquote Element </h1> <p> The following description of HTML5 is taken from the W3C Web site: </p> <blockquote> HTML5 is the W3C’s first Recommendation for HTML, following

on from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML

2.0. </blockquote>

</body> </html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <blockquote> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi HTML5 is the W3C’s first Recommend . . . . .

. . . †jLvUzKz eªvDRv‡i ïi‚ Ges †k‡li w`‡K wKQzUv dvuKv †i‡L cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|


wPÎ : 4.3.7.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g <blockquote> Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g Avgiv <blockquote> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi wKQz †U·U wj‡LwQ| GwU f¨vwjW wbqg bq|

cieZ©x‡Z Avgv‡ì GB †cRwU f¨vwj‡Wkb Kivi mgq GwU mgm¨v n‡q `vov‡e| ZvB cÖ_‡gB GB Bwj‡g›U‡K

f¨vwjW K‡i †jLv DwPZ| Gi Rb¨ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †U·U‡K Aci †Kvb †U·U Bwj‡g›U w`‡q wjL‡Z

nq| †cR f¨vwj‡Wkb m¤ú‡K© eB‡qi †k‡l Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wb‡Pi D`vniYwU j¶¨ Kiv hvK t


132

†cÖvMÖvg bs-74 (p74.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <blockquote> Bwj‡g›U G c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html> <head>


<h1 align="center"> Blockquote Element </h1> <p> The following description of HTML5 is taken from the W3C Web site: </p> <blockquote> <p> HTML5 is the W3C’s first Recommendation for HTML, following on from

earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML

2.0.

</p>

</blockquote>

</body> </html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <blockquote> Bwj‡g›U‡K f¨vwj‡WU Kivi Rb¨ Gi wfZi HTML5 is the W3C’s first

Recommend . . . . . . . . †jLvUzKz‡K c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U Gi gva¨‡g †jLv n‡q‡Q|


wPÎ : 4.3.7.2 (†cÖvMÖv‡g <blockquote> Bwj‡g›U G c¨vivMÖvd Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi

AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|


133


4.3.7.1 t cite A¨vwUªweDU

<blockquote> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi eëüZ †jLvUzKzi †mvm© †KvW (†h mvBU †_‡K Avbv n‡q‡Q) D‡j L Kivi

Rb¨ cite A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K|

Value :

cite A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e URL (Uniform Resource Locator) eëüZ nq|

wjLvi wbqg t

<blockquote cite="URL"> The Blockquote Sentence. </blockquote>


†cÖvMÖvg bs-75 (p75.html) <blockquote> Bwj‡g›U G cite A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>

<title> Use of HTML Phrase Elements! </title> </head>

<body>

<h1 align="center"> Cite Attribute in Blockquote Element </h1>

<p> The following description of HTML5 is taken from the W3C Web site: </p>

<blockquote cite="http://www.w3.org.markup/">

<p> HTML5 is the W3C’s first Recommendation for HTML, following on from

earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML

2.0.

</p>

</blockquote>

</body>

</html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <blockquote> Bwj‡g‡›Ui wfZi eëüZ welqe¯‘i †mvm© †KvW‡K D‡j L Kivi Rb¨ cite

A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwU eªvDRv‡i †Kvb cwieZ©b Avb‡e bv|

4.3.8 t <q > Element


134

Quotation Gi msw¶ß iƒc GwU| <q> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi A‡bKUv <blockquote> Gi g‡ZvB| Z‡e cv_©K¨

n‡jv, †Kvb e K jvBb‡K †Kv‡Ukb Gi gva¨‡g †jLvi Rb¨ <blockquote> Bwj‡g›U eëüZ nq, Avi †Kej

GKwU gvÎ evK¨‡K †Kv‡Ukb Gi gva¨‡g †jLvi Rb¨ <q> Bwj‡g›U eëüZ nq|


†cÖvMÖvg bs-76 (p76.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <q> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


</head> <body>

<h1 align="center"> Quotation Element </h1> As The Girl said, <q> Somebody’s boring me. I think it’s me!!</q>

</body> </html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <q> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Somebody’s bor. . . . . . . . †jLvUzKzi ïi‚ Ges †k‡l D×„wZ wPý

j¶¨ Kiv hv‡e|


wPÎ : 4.3.8.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g <q> Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

4.3.9 t <cite > Element

Citation Gi msw¶ß iƒc GwU| †Kvb †jLv‡K †Kv‡Ukb Kivi mgq Gi †mvm© †KvW‡K D‡j L Kivi Rb¨

mvaviYZ GB Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î cite Bwj‡g›U‡K <a> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi wjL‡Z nq|

<a> Bwj‡g›U m¤ú‡K© eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cite Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡ii †jLv

eªvDRv‡i BZvwjK AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq|



135

†cÖvMÖvg bs-77 (p77.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <cite> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


<h1 align="center"> Citation Element </h1> This line is taken from <a href=http://www.w3schools.com/> < cite > Beginning Web Development < /cite > </a>

</body> </html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <cite> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Beginning Web Development †jLvUzKz‡K wjsK Kivi Rb¨

GB Bwj‡g›U Gi ïi‚ Ges †k‡l <a> Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|


wPÎ : 4.3.9.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g <cite> Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

Dc‡ii wP‡Î <cite> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡ii Beginning Web Development †jLvUzKz AvÛvijvBb Ges bxj

Kvjvi Gi †`Lv hv‡‛Q| <cite> Bwj‡g›U Gi ïi‚‡Z <a> Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kivi Kvi‡b GgbwU †`Lv hv‡‛Q|

<a> Bwj‡g›U m¤ú‡K© eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

4.3.10 t <code> Element

I‡qe‡c‡R wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvwgs †KvW †jLvi mgq GB Bwj‡g›UwU eëüZ nq|



136

†cÖvMÖvg bs-78 (p78.html) †cÖvMÖv‡g <code> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi|

<html>

<head>


<h1 align="center"> Code Element </h1> The PHP Programming Language Starts using <code> <?php </code> and Ends using <code> ?&rt; </code>

</body> </html>

†KvW we‡k lY t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <code> Bwj‡g›U yB evi eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Gi wfZi <?php Ges ? &rt; †jLv n‡q‡Q|

wcGBPwc wk‡L cÖ‡dkbvjx I‡qe †W‡fjc‡g›U Gi KvR Ki‡Z †jL‡Ki ÔÔwcGBPwc A¨vÛ gvB GmwKDGjÕÕ Ges

ÔÔA¨vWfvÝW wcGBPwcÕÕ eB `ywU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| GLv‡b < Ges > G `ywU kã I‡qe‡c‡R Less

Than mvBb Ges Greater Than mvBb cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ eënvi Kivi n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv‡K HTML Entities

ejv nq| G m¤ú‡K© eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb cÖkœ n‡‛Q †h, mivmwi †Kb †jR †`b

Ges †MÖUvi †`b mvBb eënvi Kiv n‡jv bv| Gi KviY n‡‛Q, GBPwUGgGj U¨vM¸‡jv GB ywU mvBb Gi gva¨‡g

†jLv n‡q _v‡K| U¨vM Gi evwn‡i Gi eënvi Kiv n‡j g~j †cÖvMÖvg G mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i, ZvB GB mvBb¸‡jv

mivmwi eënvi Kiv nq bv|


wPÎ : 4.3.10.1 (†cÖvMÖv‡g <code> Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

ðZ Ki‡j evsjv‡`k AvDU‡mvwms© G kx‡l© P‡j Avm‡e|


137

1) wbiwew‛Qbœ we`y¨r|

2) ¯^í g~‡j¨ mevi Kv‡Q `ª‚ZMwZ m¤úbœ B›Uvi‡bU †cuŠQv‡bv| Ges

3) `¶ Rbkw³ M‡o †Zvjv|

mevei Rb¨ B›Uvi‡b‡U Kg©ms¯’vb ev AvDU‡mvwm©s :

B›Uvi‡b‡U Kg©ms¯’vb Z_v BDU‡mvwm©s AvR me©¯—‡ii gvby‡li Rb¨ Lye †ewk `¶Zvi ìKvi c‡i bv| AvRKvj GB

Z_¨-cÖhyw³i hy‡M †K bv Rv‡b cÖhyw³i eënvi| wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj †¶‡Î cÖhyw³i eënvi Kg †ewk Av‡QB|

myZivs Avgiv mK‡jB Kg †ewk cÖhyw³i eënvi Rvwb| Avi Gme cÖhyw³MZ we`¨v cÖ‡qvM K‡i B›Uvi‡b‡U Kg©ms¯’vb

Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB mvaviY gvbylivI wb‡R‡ì ¯vej¤^x K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| ZvB ejv hvq-ÔÔmevi Rb¨ B›Ui‡b‡U

Kg©msm¯’vbÕÕ|

AvDU‡mvwm©s I evsjv‡`k:

G †`‡ki 70 fvM cÖRb¥B Zvi‚Y¨ wbf©i| ZvB RbmsLv G‡`‡ki Rb¨ mgm¨v bq, eis m¤ú`| Z‡e my`¶ Avi

†ckvwfwËK `¶Zv Qvov G RbmsL¨v RvZxq m¤ú` wn‡m‡e Kv‡R Avm‡e bv| G Rb¨ miKvi‡K cÖ‡Yv`bv c¨v‡Ri

cÖwZ ¸i‚Z¡ w`‡Z n‡e|

G‡`‡ki Drmvnx Zi‚Yiv I‡W‡¯‹i ZvwjKvq wb‡R‡ì †kóZ¡ cÖgvb Ki‡Q| I‡W¯‹ Zv‡ì Rb¨ ¯kix‡i mb` e‡q

G‡b‡Q| G m¤§vbbvq evsjv‡`‡ki Zi‚Yiv AviI DrmvwnZ n‡e| Kv‡R D`¨g Avm‡e| eZ©gvb mg‡q cy‡iv we‡k¦B

AvDU‡mvwm©s wbf©iZv evo‡Q| w ’i Awd‡mi Zzjbvq GLb Pjgvb/fvP©yqvj Awdm c×wZB RbwcÖq n‡q DV‡Q w`b

w`b| Avi evsjv‡`‡k G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ PgrKvi cwi‡ek i‡q‡Q| G Lv‡Z myw©bw ©ó c„ô‡cvlKZvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q|

Zi‚Y Drmvn Pvq| Avi Zv Zv‡ì w`‡Z cvi‡j †h‡Kvb AR©bB mnR n‡q Avm‡e| evsjv‡`k MZ 3 eQ‡i

AvDU‡mvwm©s‡q wb‡R‡K ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© evRvi wn‡m‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| we‡k¦i †Kvb †`kB GLb AvDU‡mvwm©s‡q

evsjv‡`k‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i †`‡L bv| eis m‡ev©‛P we‡ePbvq wb‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`k m¤ú‡K© g¨vU Kzcv‡ii gZvgZ:

evsjv‡`‡k wKQz w`‡bi md‡i GmwQ‡jb we‡k¦i kxl© ’vYxq AvDU‡mvwm©s cÖwZôvb I‡W‡¯‹i mn-mfvcwZ g¨vU Kzcvi|

ÔÔevsjv‡`k AvDU‡mvwm©s G `vi‚Y GwM‡q‡Q| G Lv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki 500 †KvwU UvKvi evRvi m¤¢vebv

Av‡QÕÕ-evsjv‡`k AvDU‡mvwm©s Kgx©‡ì G ¸YgyLi K_v¸‡jv Rvbv‡jb g¨vU Kzcvi|

A_© cvIqvi wbðqZv:

AbjvB‡b KvR Kivi e¨vcv‡i GKUv wel‡q Avgiv Av‡M †_‡KB mw›`nvb †cvlY K‡i _vwK †h, AbjvBb †_‡K

DcvR©b Kiv UvKv Av‡`Š Avgv‡ì nv‡Z Gm †cuŠQv‡e wK bv ? n¨v hw` Avgiv mwVK I‡qemvBU †_‡K mwVK fv‡e

Kv‡R m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cvwi, Z‡e UvKv Avgv‡ì nv‡Z G‡m †cuŠQv‡eB| ZvQvov, AbjvB‡b wewfbœ gvóviKvW©, wfmv KvW©

†Kv¤úvwb i‡q‡Q-hviv Avgv‡ì AbjvBb †_‡K DcvR©b Kiv UvKv nv‡Z cvIqvi 100% wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| Avcwb

evsjv‡`‡ki †h †Kvb ¯’vb †_‡K GLb AbjvBb G AwR©Z A_© D‡Ëjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|


138

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wcÖq cvVK,

Avgiv eBwU †jLvi mgq AvcÖvY †Póv K‡iwQ, GKwU fvj eB †jLvi Rb¨| ZviciI Avgv‡ì ARv‡š—

nq‡Zv ev †Kvb fyj _vK‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î D³ fzj-Î‚wU¸‡jv ¶gvi „wó‡Z †`Lvi Aby‡iva iBj| Ges

Avcbv‡ì gZvgZ Avgv‡ì‡K B-†gB‡ji gva¨‡g Rvbv‡j DcK…Z n‡ev| Avgv‡ì B-†gBj wVKvbv t

[email protected] | ZvQvov, Avcbviv hw` †Kvb wel‡q AwfÁ n‡q _v‡Kb, Z‡e Avcbv‡ì †jLv

Avgv‡ì eB‡Z cÖKvk Kiv n‡e|

Avgv‡ì Ab¨vb¨ eB mgyn (m¤úv`bvq eyKwewW)

weMxwbs Rygjv

A¨vWfvÝW Rygjv

cÖ‡dkbvj Rygjv

Rygjv †U¤ú‡jU †gwKs

weMxwbs IqvW©‡cÖm

A¨vWfvÝW IqvW©‡cÖm

cÖ‡dkbvj IqvW©‡cÖm

B›Uvi‡b‡U AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb-1

B›Uvi‡b‡U AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb-2

B-Kgvm© A¨vÛ Rygjv! fvPz©gvU©

B-Kgvm©

g¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWªgI‡qfvi

mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb

A¨vWfvÝW mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb

cÖ‡dkbvj mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb

d‡i· †UªwWs

B-gv‡K©wUs

GBP wU Gg Gj-5

A¨vWfvÝW GBPwUGgGj

wcGBPwc A¨vÛ gvB GmwKDGj

A¨vWfvÝW wcGBPwc A¨vÛ gvB GmwKDGj


139

Ae‡R± Awi‡q‡›UW wc.GBP.wc

†WUv‡em gvB GmwKDGj

wm †cÖvMÖvwgs

Rvfv †cÖvMÖvwgs

Rvfvw¯ŒÞ

Rygjv! †Ug‡c U †gwKs

A¨vWfvÝW d‡Uvkc

A¨vWfvÝW Bjv‡÷ªUi

cÖ‡dkbvj MÖvwd· wWRvBb

cÖ‡dkbvi Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s

I‡W¯‹ Ges AvDU‡mvwm©s

A¨vwdwj‡qU gv‡K©wUs

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