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Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs) and Compound Verbs
Compound Verbs
Meaning
Type 2
Exercise
Type 1
What are compound verbs?
Compound Verbs are formed by the combination of auxiliary verbs and the main verbs. When a verb is formed by the combination of auxiliary verb followed by the main verb, that verb is called compound verb.
A compound verb is a combination of two verbs: 1) A so-called “auxiliary” verb – meaning, basically, an “additional” verb, and 2) a participle – past or present – that is essentially the “main” verb and that follows the auxiliary verb.
Every subject in a sentence must have at least one verb. But that doesn't mean that a subject can have only one verb. Some subjects are greedy as far as verbs go. A greedy subject can have two, three, four, or more verbs all to itself. When a subject has two or more verbs, you can say that the subject has a compound verb.
Type 1
We have applied for the jobs.
In this HAVE APPLIED is the compound verb. But this verb has two parts. HAVE is the auxiliary verb whereas the APPLIED is the main verb.
Compound verbs are used much more often in English.
For example, the future tense in English uses the auxiliary verb WILL as in I will study.
Sarah was walking to the store when it started to rain.
“Walking” is the present participle (of “to walk”), and “was” is the auxiliary verb used in addition to “walking” (which is the main activity), to indicate that the walking Sarah did was ongoing.
The past participle of “to walk” can also be used in compound verbs, as in:
In this example, “had” is the auxiliary verb, and “walked” and “started” are the past participles (of “to walk” and “to start”).
Here are some other examples of compound verbs:
By the time Sarah had walked to the store, it had started to rain.
The point that Joan was trying to make was lost on her audience.
The meeting will reconvene in ten minutes.
Our professor has been talking for a very long time.
Our professor had been talking for a very long time when the bell rang.
Note that the auxiliary verb always orients the action in time – indicating whether the action is occurring, has already occurred, or will occur at some point in the future. Also, consider that:
“Had” (as in “had been talking”) is generally used to indicate that an action “had already occurred” (the “already” is implicit) – usually by the time that some other action took place.
“Has” (as in “has been talking”) is typically used to indicate that an action has already occurred and imply continuity (implied in “our professor has been talking for a very long time” is the thought “and may continue to keep talking”).
In the following sentences, Compound verbs are in boldface
1. I will come to New York next year.
2. He has gone to his college.
3. They should submit their application.
4. She is working in the Internet café.
5. It is working properly.
6. My sister is doing well.
7. You father has committed a mistake.
Type 2
Recognize a compound verb when you see one.
Before mixing the ingredients for his world-famous cookies, Bobby swatted a fly buzzing around the kitchen.
Bobby = subject; swatted = verb
Before mixing the ingredients for his world-famous cookies, Bobby swatted a fly buzzing around the kitchen and crushed a cockroach scurrying across the floor.
Bobby = subject; swatted, crushed = compound verb.
A compound verb includes two or more verbs in one sentence. Here is an example: Julie played the guitar and danced around the room. Playedand danced are the two verbs in the sentence
Before mixing the ingredients for his world-famous cookies, Bobby swatted a fly buzzing around the kitchen, crushed a cockroach scurrying across the floor, shooed the cat off the counter, picked his nose, scratched his armpit, licked his fingers, and sneezed.
Bobby = subject; swatted, crushed, shooed, picked, scratched, licked, sneezed = compound verb.
Now take a look at this sentence.
Exercise
On the next page you are to type in your answers in the space provided. Then click on “Show Answers” button to see the correct answers.
Our planet revolves around the sun
and rotates on its axis.Revolves, rotates
Type in the compound verbs here.
Ready?
John Lennon wrote and performed
the song "Imagine".
Maya Angelou writes poetry and has
appeared on many TV shows.
The directions said to recite and
repeat until understood.
The students were entering the room and were talking.
The bus stopped and was unloading passengers.
wrote, performed
writes, has appeared
to recite, repeat
were entering, were talking
stopped, was unloading
Show Answers
Introduction
Modal Auxiliaries
Exercises
Helping Verbs
.
23 HELPING VERBS.
Introduction
Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs such as will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need are used in conjunction with main verbsto express shades of time and mood. The combination of helping verbs with main verbs creates what are called verb phrases or verb strings.
Auxiliary verbs are verbs that are used together with another verb (called the main verb of the sentence) to express the action or state.
Main verb + auxiliary verb = complete idea
The most common auxiliary verbs are:be, am, is, are, was, were, do, did, have, has, had.
Are singing
The main verb is "singing."The auxiliary verb is "are."
Auxiliary Verbs (also called "helping verbs")
Helping verbs are verbs that are used with a main verb in a sentence to express an action or state of being.
Helping verbs are also known as auxiliary verbs.
A verb is a word that shows an action or state of being.
Examples of verbs:
The horse jumped.
Richard and Mike are laughing.
Sarah likes to help in the kitchen.
The ball bounces high.
Helping verbs are verbs that are usually used WITH a main verb in a sentence to express an action or state.
helping verb + main verb= complete idea
There are two types of helping verbs: primary helping verbs and modal helping verbs.
Primary helping verbs can be used as helping verbs or alone as the main verb.
Modal helping verbs can only be used as helping verbs. They are never used alone.
Primary helping verbs
Primary helping verbs are helping verbs that can also be used alone as the main verb in a sentence.
A) The "to be" verbs
The "to be" verbs show a state of being.
These are the different forms of the "to be" verbs:
be
being
been
was
were
am
is
are
Examples of "be" verbs as helping verbs:
(helping verb + main verb)
Tom will be eating at our house tonight.
I have been calling you all night!
I was talking to her.
She is baking cookies.
Fred and Lisa are walking to the park.
Examples of "be" verbs as main verbs:
She will be here at 5:00.
Mike was there.
Tim and Sally were at the game.
I am at school.
Where are you?
B) The "do" verbs
These are the different forms of "do":
do
does
did
The "do" verbs have a variety of uses.
As main verbs when asking questions
Do you like carrots?
Did you do your chores?
As helping verbs to make a negative
He does not want to go today.
She did not finish her supper.
As helping verbs to emphasize
Tom and Bob did complete all of their homework.
Bill does love you!
C) The "have" verbs
These are the different forms of "have":
have
has
had
The "have" verbs are used as helping verbs to show an action that has already been completed.
Examples of "have" verbs as helping verbs:
Tim had spoken to his mom about the trip.
I have called you for hours!
Sally has eaten all her food.
The "have" verbs can also be used alone as main verbs.
Examples of "have" verbs as main verbs:
He has a green car.
I have a dog.
Jack and Jill had pizza for supper.
Modal helping verbs
Modal helping verbs can never be used alone in a sentence.
Modal helping verbs must always be used with a main verb.
These are the different forms of modal helping verbs:
may, might, must
should, would, could
will, can, shall
Examples of modal helping verbs in sentences:
modal helping verb + main verb
Correct:Erica might walk home from school today.
Incorrect:Erica might from school today.
There is no main verb (action) in this sentence.
Correct:I could buy you a new bike.
Incorrect:I could you a new bike.
There is no main verb (action) in this sentence.
Correct:We will learn about verbs today.
Incorrect:We will about verbs today.
There is no main verb (action) in this sentence.
You do not have to use a helping verb in every sentence.
You MUST use a main verb in every sentence.
English modal verbs are special verbs that are used to show possibility, ability, permission, and so forth.
Examples:
"It might rain" – shows possibility.
"I can joggle" – shows ability.
"You may sit down" – shows permission.
The modal verbs are:
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will and would.
First of all, what does MODAL mean?
Modal = expressing mood.
Mood = a way to express the attitude of the speaker to what is being said.
Examples:
"I can paint" means the speaker believes he has the ability to paint.
"I might paint" means the speaker believes there is a possibility for that to happen.
"I will paint" means the speaker has the intention to paint.
English Modal Verbs show us the attitude of the speaker to what is being said.
What is special about the modal verbs?
They are special because they behave differently from other verbs in English.
1. English modal verbs are used together with the base form of another verb.
Examples:
"He might come late." "You may leave if you wish.""We must finish this on time."
2. English modal verbs have only one form. You don't add "-ing", "-ed“ or "-s“ to them.
Examples:
Correct:"We must go now."Incorrect:"We are musting go now."
Correct:"They said we could park here."Incorrect:"They said we coulded park here."
Correct:"She can help us."Incorrect:"She cans help us."
3. To form questions use the modal verb itself, but change the order.
Examples:
"He can fix the car tomorrow."
Correct: "Can he fix the car tomorrow?"Incorrect:"Does he can fix the car tomorrow?"
"We should start packing our things."
Correct:"Should we start packing our things?"Incorrect:"Do we should start packing our things?"
"She will be ten years old next month"
Correct:"Will she be ten years old next month?"Incorrect:"Does she will be ten years old next month?"
4. To form negative sentences use the modal verb itself and add "not" or "n't" to it.
Examples:
"He can run fast enough."
Correct:"He can't run fast enough."Incorrect:"He doesn't can run fast enough."
"She could lift a feather."
Correct:"She could not lift a feather."Incorrect:"She did not could lift a feather."
"I thought he would come."
Correct:"I thought he wouldn't come."Incorrect:"I thought he did not would come."
How and when do we use each of the English modal verbs?
Uses of "can" (negative: cannot, can't)
1. To talk about what you are able to do"He is so strong! He can lift that car!""She can't come before four o'clock.""Can he teach?"
2. To talk about a general possibility"The weather here can get really bad.""These chairs can be folded.""Such things can happen."
3. To say that something is allowed"He can borrow my book if he needs it.""You can't smoke in here"."You can pay with a credit card."
4. To make a request (this is an informal use, "may" is the formal version)"Can you help me with my homework?""Can you make some tea?""Can you be come here, please?"
Uses of "could" (negative: could not, couldn't)
1. As the past form of "can""He said he couldn't come so early.""I couldn't remember who he was.""They couldn't pass the border."
2. To make a polite request"Could you open the window, please?""Could you turn up the heat?""Could you remind him to call?"
3. To show possibility ("may" and "might" are stronger)"She could be with her parents.""It could take you months to find a new place.""He could still win, but it's not very likely."
Uses of "may" (negative: may not)1.To show possibility (it is slightly stronger than "might")"What he said may be true.""It may rain.""You may win the race."
2. To request or give permission (this is a formal use, "can" is the informal version)"You may sit down.""May I speak?""He may not use the car."
Uses of "might" (negative: might not)
1. As a past from of "may""The weatherman said it might rain.""She mentioned that she might come.""We agreed that it might be dangerous."
2. To show possibility (it is slightly weaker than "may")"He might pass the exam, but I wouldn't count on it.""We might fail, but let's not think about it.""I might visit on Saturday."
Uses of "must" (negative: must not, mustn't)
1. To show that you have to do something, for example because it is very important or because it is a rule"You must stop the car when the traffic light turns red.""You must pay your taxes.""She must stop drinking if she wants to keep her job.""I must go now, otherwise I will miss my train."
2. "Must not" (or "mustn't") is used to show you are not allowed to do something"You mustn't steal.""He mustn't talk to his parents like that.""The fruit of this bush must not be eaten because it is toxic."
3. To show that something is very logical or very likely to be true"He left at noon, so he must be there already.""She is not stupid, so she must have known what she was doing!""They must be really rich to live in such a house."
Uses of "ought to" (negative: ought not to)
1. To say what is the right thing to do ("should" is the more common word)"In her condition, she ought to quit smoking.""I believe you ought to apologize.""He was watching TV when he ought to have been studying."
Uses of "shall" (short form: 'll, negative: shall not, shan't)
1. Used with "I" and "we" to talk about the future (especially in formal British English)"I shall leave tomorrow morning.""I'll never forget you.""We shall overcome.""I shan't be late again."
2. Used with "I" and "we" to ask questions or make suggestions"Shall I close the door?""What shall we do tonight?""Let's start, shall we?"
Uses of "should" (negative: should not, shouldn't)
1. To say what is the right thing to do"You should be helping your mother.""If he doesn't like the job, he should tell it to his boss.""If you knew you were going to be so late, you should have called."
2. To give advice or ask for advice"You should try the new restaurant down the street.""What should I do? Should I tell him the truth?""Should I try to take the exam again?"
3. To show that something is likely to be true or that it is expected"Let's return home, dinner should be ready by now.""We should arrive there by twelve o'clock.""I should get an e-mail from him soon."
Uses of "will" (short form: 'll, negative: will not, won't)
1. To talk about Future actions or future states (not plans)"I hope he will pass his exams.""She'll be very happy to hear this.""They will not be here on time.""You won't feel a thing."
2. For promises or intentions"Leave it, I will do the dishes.""It must be Joe at the door, so I'll get it.""I won't do that again, I promise."
Uses of "would" (short form: 'd, negative: would not, wouldn't)
1. As the past form of "will" in reported speech"I will handle it myself." --> "He said he would handle it himself.""I won't be late." --> "He said he wouldn't be late.""She'll change her mind in the end." --> "He said she'd change her mind in the end."
2. To talk about an imagined situation"What would you do if you were a millionaire?""I wish we'd go away on a holiday.""I would have cleaned the house, but I was too tired."
3. To make a polite request"Would you mind closing the window?""Would you get me the paper, please?""Would someone please answer the phone?"
4. To invite someone, or offer something, politely"Would you like a drink?""We are going for a walk, would you like to join us?""Would you like to meet her?"
5. To say that you want something or want to do something
I would like= a polite way of saying "I want."I would hate= a polite way of saying "I don't want."I would rather= a polite way of saying "I prefer."
"I would like a cup of coffee, please.""I would hate to loss this opportunity.""We'd rather study with you."- "Would you like to come with us?" -" I'd love to, but I can't."
Wow! That was quite a lot of information about English Modal Verbs, wasn't it?Let's sum it up...
English Modal Verbs Table
Modal verb Usage Example
can
ability I can do several things at the same time.
when something is possible
Miracles can happen.
permission You can go now.
informal requests Can you come for a minute?
could
past form of "can" She said she could pay for us as well.
polite requests Could you move your bag, please?
possibility It could be that he missed the train.
maypossibility It may rain tomorrow.ask or give
permission (formal)May I speak?
mightpast form of "may"
He said he might change his mind.
possibility This might fail.
must
you have to do it You must obey the law
it's very logical or very likely to happen
They left so early, they must be home by now.
must not/mustn't
you are not allowed to do it
You mustn't smoke in here.
shall
future for "I" and "we" I shall see him tomorrow.
questions and suggestions for "I" and
"we"Let's continue, shall we?
should
the right thing to do She should call the police.
advice- What should I do?
- You should stop thinking about it.
what is likely or expected to happen
We should be back by midnight.
willfuture action or states
(not plans)Prices will go up
next summer.promises and intentions It's alright, I'll pick it up.
would
past form of "will" He told me he would come.
imagined situationsWhat would you do
if you were him?
for polite requests, offers and invitations
- Would you please sit down?- Would you like some tea?
- We are meeting with Sarah next Saturday, would you like to come
along?to say what you
want to do or haveI would like a piece of cake.
ought to the right thing to do You ought to apologize.
English Modal Verbs – Situations Table
Situation Modal Verb Example
requests(formal)
may May I sit down?
requests(informal)
can Can I sit down?
requests(polite)
could Could I sit down?
requests(polite)
would Would you mind if I sit down?
permission(formal)
may You may sit down.
permission(informal)
can You can sit down.
obligation(full)
mustYou must tell the police the truth.
obligation(partial)
shouldYou should tell
your friends the truth.obligation (partial)
(less common)ought to
You ought to tell your friends the truth.
logical conclusions (stronger than "should")
mustHe left an hour ago, so he must be
there already.
logical conclusions (weaker than "must")
shouldHe left half an hour ago,
I believe he should be there already.
possibility(general)
can It can rain sometimes.
possibility(weaker than
"may" and "might")could
It could rain, but it is not very common in this
part of the country.possibility
(weaker than "may")might
It's not very cloudy yet, but it might rain.
possibility(stronger than "might")
mayIt starts getting cloudy –
it may rain soon.
futureactions/states/intentions willLook at the sky! It will rain soon.
23 HELPING VERBS
Thumb 1st Finger Dirty Finger Ring Finger Pinky Palm
have can could do is may be
had shall should did am might been
has will would does are must being
was
were
SECOND METHOD OF LEARNING THE HELPING VERBS
C can could
H have had had
A am are
D do did does
B be been being
S shall should
W was were will would
I is
M may might must
1. I crossing at the red light when the accident took place.
Quizzes
Use was or were in the following sentences.
2. They working on their chemistry project.
3. The boys climbing the tree.
4. Did she say what she doing?
5. Where they playing?
was
were
were
was
were
Show Answers
competing
appearing
every
are
The chefs are competing in a new TV sitcom appearing on the Food Network every Thursday night at 5 p.m.
Identify the helping verb in the following sentence.
The cook had won the competition, and she felt very lucky: only one graduating student received the sought-after Cordon Bleu prize for pastry that year.
sought-after
felt
received
had
Show Answers
Identify the helping verb in the following sentence.
The sous chef did not like the demanding head chef, who had hired him in the first place.
did
hired
like
The hot pastry may not have failed to catch her hungry eye, but it never reached her plate.
may / have
never reached
hungry
failed
Show Answers
Choose the best helping verb or combination of helping verb and main verb to complete the following sentence.
The school _______ prepare the class for the rigors of modern, big-city restaurants.
ought to try
will ought
should
had
Show Answers
