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HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

Harappan civilization p pt

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Page 1: Harappan civilization p pt

HARAPPAN

CIVILIZATION

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The Indus valley civilization (IVC) was a bronze age civilization

located in the western region of south Asia. The civilization was

spread over some 1,260,000 km, making it the largest ancient

civilization.

The Indus valley is one of the worlds earliest urban civilizations,

at its peak, the Indus civilization may have had a population of well

over five million.

Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new

techniques in handicraft and metallurgy. The civilization is noted

for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multi-

storeyed houses.

INTRODUCTION

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Facts About Harappa Excavation of Harappan sites has

been ongoing since 1920, with important break through occurring as recently as 1999.

There were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Late Harappan, in the same area of the Harappan Civilization.

The Harappan civilization is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from these cultures.

Up to 1999, about 1,056 cities and settlements have been found, of which 96 sites have been excavated mainly in the general region of the Indus river.

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Archaeological records provide no immediate answers for a centre of power or for depictions of people in power in Harappan society. But, there are indications of complex decisions being taken and implemented.

Authority

The Harappans were agriculturists. Their economy was entirely dominated by

horticulture. There were massive granaries in each city. Many of the

Harappan seals had pictures of animals that imply a wet and marshy environment,

such as rhinoceroses, elephants and tigers. The Harappans also had a wide

variety of domesticated animals.

Occupation

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Art of Writing

Between 400 and as many

as 600 distinct Indus

symbols have been found

on seals, small tablets,

ceramic pots and more than

a dozen other materials,

including a "signboard" that

apparently once hung over

the gate of the inner citadel

of the Indus city of

Dholavira.

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HARAPPAN SEALS

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The Pashupati Seal is the name of a steatite seal (dating from 2600–1900 BCE) discovered at Mohenjo-daro.

The seal depicts a seated, possibly ithyphallic and tricephalic, figure with a horned headdress, surrounded by animals.

It is purported to be one of the earliest depictions of the Hindu god Shiva

 (The seal is named after "Pashupati", an epithet of Shiva) or Rudra, who is associated with asceticism, yoga, and linga; regarded as a lord of animal; and often depicted as having three heads.

PASHUPATI SEAL

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The Great Bath

The Great Bath of Mohenjodaro is

called the "earliest public water

tank of the ancient world“.

 The Great Bath measures 11.88

metres x 7.01 metres, and has a

maximum depth of 2.43 metres. Two

wide staircases, one from the north

and one from the south, served as

the entry to the structure.

A hole was also found at one end of

the Bath which might have been

used to drain the water into it.

SPECIALITIES OF HARAPPAN

CIVILIZATION

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The drainage system of Mohenjo-Daro

is so elaborate that “the like of which

has not yet been found anywhere in

the world in any other city of the

same antiquity.”

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

The drainage system and drains were

covered with bricks or stones and

were provided with inspection traps

and main holes at regular intervals

for inspection.

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The Town Planning System of Indus

Valley Civilization (Harappan

Civilization) was city based.

The excellent drainage and sanitation

systems are remarkable. The Indus

civilization flourished around cities.

The ruins of the cities so far

unearthed show remarkable town

planning system and excellent system

of drainage and sanitation of

the Indus Valley Civilization.

The city was the heart of the

civilization. 

TOWN PLANNING

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Archaeologists have offered four explanations for the collapse of the Harappan “Civilization”.

Three are based on ecological factors: intense flooding, decrease in precipitation, and the dessication of the Sarasvati River.

The fourth hypothesis is that of the Aryan Invasion, proposed by Sir R. E. Mortimer Wheeler and Stuart Piggott.

Fourth largely abandoned in the 1940s in favor of a combination of factors from ecological disasters.

Four Theories of Collapse