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A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
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Komal Raja Roll no. 513
Grounded Theory
Grounded Theory is a qualitative research methodology
Designed to help social scientists generate theory
Is not “hypothesis” and “problem” oriented
Outline
Definition of grounded theory History When do you use Grounded Theory? Grounded theory Concepts Data collection methods Steps of Grounded Theory – Research Article Example GT Process Activity 1 Advantages of GT Summary Activity 2 References
DEFINITIONS
“A qualitative research method that uses a systematic set of
procedures to develop an inductively derived grounded theory
about a phenomenon” (Strauss & Corbin ,1998 p24)
“Grounded Theory is the study of a concept! It is not descriptive study
of a descriptive problem” (Glaser,2010)
Def...
“Most grounded theorists believe they are theorizing about
how the world ‘is’ rather than how respondents
see it?” (Steve Borgatti).
History
Two sociologists, Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L Strauss, developed grounded theory in the late 1960s.
Glaser and Strauss developed a pioneering book that expounded in detail on their grounded theory procedures, The Discovery of Grounded Theory(1967).
Cont...
Glaser and Strauss later diverged in their view of GT (Glaser, 1992).
Glaser's view of GT remained closer to the initial emergent ideals (Glaser, 1992) (Dick, 2005).
The remainder of this presentation is based on Glaser's view of GT.
When do you use Grounded Theory?
When you need a broad theory or explanation of a process.
Especially helpful when current theories about a phenomenon are either inadequate or nonexistent (Creswell, 2008).
When you wish to study some process, such as how students develop as writers (Neff,1998)
Grounded Theory Concepts
GT's important aspects: Used for theory generation
rather than theory verification
Based on induction rather than deduction
Grounded Theoryknowledge science verification circles are not to scale theory generation inductive methods grounded theory
Data Collection In GT
Semi-structured, formal interviews Informal interviews
Notes From:
Internal meetings Phone conversations Social functions Training sessions
Scanning of documents
Relevant administrative materials. Recruiting and training manuals. Client presentation books and
feedback received. Provide information about the
organization’s distinct socialization practices
Grounded Theory Process
Phase Output Categories &
properties Line by line Word by word
Selective coding begins when a core category has been found.
Open Coding
Selective Coding
Cont...
Phase Output Sorting database of
memos showing emergence of theories
Communicable form of theory
Sorting
Write up
Open coding
GT starts with open coding. The researcher enters the open
coding phase with no preconceptions about what is to be found or what is to be studied.
Example;
Pain relief is a major problem when you have arthritis. Sometimes, the pain is worse than other times, but when it gets really bad, It hurts so bad, you don't want to get out of bed. You don't feel like doing anything. Any relief you get from drugs that you take is only temporary or partial.
Example:
Pain relief is a major problem when you have arthritis. Sometimes, the pain is worse than other times, but when it gets really bad, It hurts so bad, you don't want to get out of bed. You don't feel like doing anything. Any relief you get from drugs that you take is only temporary or partial.
Cont..
One thing that is being discussed here is PAIN.
Implied in the text is that the speaker views pain as having certain properties, one of which is INTENSITY: it varies from a little to a lot.
Cont…
When it hurts a lot, there are consequences: don't want to get out of bed, don't feel like doing things.
In order to solve this problem, you need PAIN RELIEF.
Cont…
One AGENT OF PAINRELIEF is drugs.
Pain relief has a certain DURATION (could be temporary), and EFFECTIVENESS(could be partial).
Tabulation: Open Coding
Categories Properties Pain Agent of
Pain Relief• (Drugs)
Duration Effectiveness
Intensity Pain Relief
Temporary Partial
Example: Research Article
Relationship management with Millennial generation of public relations agency employees.
Tiffany Derville Gallicano
Volume 39, Issue 3, September 2013 pg 222-225
Research Question:
How do Millennial practitioners who work at public relations agencies describe their generation of public relations practitioners?
Open CodesExamples of participants’ words
Open Codes Properties
Seeking experienceAmbitiousHungry for responsibilityWant to be next big thingDrivenReady to rollAlways looking for a new thing
Wanting experiential learning
Seeking credentialsFeeling ambitiousSeeking excitementBeing eager
Original text
Open codes Properties
Want to feel valued and appreciatedWant to be recognizedWant feedbackWant to be rewarded for good work
Craving immediatefeedback and being motivated by feeling appreciated
Desiring attentionWanting to impressWanting a mentor
Selective Coding
Selective coding begins when a core category has been found.
“Integration is simply the emergent connection between categories and properties based on theoretical codes, and it just happens, because the world is integrated and we are discovering the world —not creating it!” (Glaser, 1992).
Selective & Axial Coding
Axial Coding (Strauss & Corbin, 1990)
-Putting data back together by making connections across codes, categories, concepts.
Selective Coding focuses on particular concept and data revisit.
Axial & Selective CodingOpen Codes
Axial Codes
Selective Codes
Wanting experiential learning;Craving immediatefeedback and being motivated by feeling appreciated
Believing they are ready to be set loose on accountsSeeking external validation
Wanting to make a difference
Activity!!!
Sorting Sorting the memos that one
has taken during open and selective coding.
Memo refers to what’s being observed in the data.
Ideas. Relationship between codes, emergent concepts etc.
Intended to produce a structured, coherent and integrated packaging of the recorded ideas.
Writing up The structure of the write-up, “just
emerges from sorting memos.” There are no rules about how a memo
should look; memos should be free-flowing, stream of consciousness and constant throughout analysis.
“ ...the analyst starts with no idea of an outline and thereby lets the concepts outline themselves through emergence.”
“When the sorting of all the memos is done, it is just obvious when to write and what to write about and how to present the integrated picture” (Glaser, 1992).
Advantages of GT
High Ecological Validity Ecological Validity is the extent to which
research findings accurately represent real-world settings.
Novelty Gt’s are not tied to any pre-existing theory.
Gt’s are often fresh and new. Parsimony Parsimony is about using the simplest
possible description to explain complex phenomenon.
Activity!!!
1
are the written record of ideas about codes and their relationships as they emerge during analysis.
Memos
2
Is grounded theory an inductive or a deductive theory?
Inductive Theory
3
What are the four stages of coding in GT?
Open Coding Selective Coding Sorting Write up
4
Do qualitative researchers normally formulate hypotheses in advance? Why or Why not?
No because hypotheses result in a
theory that is ungrounded from the data
5
State any three tools for data collection in GT.
Interviews Scanned Documents Notes
References
Allan, G. (2003). A critique of using grounded theory as a research method, Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods. 2(1) pp1-10
Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of Grounded Theory. Sociology Press , 1978.
Strauss A, Corbin J. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Sage, 1990.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
References
Re-inventing grounded theory: some questions about theory, ground and discovery. British Educational Research Journal, 32 (6), 767–795.Strauss, A. (1987).
Examples of Grounded Theory: A Reader. Sociology Press, 1993.Glaser BG (ed).
The Grounded Theory Perspective I: Conceptualization Contrasted with Description. Sociology Press , 2001.Glaser BG.
Relationship management with Millennial generation of public relations agency employees. Volume 39, Issue 3, September 2013 pg 222-225