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presentation on Phonetics and Phonology
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*A phoneme is an atom of pronounced language.
*A grapheme is an atom of written language.
-For example, there's a -For example, there's a phonemephoneme called the "voiceless called the "voiceless velar plosive" that initiates the English words "catch" velar plosive" that initiates the English words "catch" and "king". Its IPA symbol is [k].and "king". Its IPA symbol is [k].
-As a different example,-As a different example,
there's a Latin-alphabetical there's a Latin-alphabetical graphemegrapheme
called "c" that initiates the Englishcalled "c" that initiates the English
words "chariot" and "ceiling".words "chariot" and "ceiling".
* In typography, a grapheme is the atomic unit in written language. Graphemes include letters, Chinese characters, Japanese characters, numerals, punctuation marks, and other glyphs.
* In a phonological orthography, a grapheme corresponds to one phoneme.
In English — multiple graphemes may represent a single phoneme.
For example, the word ship contains four graphemes (s, h, i, and p) but only three phonemes, because sh is a
digraph.
In English, the main
graphemes are the
twenty-six units that
make up the
alphabet.
Other graphemes include the
various marks of punctuation:
<.>, <;>, etc., and such special
symbols as <@>, <&>, and
. . .)£(.
*There are about 40 distinctive phonemes in English, but 70 letters or letter combinations to symbolize phonemes.
*This makes pronouncing spellings easier than writing correct spellings.
Two related conceptsTwo related concepts
Alphabetic principle-knowing that speech
can be turned into print, that print can be turned
into speech, and that letters are used to
represent sounds in the language.
Letter recognition-
is the ability to recognise and name the letters of
the alphabet .-recognising and recalling
the shapes of letters,-identifying lower and
upper case letters ,--and recognising letters in
isolation , etc
*1. Digraph- two graphemes-one phoneme.
*Sheet [∫], chick [ʧ,k], photograph [f]
*2. “Silent” grapheme- doesn’t represent any sound at all (like the b in English debt).
*3. Diphtong- a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable
*Time [ai]
phoneme phoneme graphemegraphemesamplesamplerepresentation
/i/eeweekdiphthong
/o/o, a on, was Single phoneme
/k/ckclockdigraph
/s/cmuscleSilent phoneme
*Types of vowels where two vowel sounds are connected in a continuous, gliding motion.
Phoneme grapheme samplePhoneme grapheme sample
/ai/ e,i eye, bike
/ei/ a same
/ia/ y yard
* Two graphemes used as one.
Phoneme grapheme sample
/ʃ/ sh shake
/ʧ/ ch check
/θ/ th thin
/ʃ/ sh shake
/ʧ/ ch check
/θ/ th thin