Grammar WorkbookDulce Smith

Spanish 2 Honors

¡Table of Contents!1. Ser2. Estar3. Verbs like Gustar4. Hacer Expressions5. Preteritos6. Trigger Verbs7. Car, Gar, Zar8. Spock Verbs9. Cucaracha Verbs10. Snakes11. Snakeys12. Commands13. DOP’s14. IOP’s

15. Se Impersonal16. Past Participles as Adj17. El Futuro and ir + a + infinitive18. Demonstrative Adj19. Demonstrative Pronouns20. Imperfect Tense21. Los Mandatos: Informal +

Irregulars22. Los Mandatos: Formal +

Irregulars23. Los Mandatos: DOP + IOP

placement24. Modal Verbs25. Reflexivos26. Saber vs. Conocer

D •description

O •origin

C • characteristics

T •time

O •occupation

R •relationships

P •possession

E •events

D •dates

Ser (to be)

- Addresses essential quality

- Irregular- Use when

talking about what something is

Estar

Addresses Condition

Does not follow standard rules for

conjugation for regular –ar verbs

Use when talking about how something

is

Irregular in some tenses

Yo

• estoy

Tú

• estás

El/Ella/Usted

• está

Nosotros

• estamos

Vosotros

• estáis

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

• están

Example: Estar in present tense ↓

Verbs like Gustar These do not use subject pronouns such

as Yo or TÚ, instead they use the indirect object pronouns: me, te, le, nos, os, les.

They do not have six different endings accoring to the person doing the action. They only have two endings: one for singular, and one for plural

The way to conjugate a verb like gustar:

Singular Form

Me gustaTe Gusta Le GustaNos GustaOs Gusta Les Gusta

Plural Form

Me GustanTe GustanLe GustanNos GustanOs GustanLes Gustan

Example:Me gusta el café.

Example:Me gustan las uvas.

Gusta + Singular Noun• Me gusta la casa.

Gusta + Infinitive• Me gusta cantar.

Gustan + Plural Nouns• Me gustan las películas románticas.

The structure of gustar in sentences ↓

Hace

Time

Que

Conjugated Verb

Hacer Expressions

WHAT EVER CONJUGATED VERB YOU USE, IT CAN BE EXPRESSED IN ANY TENSE!

El Pretérito • A definite time in the past.

Hacer = to make or to do Gerund form = Haciendo Past Participle = Hecho

yo hice nosotros or nosotras hicimos

tú hiciste vosotros or vosotras hicisteis

él hizo ellos hicieron

ella hizo ellas hicieron

usted hizo ustedes hicieron

Preterit Tense

Infinitive Hacer

Usted affirmative haga

Usted negative No haga

Ustedes affirmative hagan

Ustedes negative No hagan

Tú affirmative haz

Tú negative No hagas

Command Forms

Trigger Verbs

• aconsejar to advise(trigger)

• Desear to wish;to desire

(trigger) • Importar

to be important; to matter

(trigger)• Insistir

to insist(trigger)

-Car, -Gar, -Zar in the preterit form

-car•Tocar

-gar•Jugar

-zar•Comenzar

ToquéTocasteTocóTocamosTocaron

JuguéJugasteJugóJugamosJugaron

ComencéComenzasteComenzóComenzamosComenzaron

Only

change

s in

the fi

rst

person

!

These are irregulars!

Verbs that end in -car change c to quVerbs that end in -gar change g to guVerbs that end in -zar change z to c

Spock Verbs

Ver

Dar

Ser

ir

Hacer

Dar/Ver

Ser/Ir

Hacer

FuiFuisteFueFuimosFueron

iisteioimosieron

HiceHicisteHizoHicimosHiceron

Cucaracha Verbs

The main goal for these verbs is to take the prefixes to the left and attach them

with the following endings:

-e-iste-o

-imos-isteis-ieron

Andar Anduv-

Estar Estuv-

Poder Pud-

Poner Pus-

Querer Quis-

Saber Sup-

Tener Tuv-

Venir Vin-

Conducir Conduj-

Producir Produj-

Traducir Traduj-

Decir Dij-

Traer Traj-

“Snakes”

Snake verbs are irregular preterits.

When using a verb that ends in “e”, it would

change to the ending of –i. Or, if you are

using a verb that ends in –o, it would go to

the ending of –u. Snake verbs also only change

in the 3rd person.

Examples.

YoTúUsted/él/ellaNosotrosVosotrosUstedes/Ellos/Ellas

DormíDormísteDurmióDormímosDormísteisDormieron

“Snakeys”

Like snake verbs, snakey verbs only change in the

3rd person as well. When dealing with

verbs that end in –I, it would transform to the

–y ending. If it is originally ending in –e, it also changes to –y.

LeíLeísteLeyoLeímosLeísteisleyeron

YoTúUsted/él/ellaNosotrosVosotrosUstedes/Ellos/Ellas

Examples.

¡Commands!

• Formal:1.Start with the yo form of the present indicative.2.Then drop the –o ending.3.Finally, add the following endings:

-ar verbs:-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.)

-er and -ir verbs:-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)

• Informal:The affirmative informal (tú)

commands are formed the same way as the present

indicative Ud. form:

(hablar - ar + a = habla)(comer - er + e = come)

(escribir - ir + e = escribe)

It is important to remember that the "tú"

commands use the usted form, not the tú form!

Direct Objects Pronounslo, la, los, las

Attach to the end of the infinitive

Place in front of the conjugated verb

Ir + infinitive phrases

Negative: before the command, it comes before the “no”

Affirmative: Attach it to the end of the command, placing the accent mark on the first syllable vowel

Formal Commands

Add it to the end of the –ing verb

Add accent mark to the third to last syllable vowel

Estar + -ing verb phrases

Indirect Object Pronouns

The indirect object tells us where the direct object is going. It answers, “To whom?” or “For whom?” the action of the verb.

Me Te

Le Nos

Os Les

Examples.

He gives Dulce the book.To whom does he give the book?Dulce.Indirect object = Dulce

My mother writes me every week.DO: Letter (understood)IO: me

• 1. use to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.• Se vende fruta en la frutería.

• 2. the verb is always in the 3rd person.• Aquí se habla español.

• 3. can be used in all tenses.• Se hizo mucho• Se hará mucho• Se había hecho

‘Se’ Impersonal

Past/Present Participles as Adjectives…

Add –ado for –ar verbs

Add –ido for –ir and –er verbs

*Agree with nouns they identify in gender

and number!

MasculineSingularEl pollo comido

PluralLos pollos comidos

Feminine

SingularLa

manzana comida

PluralLas

manzanas comidas

Present Perfect Irregulars:

-abrir: abierto-cubrir: cubierto

-decir: dicho-escribir: escrito-hacer: hecho-morir: muerto-poner: puesto

-resolver: resuelto-romper: roto

-ver: visto-volver: vuelto

-ir: ido

El futuro y ir + a + infinitive

• Irregulars:Decir: dirHacer: harPoner: pondrSalir: saldrTener: tendrValer: ValarPoder: podrQuerer: querrSaber: sabrHaber: habrVenir: vendr

Yo infinitive + é

Tu infinitive + ás

El/Ella infinitive + á

Ustedes infinitive + án

Vosotros infinitive + éis

Nosotros infinitive +

emos

Demonstrative AdjectivesThese are typically placed before the nouns they modify.

They must match the noun both in number and gender.

"This" and "These" Singular Plural

Masculine este estos

Feminine esta estas

"That" and "Those" Singular Plural

Masculine ese esos

Feminine esa esas

"That one over there" and "Those ones over there" Singular Plural

Masculine aquel aquellos

Feminine aquella aquellas

Demonstrative PronounsThis replaces the noun completely.

Demonstrative Pronouns

Singular Plural

éste éstos this one, these (m)

ésta éstas this one, these (f)

ése ésos that one, those (m)

ésa ésas that one, those (f)

aquél aquéllos that one over there, those over there (m)

aquélla aquéllas that one over there, those over there (f)m - masculinef - feminine

Imperfect Tense

/ARYo cantabaTú cantabasUd cantaba

Nos cantábamosVos cantabaisUds cantaban

/IRYo bebíaTú bebíasUd bebía

Nos bebíamosVos bebíaisUds bebían

Los Mandatos:Informal + irregulars

Note that these irregularities only occur with affirmative tú commands. As with all other verbs, to form negative informal commands with these verbs, use the "tú" form of the present subjunctive.

decir di

salir sal

hacer haz

ser sé

ir ve

tener ten

poner pon

venir ven

Los Mandatos:Formal + irregulars

• ¿Cómo se conjugan los mandatos?• Take the infinitive verb.• Go to the “yo” form of the verb• Take off the –o• To conjugate the Ud. form add “e” for –ar verbs & “a” for -ir & -er verbs• To conjugate the Uds. form add “en” for –ar verbs & “an” for -ir & -er verbs• • Hablar Escribir Comer• Hablo Escribo Como• Habl Escrib Com• Hable Escriba Coma• Hablen Escriban Coman• • • ¿Qué son las formas irregulares?• The following verbs are irregular in the present tense and are therefore irregular in the imperative tense.• • ¿Qué son otras formas irregulares?• The following are completely irregular forms of the imperative• • Dar → dé den• Estar → esté estén• Ser → sea sean• Ir → vaya vayan• Saber → sepa sepan

Los Mandatos:DOP + IDP Placement

With all affirmative commands, the object pronouns are attached directly to the end of the imperative form of the verb.•Compre Ud. el anillo.Buy the ring.

•Tráigalas Ud.Bring them.

If both direct and indirect object pronouns are attached, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun.•Cómprelo Ud.Buy it.

•Cómpremelo Ud.Buy it for me.

With all negative commands, the object pronouns come before the imperative form of the verb.•No compre Ud. el anillo.Don't buy the ring.

•No lo compre.Don't buy it.

If there are both direct and indirect object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun.•No me lo compre.Don't buy it for me.

•No me lo compre.Don't buy it for me.

Modal Verbs

• This usually means you are using two verbs into one sentence.

• Conjugate the first verb and leave the second in its infinitive form

• El puede trabajar

• Tenemos que salir– tener + que + infinitive

¡Reflexivos!

A verb is reflexive when the

subject and the object are

the same.

•llamarse - to call oneself

•¿Cómo se llama usted?What do you call yourself?

•Me llamo Juan.I call myself Juan.

When you learned to conjugate

regular verbs, you needed

to learn a set of pronouns

called "subject

pronouns."

•lavar•yo lavo

tú lavasél, ella, usted lavanosotros/as lavamosvosotros/as laváisellos, ellas, ustedes lavan

pronouns called

"reflexive pronouns."

are positioned before the verb, while the ending

"se" is dropped and

the verb is conjugated normally.

•lavarse•yo me lavo

I wash (myself)•tú te lavas

you wash (yourself) (informal)

•él se lavahe washes (himself)

The reflexive pronouns are not subject

pronouns; rather they are object pronouns.

me (myself)te (yourself)se (himself, herself, yourself)nos (ourselves)os (yourselves)se (themselves, yourselves)

Saber vs. ConocerSaber and conocer can both be translated by the English verb to know, but they are used in completely different

situations.

Saber means to know a fact or to know how to do something. It is

often followed by an infinitive or a

subordinate clause.

No sé la respuesta.

I don't know the answer.

Present Tense Conjugations for

Saber yo sé

tu sabes él sabe

nosotros sabemos vosotros sabéis

ellos saben

Conocer means to know someone or

to be familiar with someone, something, or

somewhere. It can only be followed by the a direct

object, never by an infinitive or a

subordinate clause.

¿Ud. conoces Barcelona?

Are you familiar with Barcelona?

Present Tense Conjugations for

Conocer yo conozcotu conocesél conoce nosotros

conocemos vosotros conocéis

ellos conocen