18
Grammar Book! Grammar Book! By: Alessandra Bove By: Alessandra Bove

Grammar Book!

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Grammar Book!

Grammar Book!Grammar Book!

By: Alessandra BoveBy: Alessandra Bove

Page 2: Grammar Book!

Table of ContentsTable of Contents Present tensePresent tense Stem changersStem changers Irregular ‘yo’Irregular ‘yo’ Saber vs. conocerSaber vs. conocer ReflexivesReflexives ‘‘Se’ impersonalSe’ impersonal Verbs like ‘gustar’Verbs like ‘gustar’ -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, -ger/-gir-uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, -ger/-gir ImperfectImperfect

IrregularIrregular Trigger wordsTrigger words

Preterite Preterite Irregular car/gar/zar; spock; cucaracha; snake/snakeyIrregular car/gar/zar; spock; cucaracha; snake/snakey TriggerTrigger

Comparatives/superlativesComparatives/superlatives FutureFuture

IrregularIrregular Trigger wordsTrigger words

Page 3: Grammar Book!

Present TensePresent TenseAR

Yo o

Tu as

El, ella, ud. a

Nosotros amos

Vosotros aís

Ellos, ellas, uds. an

ER/IR

Yo o

Tu es

El, ella, ud. e

Nosotros emos/imos

Vosotros éis/ís

Ellos, ellas, uds. en

Page 4: Grammar Book!

Stem ChangersStem Changers

Stem changers are verbs that change in every form EXCEPT the nosotros and vosotros forms.

E > IRepetirRepitoRepitesRepite

RepetimosRepetísRepiten

O > UEContarCuentoCuentasCuenta

ContamosContáisCuentan

E > IECerrarCierroCierrasCierra

CerramosCerráisCierran

O > UEDormirDuermoDuermesDuerme

Dormimos

DormísDuermen

Page 5: Grammar Book!

Irregular “yo”Irregular “yo”-“go” verbs

Ponerto putPongo

Decir (e<i)to sayDigo

Tenerto haveTengo

Traerto bringTraigo

Hacerto doHago

Oirto hearOigo

Irregular “yo” verbs are verbs that change in the yo form such as go, zco, and other verbs like saber and estar.

-zco verbsConocer ConozcoProducirProduzcoConducirConduzco

Other verbsSerto be

SoyEstarto be

EstoyIrto go

VoySaberto know

SeDar - Doy

Page 6: Grammar Book!

Saber vs. Saber vs. ConocerConocer

To know

“Saber” is used to express knowledge about a fact or different information.

Antonio sabe donde está Selena.Antonio knows where Maria is.

“Conocer” is used to say if a person is acquainted with another.

Yo no conozco a Selena.I don't know (am not acquainted with) Selena.

Page 7: Grammar Book!

ReflexivesReflexives

Reflexive verbs indicate that the subject of the sentence has performed an action on itself. In other words, in a reflexive

sentence the subject is the same as the object.

If a verb is reflexive, it ends in ‘se’.

Rascarse – to scratch oneselfLavarse – to wash oneselfLlamarse – to call oneself

When conjugating, move the ‘se’ to the front of the verb and change it to the corresponding pronoun: me, te, se, nos, or

se. Then conjugate the verb.

Me lavoTe lavas

Se lavaNos lavamos

Os laváis Se lavan

Lavarse – to wash oneself

Page 8: Grammar Book!

Se impersonalSe impersonal

We use the se impersonal verbs when making a general assumption about people in general. Se is

placed in front of the verb in impersonal and use the singular verb.

How do you say "icecream" in

Italian?

¿Cómo se dice "helado" en

italiano?

Plural impersonal does not use se in front of the verb.

They say that vegetarian

pizza is healthy.

Dicen que la pizza

vegetariana es saludosa.

Page 9: Grammar Book!

Verbs like gustarVerbs like gustar

These verbs are taken and congugated into either the ‘el/ella/usted’ form or the ‘ellos/ellas/ustedes’ form along with

the correct pronoun.

Pronouns

MeTeSe

NosSe

Me gustan los libros.

--The books are pleasing to me

OR--I like the books

Aburrir – to boreFascinar – to be fascinating

tooBastar – to be sufficient

Importar – to be important to

Molestar – to be a bother to

Discutar – to hate something

Parecer – to appear to beDoler – to be painful

Picar – to itchEncantar – to love

somethingQuedar – to be left overFaltar – to be lacking

something

Page 10: Grammar Book!

-uir/-guir,  -cer/-cir,  --uir/-guir,  -cer/-cir,  -ger/girger/gir

-uir/-guirAtribuir ConcluirConstruirIncluir Instruir

conseguir (e:i)distinguirextinguir

seguir (e:i)

-ger/-gir *Change the G>J in the yo form.

In the other forms, use G.Cogerto catch Exigirto

demandCojo ExijoCoges ExigesCoge ExigeCogemos

ExigemosCogéis ExigisCogen Exigen

-cer/-circoercer

convencerejerceresparcirmecer

remecervencerzurcir

Page 11: Grammar Book!

ImperfectImperfect

ARabaabasaba

ábamosabaisaban

Imperfect tense is used to represent things that happened in the past that occurred repeatedly or occurred over a period

of time, has both an definite ending and beginning.

HABLARhablabahablabashablaba

hablábamos

hablabaishablaban

ER/IRíaíasía

íamosíaisían

VIVIRvivíavivíasvivía

vivíamosvivíaisvivían

TRIGGER WORDSa menudo, a veces, cada día, cada año, con frecuencia, de vez cuando, en aquella época,

frecuentemente, generalmente, nunca, por un rato, siempre, tantas veces, todas las semanas, todos los dias, and todo el

tiempo,

IRibaibasiba

íbamosibaisiban

VER veía veíamos veías veíais veía veían

SER era éramos eras erais era eran

Irregulars!

Page 12: Grammar Book!

PreteritePreteriteTrigger WordTrigger Word TranslationTranslationAyerAyer YesterdayYesterday

AnteayerAnteayer The day before The day before yesterdayyesterday

AnocheAnoche Last nightLast nightLa Semana PasadaLa Semana Pasada Last weekLast weekEl Mes PasadoEl Mes Pasado Last monthLast monthEl Año PasadoEl Año Pasado Last yearLast yearEl Fin De Semana El Fin De Semana PasadoPasado Last weekendLast weekend

Ella trabajó por dos horas.

She worked for two hours.

Ellos vendieron el coche.

They sold the car.

Form Form Ending for Ending for –ar verbs–ar verbs

Form Form Ending for Ending for –er and –ir –er and –ir verbsverbs

YoYo -é-é YoYo --íí

TúTú -aste-aste TúTú -iste-iste

Ella/Él/Ud.Ella/Él/Ud. -ó-ó Ella/El/Ud.Ella/El/Ud. -ió-ió

NosotrosNosotros -amos-amos NosotrosNosotros -imos-imos

VosotrosVosotros -asteis-asteis VosotrosVosotros -isteis-isteis

Ellos/Ellas/Ellos/Ellas/Uds.Uds.

-aron-aron Ellos/Ellas/Ellos/Ellas/Uds.Uds.

-ieron-ieron

The preterite tense allows you to refer to specific past actions performed (1) at a

fixed point in time, (2) a specific number of times, (3) during an enclosed amount of

time.

Page 13: Grammar Book!

-car, -gar, -zar-car, -gar, -zarThere are three spelling

changes in Spanish which affect verbs in the

preterite as well as in other tenses. In the

preterite , these changes occur only in the first

person singular yo form.Verbs ending in –car: the c changes to qu before

the letter eEx: Yo practiqué. (I

practiced.)Verbs ending in –gar: Insert a u before the e

Ex: Yo llegué. (I arrived.)Verbs ending in –zar: the z changes to c before the

letter eEx: Yo empecé. (I began.)

VerbVerb TranslationTranslation Preterite Yo Preterite Yo FormForm

PagarPagar To pay (for)To pay (for) Yo paguéYo pagué

RegarRegar To water (a To water (a plant)plant)

Yo reguéYo regué

JugarJugar To play (a To play (a game)game)

Yo juguéYo jugué

BuscarBuscar To look for; To look for; searchsearch

Yo busquéYo busqué

AparcarAparcar To parkTo park Yo aparquéYo aparqué

TocarTocar To touch; To touch; play (an play (an instrument)instrument)

Yo toquéYo toqué

OrganizarOrganizar To organizeTo organize Yo organicéYo organicé

SimbolizarSimbolizar To To symbolizesymbolize

Yo simbolicéYo simbolicé

AutorizarAutorizar To authorizeTo authorize Yo autoricéYo autoricé

Page 14: Grammar Book!

SpockSpock IrTo goSerTo be

DarTo giveVerTo see

HacerTo do; make

Ex:Fui al cine.

I went to the movies.

Ella dio un regalo a su abuela.

She gave a gift to her grandmother.

IrSer

Dar

Ver

Hacer

IrIr SerSer DarDar VerVer HaceHacerr

YoYo FuiFui FuiFui DiDi ViVi HiceHice

TTúú FuistFuistee

FuisteFuiste DisteDiste VisteViste HicisteHiciste

Ella/Ella/ÉÉl/l/Ud.Ud.

FueFue FueFue DioDio VioVio HizoHizo

NosotrosNosotros FuimFuimosos

FuimoFuimoss

DimosDimos VimosVimos HicimHicimosos

Ellos/Ellos/Ellas/Ellas/Uds.Uds.

FuerFueronon

FueroFueronn

DieroDieronn

VieronVieron HicierHicieronon

Page 15: Grammar Book!

CucarachaCucarachaVerbsVerbs Stem Stem ChangeChange

AndarAndar Anduv-Anduv-

EstarEstar Estuv-Estuv-

PoderPoder Pud-Pud-

PonerPoner Pus-Pus-

QuererQuerer Quis-Quis-

SaberSaber Sup-Sup-

TenerTener Tuv-Tuv-

VenirVenir Vin-Vin-

FormForm EndingEnding

YoYo -e-e

TTúú -iste-iste

Ella/Ella/ÉÉl/Ud.l/Ud. -o-o

NosotrosNosotros -imos-imos

VosotrosVosotros -isteis-isteis

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.Ellos/Ellas/Uds. -ieron-ieron

VerbsVerbs Stem ChangeStem Change

DecirDecir Dij-Dij-

TraerTraer Traj-Traj-

ConducirConducir Conduj-Conduj-

ProducirProducir Produj-Produj-

TraducirTraducir Traduj-Traduj-

Page 16: Grammar Book!

Snake/snakeySnake/snakey

Snakey verbs are verbs that are irregular in the preterite tense that change –yendo and –yeron.

FormForm EndingEnding

YoYo OíOí

TúTú OísteOíste

Ella/Él/Ud.Ella/Él/Ud. OyóOyó

NosotrosNosotros OímosOímos

Ellos/Ellas/Ellos/Ellas/Uds.Uds. OyeronOyeron

FormForm EndingEnding

YoYo LeíLeí

TúTú LeísteLeíste

Ella/Él/Ud.Ella/Él/Ud. LeyóLeyó

NosotrosNosotros LeímosLeímos

Ellos/Ellas/Ellos/Ellas/Uds.Uds.

LeyeroLeyeronn

FormForm EndingEnding

YoYo CayíCayí

TúTú CaísteCaíste

Ella/Él/Ud.Ella/Él/Ud. CayóCayó

NosotrosNosotros CaímosCaímos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Cayeron Cayeron

Page 17: Grammar Book!

Comparatives/Comparatives/SuperlativesSuperlativesComparatives are used to

compare two things. You can use sentences with “than”, or you can use a conjunction like “but”.

Superlatives are used to compare more than two things. Superlative sentences usually use “the”, because there is only one superlative.

Ex:

Julio is the tallest in the class.

Julio es el más alto en la clase.

Today is the hottest day of summer.

Hoy es el día más caluroso del verano.

One-Syllable Adjective

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

tall taller tallest

old older oldest

long longer longest

Ex:

Julio is taller than Juan.

Julio es más alto que Juan.

I am happier than you.

Soy más feliz que tú.

Page 18: Grammar Book!

El futuroEl futuroThe future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or

what "shall" happen. However, the future tense is NOT used

to express a willingness to do

something.

VerbVerb Stem Stem ChangChangee

VerbVerb Stem Stem ChangChangee

DecirDecir Dir-Dir- VenirVenir Vendr-Vendr-

HacerHacer Har-Har- PoderPoder Podr-Podr-

PonerPoner Pondr-Pondr- QuererQuerer Querr-Querr-

SalirSalir Saldr-Saldr- SaberSaber Sabr-Sabr-

TenerTener Tendr-Tendr- ValerValer Valdr-Valdr-

Ex: Using the verb hablar, to speak.

Yo HabléTu HablásElla HabláNosotros Hablemos

Ellos Hablán

FormForm EndinEndingg

YoYo --éé

TúTú --ááss

Ella/Ella/ÉÉl/Ud.l/Ud. --áá

NosotrosNosotros -emos-emos

Ellos/Ellas/Ellos/Ellas/Uds.Uds.

--áánn

Triggers: esta noche, el año que viene, mañana, próximo fin de semana, mes próximo, en pocas horas, en dos días, and la próxima Navidad