GEOGRAPHICAL RESOURCES

LIBR 210 -- TashSan Jose State University

Josh TiffanyQuang Thong

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WHY USE GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES?

Reasons Current events Recreational Business Historical geography

Purpose Assist in locating places Inform something

about the location Show how to get to

destination

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TYPES

Gazetteers and Dictionaries Maps and Mapping Atlases Travel guides World Factbook

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JUDGING A GEOGRAPHY REFERENCE GUIDE

Scale and projection Color and symbols Publisher / authority Indexing / place names Currency

3 Types of Projections

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JUDGING MAP RESOURCES

Scale The ratio of distance on the map to the actual distance on the face of

the Earth. Generally represented by a fraction (1:1,000,000)

Projection When a spherical globe is projected on a flat plane, distortions occur

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JUDGING MAP RESOURCES

Color and symbols

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JUDGING MAP RESOURCES

Publisher / authority Use map from reputable sources

U.S. Geological Survey Ordnance Survey (Great Britain) Natural Resources Canada Rand McNally C.S. Hammond National Geographic Society

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JUDGING MAP RESOURCES

Indexing / place names

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JUDGING MAP RESOURCES

Currency

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REPRESENTATIONS:

Physical world gives the physical features of the world such as mountains and bodies of water.

Political world illustrates the boundaries of the countries and territories.

Satellite world are images taken from outer space.

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GAZETTEERS & DICTIONARIES

Gazetteer is a geographical dictionary or directory

Provides reference about place and place names

Typically contains information on: Geographical makeup Social statistics Physical features

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COLUMBIA GAZETTEER OF NORTH AMERICA

•50,000 entries on places in North America•Derivative of Columbia Gazetteer of the World•Last published in 2000

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COLUMBIA GAZETTEER OF NORTH AMERICA

• descriptions of physical geography

• political boundaries

• historical, political, cultural, and economic descriptions

• natural, agricultural, and other resources

• principal trade, business, and industrial activities

• highways, railroads, canals, and pipelines

• points of interest

• population from the most recent national censuses

• latitude, longitude, and elevation

• official place-names

• changed or variant names and spellings

• pronunciations

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MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

•48,000 alphabetically arranged entries

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MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

Maps of areas

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MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

Entries contain Name Pronunciation Nickname Rivers Lakes Highest Point Chief products Chief cities Political divisions Brief history

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MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

Iraq

also Irak or Arab. ʿIrāq \i-ˈräk, -ˈrak\

Republic, SW Asia, bounded on N by Turkey, on E by Iran, on SE by Kuwait and Persian Gulf, on S by Saudi Arabia, and on W by Jordan and Syria; 168,927 sq. mi. (437,521 sq. km.); pop. (1992e) 18,838,000; ✽ Baghdad.

Physical features:Comprises for most part level country drained by Euphrates and Tigris rivers which unite ab. 120 mi. (193 km.) from Persian Gulf NNW of Basra to form the Shatt al Arab, and by tributaries of the Tigris from the E; includes most of Mesopotamia (q.v.); river region fertile with many lakes; wide desert region in W (part of Syrian Desert) and SW; mountainous in Kurdistan region of NE.

Chief products:Wheat, barley, rice, dates, cotton; sheep, cattle; oil, natural gas; manufacturing: textiles, construction materials.

Chief cities:Baghdad, Mosul, Basra, Arbīl.

History:For history prior to 1921, see mesopotamia babylonia assyria. Kingdom estab. 1921 after WWI out of former Turkish territory; under British mandate 1920 until Oct. 1932 when it became independent under King Faisal I; semi-independent state in alliance with Great Britain 1922; a limited monarchy according to organic law 1924; awarded Mosul (q.v.) by League of Nations 1925; independence and sovereignty recognized in treaties with Great Britain 1927 and 1930, the full result of which was admission to League 1932; in treaty with Saudi Arabia (q.v.) 1936; occupied by British 1941 to prevent Nazi control; joined UN 1945; republic estab. following army coup July 1958 during which King Faisal II and Crown Prince ʿAbd al-Ilāh were assassinated; advanced claims to Kuwait (rejected by Great Britain) 1961; participated in Arab-Israeli War 1967; coup 1968 brought revolutionary Ba'th party to power; announced termination of (sporadic) hostilities bet. central government and autonomy-seeking Kurds 1970, but fighting resumed 1974; Ba'thist Saddam Hussein became president 1979; invaded Iran Sept. 1980, provoking eight-year Iran–Iraq war; occupied and forcibly annexed Kuwait Aug. 1990; its subsequent failure to withdraw before UN deadline of Jan. 15, 1991 precipitated six-week offensive to liberate Kuwait, launched by alliance of international forces; after suffering heavy losses, accepted UN cease-fire terms Feb. 28, 1991; the U.S with the support of the U.K. launched an invasion against Iraq March 2003 to depose the repressive regime of Saddam Hussein which was suspected of possessing weapons of mass destruction and harboring international terrorists.

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GAZETTEERS & DICTIONARIES

“to provide the reader with the most detailed and comprehensive descriptions available for the physical geography of countries.”

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GAZETTEERS & DICTIONARIES

Geo-Data gives information on: Raw data (area, location, coordinates, population

etc.) Overview Map Topography (mountains, hills, plateaus, inland

and coastal waters) Climate and vegetation Human population Natural Resources

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GAZETTEERS

$250.00 Comprehensive

resources for North America

Last updated 2000

Columbia Gazetteer of

North America

Miriam Webster’s

Geographical Dictionary

Geo-Data

$34.95 Overview of

Global geographical

names Last updated

2007

$284 Overview of Global

geographical names

Good resource for country-to-country

Last updated 2004

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U.S. BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES

United States Board on Geographic Names

http://geonames.usgs.gov/

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U.S. BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES

Created in 1890 and established in present form in 1947

Sought to bring standardization to the names of the expanding territories after the Civil War

It is “the central authority to which name problems, name inquiries, name changes, and new name proposals can be directed”

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GEONAMES

General search will provide Name and unverified variant names County Region Location Feature type

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USGS DATABASE

Allows searching for feature name, state, county, type, and elevation

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USGS DATABASE

Returns results for feature name, feature id, class, county, latitude, longitude, state, map, elevation, and entry day

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ADDITIONAL GAZETTEERS

National Geospatial – Intelligence Agency (https://www1.nga.mil/Pages/Default.aspx) The database is the official repository of foreign

place-name decisions.

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ADDITIONAL GAZETTEERS

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ATLASES

Current Up-to-date information on geographical and

political changes in the world Historical

Study of changes in boundary, military campaigns, and early exploration

Thematic Relates to a specific subject or region

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CURRENT ATLASES

Contents: User Guide Maps

Political World Physical World Satellite World

Universe/Solar Systems World Statistics World Geography Geographical Glossary Index

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BEST SOURCES OF CURRENT ATLASES

Contents1. Plate2. Earth3. World Beyond4. World Maps

Maps are arrange by continents. Physical, flags, and facts

5. Geographic Comparisons6. Temperature and Rainfall7. World Cities, Foreign Terms8. Abbreviations9. Index

● First published in 1963 – present by the National Geographic Society ● Latest, 8th Edition released in 2005, includes GPS images● More than 400 pages of full-color maps and charts● 60 up-to-date political maps, 17 new thematic maps, and 10 new

panoramic satellite views of the world and every continent

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BEST SOURCES OF CURRENT ATLASES (CONT.)

Contents:1. User Guide2. World Statistics3. Images of Earth4. Gazetteer of Nations, A-

Z5. World Geography6. World Cities7. World Maps8. Geographical Glossary9. Index to World Maps

Current 15th Edition is priced at $80 USD, published 2008 Publisher: Oxford University Press in 1992 - present. Maps of 69 cities and nearly 100 different regions. Inclusion of new information such as Warming Island, discovered after the

Greenland ice sheet.

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COMPARISON OF LATEST EDITIONS:

Mini Gazetteer Updated census

information Maps of 69 cities and

nearly 100 different regions Latest geographic

information 48-page introduction to

World Geography Refreshed satellite image

section Price: $80.00

60 up-to-date political maps

17 new thematic maps 10 new panoramic

satellite views of the world and every continent

A comprehensive, cross-referenced index of 140,000 place names

Unique Ehlermann binding Price: $165 (Non-

member); $150 (Member)

Oxford Atlas of the World

National Geographic Atlas of the World

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HISTORICAL ATLASES

Map of the Mediterranean from the Ottoman "World Atlas" Title: Map of the MediterraneanDate: 1803-4, ÜsküdarAuthor: Translation of William Faden's (1750-1836) "General Atlas" published in London in 1797

Types of Historical Atlases:

Complete – early civilizations to present day

Specialized – relating to a particular subject Ex. Civil War newspaper

maps : a historical atlas by David Bosse, 1993.

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HISTORICAL ATLASES:

Hammond Historical World Atlas

Revised in 2000, currently 5th Ed. Publisher: Hammond World Atlas

Corporation most significant periods and major

events in civilization's history 118 full-color maps (arranged

chronologically) 8-page time chart with a graphic

history of mankind 16 additional pages with an

emphasis on Asian and African history

Priced at $59.95

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HISTORICAL ATLASES (CONT.)

The Times Atlas of World History First published in 1978 in

London 4th Edition published in 1993

by Hammond World Atlas Corporation

Reviewed by a team of leading historians

600 maps and 300,000 words of text

128 double-page spreads on major themes in world history

Recent historiography and archaeology

Updated chronology 120 color illustrations

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WHICH IS BETTER?

Revised in 2000, current 5th Ed.

118 full-color maps (arranged chronologically)

8-page time chart with a graphic history of mankind

Priced at $59.95

First published in 1978 in London

4th Edition published in 1993

Reviewed by a team of leading historians

128 double-page spreads on major themes in world history

Priced at $125

Hammond Historical World Atlas

Times Atlas of World History

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HISTORICAL SPECIALIZED ATLAS

Publisher: Routledge, released in 2003

Over 311 color maps and illustrations

Covers: Colonial uprisings to

September 11, 2001 attacks

Two special map sections: Presidential elections Territorial growth of United

States

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HISTORICAL SPECIALIZED ATLAS (CONT.)

Atlas of United States History Revised edition, published by Hammond

World Atlas Corporation in 2007 Covers earliest inhabitants to more recent

presidential elections Latest information on:

Growth of the U.S. economy The United Nations U.S., and World Alliances Foreign trade Population characteristics Immigration Acid rain and toxic waste Foreign aid

Flags of American history, along with flags of U.S. states, territories, and possessions

A two-page U.S. political map Historical maps of Alaska and Hawaii.

"After 100 years, Hammond has got it down," writes the Philadelphia Inquirer.

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COMPARISON OF HISTORICAL ATLAS ON THE UNITED STATES

Published in 2003 by Routledge

Coverage from colonial uprisings to September 11, 2001 attacks

Two special map sections: Presidential elections Territorial growth of

United States Priced at $185

Revised in 2007 by Hammond World Atlas Corporation

Covers earliest inhabitants to more recent presidential elections

Priced at $150

Historical Atlas of the United States

Atlas of the United States History

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BEST SOURCE OF THEMATIC ATLAS

Rand McNally Road Atlas Coverage: United States, Canada, and Mexico Map Legend Maps A-Z Index Miles and Minutes Annually published

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THEMATIC ATLASES (CONT.)

Published in 2004, Adventure Edition

Detailed maps of all 50 states, Canada, and Mexico

Scenic routes, historic sites, recreation information, and points of interest

America's top 100 adventure destinations

24 profiles of the most popular national parks

Priced: $19.95

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COMPARISON OF THEMATIC ATLASES

Detailed inset maps of over 350 cities and 20 U.S. National Parks

GPS and online travel companion

2010 Best of the Road Trips

Road construction projects and updates

US atlas contains mileage chart

Priced at $13.95

Detailed maps of all 50 states, Canada, and Mexico and 24 U.S. National Parks

America's top 100 adventure destinations

US atlas contains mileage chart

Priced at $19.95

Rand McNally Road Atlas

National Geographic Road Atlas

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ATLASES VS. MAPS

Maps Present storage

problems Larger scale Clearer

presentation

Atlases Compact Easier storage and

use Smaller scale Lack of detail for

certain regions

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MAPS

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MAPS LIBRARIES SHOULD HAVE

Maps showing coverage of local area Various scales Vary amount of detail

Maps covering cities or towns in the following scales 1:250,000 (one sheet) 1:100,000 (one to two sheets) 1:24,000 (one to six sheets)

Nautical charts for coastal cities or near the Great Lakes

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POPULAR ELECTRONIC MAPS

Maps.google.com ( A ) Maps.yahoo.com ( B ) Mapquest.com ( C )

Satellite imaging Currency as an issue Questionable directions

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ELECTRONIC MAPS

Scalable maps

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ELECTRONIC MAPS

Satellite Images

(Outdated source)

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ELECTRONIC MAPS

Terrain

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ELECTRONIC MAPS

Traffic updates

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ELECTRONIC MAPS

Webcams

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ELECTRONIC MAPS

Images

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ELECTRONIC MAPS Directions

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ENVIRO-MAPS

An electronic, searchable map of EPA covered sites

User can search by EPA-Regulated Facilities Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment

Information Brownfields Grant Types and Properties Superfund National Priorities List Sites Toxics Release Inventory Waste Management Facility Siting Tool Pesticide Use Limitations Cleanups in the community

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ENVIRO-MAPS

What’s buried in your back yard?

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MAP COLLECTION

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MAP COLLECTION

The Library of Congress’ mission is to “make resources available and useful to Congress and the American people and to sustain and preserve a universal collection of knowledge and creativity for future generations”

The goal of the Library’s National Digital Library Program is to “offer broad public access to a wide range of historical and cultural documents”

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MAP COLLECTION

Cities and Towns Conservation and Environment Discovery and Exploration Cultural Landscapes Military Battles & Campaigns Transportation and Communication

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MAP COLLECTION

Historic maps of town

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MAP COLLECTION

Exploration

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TRAVEL GUIDES

Users: Domestic and international travelers Specific regions, countries, or cities Contents:

Passport Restaurants and hotels Car rentals Sightseeing Maps

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FODOR’S VS. FROMMER’S

Which travel guide books do you think is the most used and recommended?

A. Fordor’sB. Frommer’s

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First published guidebooks in 1936 - present.

Annual updates, inclusion of users’ experiences and opinions

Over 300 worldwide destinations.

Itineraries; When to Go Foldout, full-color sheet maps Transportation Vocabulary Hong Kong, 21st Ed.

Published on March 3, 2009 is priced at $19.95

First publication in 1957 with $-a-Day Guides

Savvy trip-planning and sightseeing advice

Foldout, full-color sheet maps

Suggested Itineraries Getting Around

(Transportation) Hong Kong, 10th Ed.

Published on February 24, 2009 is priced at $17.99

Fodor’s Frommer’s

FODOR’S VS. FROMMER’S

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WORLD FACTBOOK

Last updated June 8, 2009

Comprehensive information for 266 world entities

References taps Regional Maps Flags of the

World Gallery of

Covers Do You Know?

RRS feed

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SAMPLE FROM WORLD FACTBOOK

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REFERENCES Bopp, R. & Smith, L. (2001). Reference and Information Services: An introduction (3rd ed.). Englewood: Libraries

Unlimited, Inc. Cannes, M. (2003). Historical Atlas of the United States. New York: Routledge . Cohen, S. (2000). The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved July

3, 2009 from http://cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-11990-0/the-columbia- EnviroMapper StoreFront. Retrieved July 10, 2009 from http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/em/. Fodor’s. Retrieved on July 10, 2009 from http://www.fordors.com. Frommer’s. Retrieved on July 10, 2009 from http://www.frommers.com. Google Maps. Retrieved on June 20, 2009 from http://maps.google.com. Hammond Atlas of United States History. (2007). Maplewood: Hammond World Atlas Corporation. Hammond Historical World Atlas (5th Ed.). (2000). Maplewood: Hammond World Atlas Corporation. McCoy, J. (ed). (2002). Geo-Data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia. Gacl: Ohio. Retrieved June 30, 2009 from

http://www.netlibrary.com.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=73124 . Map Collections. Retrieved July 10, 2009 from http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/. Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. (2007). In Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Springfield, MA:

Merriam- Webster. Retrieved July 12, 2009, from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/mwgeog/merriam_webster_s_geographical_dictionary/.

National Geographic. Retrieved July 11, 2009 from ttp://www.nationalgeographic.com/. National Geographic Atlas of the World (8th Ed.). (2005.). Washington D. C.: National Geographic Society. National Geospatial – Intelligence Agency. Retrieved July 11, 2009 from https://www1.nga.mil/Pages/Default.aspx/. Oxford Atlas of the World (15th Ed.). (c2008). New York: Oxford University Press. Oxford University Press, USA. Retrieved July 11, 2009 from http://www.oup.us/. Rand McNally Road Atlas. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1926- . Annual. The Times Atlas of World History (4th Ed.). (c1993). London: Times Book Group Ltd. U.S. Board on Geographic Names. Retrieved July 11, 2009 from http://geonames.usgs.gov/. World Factbook. Retrieved July 14, 2009 from

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html/