GENOMICS AND

BIOINFORMATICS

GROUP MEMBERS:-AMIT GARG

LOKESH JOSHI

PANKAJ PHOGAT

GENOMICS:-The branch of molecular biology concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes.

GENOME:-the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism

BIOINFORMATICS:- Bioinformatics is the field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge together to form a single discipline.

GENOMICS

What is genome..?• A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its

genes.

• Genes carry the information for making all of the proteins required by the body for growth and maintenance.

• The genome also encodes r-RNA and t-RNA which are involved in protein synthesis

Genomics

• Genomics is a discipline in genetics that applies recombinant DNA,

DNA sequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble,

and analyze the function and structure of genomes (the complete set

of DNA within a single cell of an organism).

HUMAN GENOME PROJECTHISTORY AND GOALS

• The human genome project (HGP) started in 1990 and it was finally completed in 2003

• Identify all of the genes in human DNA.

• Determine the sequence of the 3 billion chemical nucleotide bases that make up human DNA.

• Store this information in data bases.

• Develop faster, more efficient sequencing technologies.

• Develop tools for data analysis.

• Address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that are raised from the project.

Two Different Groups Worked to Obtain the DNA Sequence of the Human Genome

• The HGP is a multinational consortium established by government research agencies and funded publicly

• Celera Genomics is a private company whose former CEO, J. Craig Venter, ran an independent sequencing project

• Differences arose regarding who should receive the credit for this scientific milestone

• June 6, 2000, the HGP and Celera Genomics held a joint press conference to announce that TOGETHER they had completed ~97% of the human genome

THE PROJECT FINALLY CAMPLETED IN 2003 (IT TOOK ALOMOST 13 YEARS TO CAMPLETE)

Pros and cons of the ProjectPros• Successfully identifies where

the genes of DNA are located in the body

• Genetically modify foods • Make crops grow faster and

more resistant to pesticides• Mapping can locate cancer

cells and mental illnesses• Can identify if the fetus has

genetic mutations in the womb

Cons• 13 years• $3 billion• Requires skill• Process is very difficult with

lots of procedures

Other completed genomesHaemophilus influenzae Escherichia coli

Bacillus subtilis Helicobacter pylori

• Borrelia burgdorferi Streptococcus pneumoniae

• Saccharomyces cerevisiae

GENOMIC DATA• Genomic data refers to the genome and DNA data of an organism.

BIO-INFORMATICS

BIOINFORMATICS It is the emerging field that deals with the application of computer in the areas like:-• Collection• Organization• Analysis• Manipulation• Sharing of Biological DataBut at the end of the day it is used to solve the biological problems on

molecular level.

ORIGIN AND HISTORY• Bioinformatics started with the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel. He cross

fertilized different colours of flowers of the same species and he carefully kept the obtained data from this experiment.

• In 1972, Paul Berg made the first recombinant DNA molecule using ligase.• In the same year, Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang Boyer produced the first

recombinant DNA organism. • In 1973 Joseph Sambrook led a team that refined DNA electrophoresis

using gel and in the same year DNA cloning was invented.• During 1981 ,579 human genes had been mapped and mapping by insitu

hybridization and in 1988 a automatic method to this was found.

Modelling of DATA• Mathematical modelling:-A mathematical model is a description of a

system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modelling.

• Computational modelling:-Computational modelling is the use of mathematics, physics and computer science to study the behaviour of complex systems by computer simulation. A computational model contains numerous variables that characterize the system being studied.

• Homology Modelling:-Homology modelling, also known as comparative modelling of protein, refers to constructing an atomic-resolution model of the "target" protein from its amino acid sequence and an experimental three-dimensional structure of a related homologous protein (the "template").

GENOME BROWSER

In bioinformatics, a genome browser is a graphical interface for display of information from a biological database for genomic data. Genome browsers enable researchers to visualize and browse entire genomes (most have many complete genomes) with annotated data including gene prediction and structure, proteins, expression, regulation,

• NCBI• UCSC• Ensembl

In-situ Hybridization• Working Principle:- Works on the Complementary nature of RNA and

DNA.• Objective:- To find the Gene sequence as well as the m-RNA

sequence.

• Processes involved in-situ hybridization1. Making of probe (Complementary sequence of gene that we have to figure out).2. Modification(radiolabelling or fluorescent).3. Denaturation for DNA molecules and cross linking for the m-RNA molecules.

A BIOLOGICAL PROCESS

How it is useful ?Bioinformatics, being an interface between modern biology and informatics it involves discovery, development and implementation of computational algorithms and software tools that facilitate an understanding of various biological processes with the goal to serve primarily agriculture and healthcare sectors.

Sources of huge Biological Data• DNA sequence which determines protein sequence.• Protein sequence which determines protein structure.• Protein structure which determines protein function

Huge data is generated from the above written three sources and now there is need of intelligent storage and analysis of this data so that something useful can be taken out of this data. Therefore, automated computer tools must be developed to allow the extraction of meaningful biological information.

Difference between Bioinformatics and Computational Biology

• Bioinformatics is the application of computer technology to the management of biological information. Computers are used to gather, store, analyse and integrate biological and genetic information which can then be applied to gene-based drug discovery and development.

• Computational Biology It is the development of new algorithms and statistics with which the large biological information can be analysed

Biological Database• Biological databases are libraries of life

sciences information, collected from scientific experiments, published literature, high-throughput experiment technology, and computational analysis.

BIOLOGICAL DATABASE INFORMATION THEY CONTAINBibliographic database Literature

Taxonomic Database Classification

Nucleic acid database DNA Information

Genomic Database Gene level Information

Protein Database Protein Information

Different types of Databases• Primary Database:-Contain sequence data such as nucleic or proteins.

These types of database are the source of primary information. For example SWISS-PROT.

• Secondary Database:-These are also known as pattern databases contain results from the analysis of the sequences in the primary databases. For example BLOCKS.

DRUG DISCOVERY ALGORITHMS

THANKS…..