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GENOMESEQUENCINGPROJECT

by Luvanee Parkianathan, Mahathir Mohmed,Nurul Asyikin Sharuddin, Muhammad Syamil Zahari,

and Azman Muin

BACKGROUND

Genome sequencing projects are scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete

genome sequence of an organism

requires the DNA sequences for each of the chromosomes in an organism to be determined

The information gathered from sequencing will provide the raw data for the exploding field of bioinformatics,

where computer science and biology live in symbiotic harmony.

FREDERIC SANGER

Frederic Sanger is the person that invents “shotgun” sequencing method.

This technique involves the separation of fluorescent labelled DNA fragments according to their length on a polyacrilimide gel (PAGE)

He is the fourth (and only living) person to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.

SANGER “Shotgun” method

The first bacterial genome to be completed was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at

The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995

BACKGROUND

Human Genome Project starts at 1990

C. elegans finished in 1998, Drosophila melanogaster finished in 2006, the mouse which has less than 1% finished (December 2007: only 20%),

and the human which is only 1.5% completed (current: 92%).

genome assembly

…process of taking a large number of short DNA sequences, all of which were generated by a shotgun sequencing project, and putting them back

together to create a representation of the original chromosomes from which the DNA originated

"read" by automated sequencing machines, which can read up to 900 nucleotides or bases at a time

genome assembly

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assembly software

Phrap AMOS

The Celera Assembler The Arachne

TIGR Assembler

genome annotation

… process of attaching biological information to sequences

1st: identifying elements on the genome, a process called gene finding

2nd: attaching biological information to these elements.

basic level of annotation is using BLAST for finding similarities

genome annotation databases

Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE)

Ensembl

RefSeq

Uniprot

plant genome sequencing project

Rice

plant genome sequencing project

animal genome sequencing project

Mouse

marine genome sequencing project

Nanoflagellates

Human genome sequencing project

issues in genome sequencing project

Plant Human

• safety• access to intellectual property• ethics• labeling• society

• treatment and medicine• insurance companies• employment• moral issues• society

The end