2014-15

SWAROOP SUNDAR PUHAN

Roll No. 6602984

ATOMIC ENERGY CENTRAL

SCHOOL, OSCOM

2014-15

CHEMISTRY PROJECT

ATOMIC ENERGY CENTRAL SCHOOL

OSCOM

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SWAROOP SUNDAR PUHAN, a

student of class XII has successfully completed the

research on the below mentioned project under the

guidance of MR.M.K.SONI ( Subject Teacher ) during

the year 2014-15 in partial fulfillment of chemistry

practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature of Signature of

external examiner Chemistry Teacher

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully,

many people have best owned upon me their

blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I

am utilizing to thank all the people who have been

concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete

this project with success. Then I would like to thank

my principal Mr.A.K.Singh and chemistry teacher

Mr.M.K.Soni, whose valuable guidance has been the

ones that helped me patch this project and make it

full proof success.His suggestions and his instructions

have served as the major contributor towards the

completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends

who have helped me with their valuable suggestions

and guidance has been helpful in various phases of

the completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my

classmates who have helped me a lot and also Sir

Lab attendant Mr.Laxmi Narayana.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that project work entitled “PREPARATION

OF SOAP & DETERMINING FOAMING CAPACITY OF

DIFFERENT SOAPS”, submitted to the department of

Chemistry, Atomic Energy Central School (OSCOM) for the

subject Chemistry under the guidance of Mr.M.K.Soni is a

record of original work done by me. I further declare that this

project or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for

any other class.

CLASS: XII

PLACE: ATOMIC ENERGY CENTRAL SCHOOL, OSCOM

DATE:

-: CONTENTS :-

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EXPERIMENT

3. THEORY

4. CONCLUSION

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

PREPARATION OF SOAP

GENERAL INFORMATION

What Are Oils & Fats?

Alcohol or alkanols may be considered as hydroxyl derivatives of saturated

hydrocarbons or alkanes and represented by general formula R-OH group.

All alcohols contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) as the functional group, which

determine the general properties of the family. The remaining part, i.e., other than the

(–OH) group is called the hydrocarbon structure.

Alcohols are classified as mono, di- and trihydric alcohols according to the

number of hydroxyl groups contained in their molecules. Thus:

C2H5OH CH2OH C2H4(OH)2

Ethyl Alcohol │ OR

(Monohydric) CH2OH

Glycol (Dihydric)

CH2OH

│

CH2OH OR C3H5(OH)3

│

CH2OH

Glycerol (Trihydric)

Glycerol is a trihydric alcohol with three hydroxyl groups.

Carboxylic (or alkanoic) acids are the organic compounds containing carboxyl

(–COOH) group. They are represented by the general formula R–COOH.

Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids (containing one carboxyl group) are known as

fatty acids because some of their higher members with long hydrocarbon chains are

obtained from oils and fats. Members of family of carboxylic acids in which R

contains 15 or more carbon atoms are known as higher fatty acids. Some common

higher fatty acids are:

C15H31COOH C17H35COOH C17H35COOH

(Palmitic acid) (Oleic acid) (Stearic acid)

Oils and fats are the triesters of glycerol with various long chain organic acids,

both saturated and unsaturated.

These triesters are usually known as glycerides.

Oils are liquids at ordinary temperatures while fats are solids.

The glycerides constituting oils contain a larger proportion of unsaturated

acids, such as oleic acid (C17H33COOH), linoleic acid (C17H31COOH), etc., while the

glycerides forming the fats contain a larger proportion of saturated acids, such as

lauric acid (C11H23COOH), myristic acid (C13H27COOH), palmitic acid

(C15H31COOH) and stearic acid (C17H35COOH).

The glycerides are named according to the acid radical present in them. For

instance, the glyceride containing stearic acid radical is called stearin or tristearin and

the one containing the palmitic acid radical is named as palmitin or tripalmitin.

CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OOCC15H31

│ │

CHOOCC17H35 CHOOCC15H31

│ │

CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OOCC15H31

(Stearin or triesterin) (Palmitin or tripalmitin)

Usually more than one acid radical is present in the same glyceride. These are called

mixed glycerides. The naturally occurring oils and fats are generally mixtures of such

‘mixed glycerides’.

For instance:

CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OOCC15H31

│ │

CHOOCC15H31 CHOOCC17H35

│ │

CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OOCC17H35

(Oleo-palmito-stearin) (Palmito-distearin)

CH2OOCC17H35

│

CHOOCC15H31

│

CH2OOCC15H31

(Stearo-dipalmitin)

WHAT ARE SOAPS?

Soaps are mixtures of sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as

stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid. They are usually obtained by the hydrolysis of

oils and fats with sodium or potassium hydroxide (alkali hydrolysis).

For example,

CH2OOCC15H31 CH2OH 2C15H31COONa

│ │ (Sodium palmitate)

CHOOCC15H31 + NaOH → CHOH (Soap)

│ │

CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OH C17H35COONa

(Dipalmito-stearin) (Sodium Sterate)

(Oil or fat) (Soap)

The alkali hydrolysis of oil and fat is known as Saponification.

The sodium soaps are generally hard in consistency and are known as Hard

Soaps. The potassium soaps, on the other hand, are comparatively soft and more

soluble and are referred to as Soft Soaps. Shaving creams, vanishing creams,

shampoos, etc., are all potassium soaps

CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAPS:

Soaps act as cleansing agent by decreasing the surface tension of water. Any

surface or interface has a surface tension, or surface energy caused by the unequal

attraction, between molecules in opposite sides. A detergent (cleansing agent) ties

together the two surfaces and consequently diminishes the fraction of dissimilar

cohesive forces at the surface and hence decreases the surface energy. The adsorption

of the detergent at the solid surface permits wetting of the surface by water and rolling

up of oil films into small droplets.

Cleansing (or washing) properties of soaps and detergents depend on the lowering

they cause in the surface tension of water. Greater the lowering in the value of

surface tension, greater will be the cleansing capacity of the detergent.

Surface tension of two soap solutions (𝛾1and𝛾2) can be easily compared by

counting the number of drops (𝑛1and𝑛2) formed from equal volumes containing equal

weights of the detergents.

𝛾1/ 𝛾2 = 𝑛1/ 𝑛2

Stalagmometer or Drop pipette:

It is an apparatus used for comparing relative surface tension of liquids. It

consists of a capillary tube the end of which is flattened out (in order to give a large

dropping surface) and the surface is ground flat and polished. The capillary is sealed

on to a tube of wider bore on which a bulb is blown and on the stem of the tube, two

marks are etched, one above and another below the bulb.

EXPERIMENT:-

OBJECTIVE:

a) To prepare soap from oils (say Mahuwa oil, ground nut oil and coconut oil).

b) To compare the soap prepared with the market soap by determining their

foaming capacity and cleaning effect.

APPARATUS:

Beakers, Stalagmometer (drop pipette), test tubes, petri dishes, stop watch.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:

The washing soap is prepared from the following chemicals:

1. Mahuwa Oil = 100g

2. Caustic Soda = 25g

3. Starch = 25g

4. Water = 150ml

PROCEDURES:

1. Dissolve caustic soda in 150ml of water. This solution is called lye. Let this

soda lye cool.

2. Warm the oil on flame and mix 50g of starch with it. Remove the flame and

allow the oil to cool.

3. When the oil and soda lye are at about the same temperature (which can be

tested by putting a finger in each of them at the same time). Add soda lye to

the oil in a thin stream.

4. Stir the mass constantly well with a wooden rod till the whole lye has been

added. A creamy pasty mass is obtained.

5. Stir the mass more till a semi-solid mass is obtained. Transfer it into an iron

mould or a wooden frame.

6. Cover the mould or frame with wooden board or a gunny bag and leave it for

few hours.

7. Remove the flame and take out the soda slab. Cut it with the help of a wire into

cakes of desired size.

NOTE: - Soaps from ground nut oil as well as coconut oil are prepared by same

procedure.

PRECAUTION:

Caustic soda is very corrosive and should not, therefore, be touched

with bare hands.

COMPARISON OF THE FOAMING CAPACITIES

OF THE TWO SOAP SAMPLES:

1. Take 0.1g of each soap sample in two test tubes numbered as 1 and 2.

2. Add 5ml of distilled water in each test tube and shake them vigorously for 2-3

minutes preferably in a shaker.

3. Place the test tubes in a test tube stand and start the stop watch.

4. Note the time when the foam in each of the tubes disappears.

Foaming capacity of that soap sample will be greater in which case it takes

longer time to disappear.

FOAMING CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT SOAPS

INTRODUCTION:

Soaps and detergents are used for removing grease and dirt from our clothes.

But all soaps are not equally effective in their cleansing action.

Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as palmitic

acid (C15H31COOH), stearic acid (C17H35COOH), oleic acid (C17H35COOH)

etc.,their general formula being RCOONa or RCOOK where R is the longer chain

alkyl group i.e. C15H31, C17H33 etc., thus, each soap molecule consists of two parts –

a lipophilic (oil soluble) part R and a hydrophilic (water soluble) part COONa or

COOK. The cleansing action of the soap depends upon the solubility of the long

alkyl are in grease or oil droplets and that of –COONa or –COOK part in water.

The dirt is held on the surface of the cloth by grease or oil droplets.

Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the non-polar alkyl group dissolves

in grease (non-polar) while the polar –COONa group dissolves in water (polar).

In this way an emulsion is formed between grease and water which appears as

foam. The dirt along with the emulsion is washed away when the cloth is treated

with excess of water.

Thus, the washing capacity of soap depends upon its foaming capacity, i.e.

the extent to which it produces foam with water. The foaming capacity also

depends upon the quality of water used. If soft water is used, soaps easily produce

lot of lather. On the other hand, if hard water is used, even good quality soaps will

not produce lather. The reason being that hard water contains magnesium and

calcium ions which form insoluble magnesium and calcium salts of carboxylic

acids which in turn, precipitate out in the form of a scum.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2 Ca ↓ + 2Na+

(Water Soluble) (ppt.)

2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ → (C17H35COO)2 Mg ↓ + 2Na+

(Water Soluble) (ppt.)

However, if hard water is first treated with Na2CO3, magnesium and calcium

ions present in it and precipitate as their insoluble carbonates. The filtrate can be

used for washing purposes since it is now rendered soft.

In contrast, detergents can be used for washing purposes even in hard water. The

reasons being that detergents are sodium or potassium salts of aliphatic or aromatic

sulphonic acids and even their calcium and magnesium salts are soluble in water

and thus do not form scum but form foam when treated with hard water.

EXPERIMENT:-

OBJECTIVE:

To compare the foaming capacity of different soaps.

APPARATUS:

Five 100ml conical flasks, five 20ml test tubes, 100ml measuring cylinder, test

tube stand, weight box and stop watch.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:

Five different samples of soap, distilled water.

THEORY:

The foaming capacity of soap depends upon the nature of the soap and its

concentration. This may be compared by shaking equal volumes of the solutions of

the different samples of soaps having the same concentration with the same force and

for same period of time. The solutions are then allowed to stand when the foam

produced during shaking disappears gradually. The time taken for the foam to

disappear in each sample is determined.The longer the time taken for the

disappearance of foam in the given sample of soap, greater is its foaming

capacity or cleansing capacity.

PREOCEDURE:

1. Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Put 50ml of

distilled water in each of conical flasks and add 5gm of soap shavings or granules of

different soap samples to each flask.

2. Warm the contents of each flask to get a clear solution.

3. Take five 20ml test tubes and add 10ml of distilled water to each one of them and

label them as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Now add 1ml of soap solution from each conical flask

to the corresponding test tube.

4. Close the mouth of the test tube number 1 with your thumb and shake its contents

vigorously for one minute. Place test tube in the test tube stand and start the stop

watch immediately. Note the time taken for disappearance of the foam produced.

5. Repeat the same procedure for test tubes 2, 3, 4 and 5 shaking each time with the

same force and for the same time (one minute). Note the time taken for disappearance

of foam in each case and record the observations in a tabular form.

OBSERVATIONS:

Amount of each soap sample taken = 5.0gm

Volume of distilled water added to each soap sample = 50.0ml

Test Tube Number

Name of the Soap Sample

Volume of Soap Solution Added

Volume of Water Added

Time of disappearance of foam

1. Dove 1.0ml 10.0ml

2. Lifebuoy 1.0ml 10.0ml

3. Dettol 1.0ml 10.0ml

4. Lux 1.0ml 10.0ml

5. Liril 1.0ml 10.0ml 6. Medimix 1.0ml 10.0ml

RESULT:

The foaming capacity and hence the cleansing capacity of different samples of

soaps is in the order:

Lifebuoy > Dettol > Liril > Lux > Medimix > Dove

PRECAUTION:

Each test tube containing the soap solution must be shaken with the

same force and for the same period of time.

TEXT BOOK OF CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY

http://www.google.co.in

http://www.wikipedia.org

http://www.youtube.com

http://www.slideshare.net

Help from Subject Teacher and Lab Attender.