Fifty years with uncle sam - american period

FIFTY YEARS WITH UNCLE SAM THE AMERICAN PERIOD

The American Take-Over and the Policy of "Benevolent Assimilation"

Cuban revolution - Americans sided with the rebels strained Spanish-American relation sinking of the warship Maine triggered the war Commodore Dewey - sail from Hongkong to Manila Spanish fleet was destroyed and that event signalled

the rise of America as a colonial power. Americans arranged the return of General Aguinaldo resume the fight against the Spanish ground forces.

"Benevolent Assimilation"

Aguinaldo – government & independence was declared - June 12, 1898.at Cavite el Viejo

convoked the revolutionary congressbasilica of Barasoain, Malolos (September 15)

Malolos Constitution Philippine Republic inaugurated.

Aguinaldo as president. Treaty of Paris Philippines ceded to the United

States 20M. US dollars. President William McKinley issued the so-called

"Benevolent Assimilation" proclamationfirst official indication of American policy in the

Philippines.

DANIEL H. BURNHAM Planner and Architect

American architect visit the Philippines

to give advice urban problems of

the city of Manila & Baguio

gave his architectural

signature to the newly Americanized Philippines

Burnham's Architectural Design Principles

believed that the the big cities where most of them would have to work and to live.

The urban design principles American "City Beautiful" movement

superimposed a system of diagonals and rotundas over the basic rectangular grid street patterns of American cities

"City Beautiful" planning concentrated on public buildings as focal points of wide and grandiose avenues

Burnham's Architectural Design Principles

The city showcase of the ruling class sense of pride and achievement. architectural thought and planning

focused on monumental architecture little concern for the planning of the

vernacular or ordinary buildings the emphasis was on architecture as

"work" and not on architecture as "labour"

Burnham's Recommendations and Design for Manila

Manila on October 13, 1904 stayed for about six weeks began with what was already there historical value of some portions of the

walls of lntramurosfortified medieval town.

should not be preserved - moat surrounding lntramuros

for sanitary reasons. should be drained and filled planted with trees and grass turned into a pleasant and useful circular park


admired the Spanish-Filipino house

The dull red tile added to the charm.

The well-shaded narrow streets in the older sections of the town as "picturesque“

impressed by the old Spanish churches and government buildings

He suggested that they could serve as examples for future structures


"imperial" manner of "City Beautiful." Diagonals as broad thoroughfares are

superimposed over partially existing street patterns of a rectangular grid iron pattern

superimposed diagonal arteries, radiating from the government center in various directions

Reasons: Practical = center of governmental activity readily

accessible from all sides Sentimental = every section of the capital city

should look with deference toward the symbol of the nation's power."


Next to the diagonal arteriesfeature are the parks and open spaces for sports and

other recreational activities. The Luneta was to be preserved unchanged "without

planting of any sort on its westward side so as to give an unobstructed view of the sea."

Later planners putting up the Quirino grandstand between the Sunday strollers and the Manila Bay sunset.

Burnham recommended many parks throughout and outside the city and the planting of If the plan had had a chance to be fully executed, Manila would have become the most beautiful city in the East. -Lachica


necessity for the modern city breathing places for the people playfields of moderate sizes in the heart

of the city large sylvan stretches located in the

outskirts

development and maintenance of the waterfronts Pasig River Ocean bay for recreational purposes


amenities were especially necessary for Manila with its periods of intense heat recommended fountains throughout the city.

for aesthetic psychological relief from the long summer heat


laid out Dewey Boulevard (now Roxas Boulevard). "The bay front, from the present Luneta southward

should have a continuous parkway extending all the way to Cavite

This Boulevard two hundred and fifty feet in width with roadways, bridle path, rich plantations and broad sidewalks

so well shaded with palms. bamboo, and mangoes as to furnish protection from the elements at all times.

same shaded drives be provided along the Pasig River up to Fort McKinley (now Fort Bonifacio)



indicated the building sites for important government buildings other public and semi-public buildings

Plans for Baguio and Their Implementation

Americans were convinced that they needed health resort Summer capital in the mountains

large portions of all surrounding hills public property and maintained as

informal parks the tops of hills

public reservations green may be carefully preserved


opposed dense settlement strict laws to enforce this policy proposed a few monumental public

buildings be placed on hilltops to give them the

required dignity


This should not be the general practice. The placing of formal architectural silhouettes upon the summits of the surrounding hills would make a hard sky-line and go far toward destroying the charm of this beautiful landscape. On the other hand, to place buildings on the sloping hillsides where they would be seen against a solid background of green foliage is to give the in the best possible setting without mutilating their surroundings.


The conclusion of Burnham's report on Baguio reveals him to be a realistic and down-to-earth planner

Burnham ptan was officially adopted William E. Parsons implementation Parsons kept the principal northwest to southeast axis

which connected the municipal to the government center. A significant change was the establishment of a large park in the center of the "meadow.“ Burnham Park

shifted the market from the southwest to the southeast corner of the "meadow" where it still is today. established the site for Pines Hotel

Historical Evaluation of the Burnham Plans

"Burnham formulated a master plan for the capitol government buildings in Manila and Baguiogrouped around a square or plazaAmerican neo-baroque principle of solids and connecting axes

part of an axis and not of a squareOpen spaces "breathing spaces“legislative, postal and other governmental buildings

William E. ParsonsArchitect and Planner

Burnham was eventually able to persuade young William E. Parsons to accept the job to implement his plan.

graduate of Yale, Columbia French Ecole des Beaux

Arts.

"quiet creativity" and "practical wisdom."


Burnham suggested that costly structures "with granite, marble or other building stones in the manner of public buildings in Europe America"

not Philippines which had a tropical climate. Flat walls simply built of reinforced concrete possible earthquake proof depended for their effect upon beautiful proportion

Parsons also followed Burnham's advice to learn from the better Spanish and Philippine examples


"Regionalism" in architecture. made use of broad plain surfaces of solid pastel colors

topped by tile roofs deep archways shaded porches covered loggias keep the heat away from the interior of buildings.


Philippine Normal College(PNC)- on Taft Avenue was one of the first buildings designed by Parsons Glazed tile - wall

ornamentation long tile roof was

interrupted by three "California" gables - marked the entrances of the three-story building.

reinforced concrete


Philippine General Hospital (PGH) Taft Avenue three-story building was

designed along the lines of a sprawling pavilion type plan

main entrance featured a high portico with triangular pediment and double pilasters on either side

deep porches carried on semicircular arches.


Army and Navy Club (ANC) Luneta Park near the seashore two-storied middle portion simple entrance portico flanked by protruding three-

story wings on either side lower story - undecorated

archways second story - open loggia

carried on pairs of columns. loggia was later closed with

windows which did not improve the appearance.

destroyed during World War II but was soon rebuilt.


Manila Hotel Parsons' finest work Doric columns and

arches were once again bared and

the lobby restored to its original splendor.

restored by the nation's most prominent architect, Leandro V. Locsin

Implementation of the Burnham Plans

4 regional parks envisioned did not fully materialize

9 playfields proposed are now the sites of schools, government offices commercial establishments streets and residences

Pasig River was not developed as an effective artery of transportation

The proposed shaded drives along the Pasig River leading to Fort McKinley (now Fort Bonifacio) and beyond were also not realized.

Early Filipino Architects

ARCADIA ARELLANO first Filipino, employed

in 1901 by Governor Taft

architectural advisors EscueLa de Artes y

Oficios maestro de obras


CARLOS A. BARRETTO one of the first to be

employed by the Division. As a government

pensionado he had been sent to study architecture at the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

He was the first Filipino architect with an academic title from an American institute of learning.


TOMAS MAPUA 1st registered architect entered public service

with Carlos Barretto graduate from Cornell

University Mapua Institute of

Technology De La Salle University Philippine General

Hospital Nurses Home


JUAN M. ARELLANO Architect and Painter

Legislative Building or the Old Congress Building Beaux Arts

tradition

• massing of the building, siting and handling of the approach, and above all the exterior detailing - Beaux Arts

-damaged at the end of World War II by the shelling of American troops advancing to liberate Manila. -later faithfully rebuilt with financial aid from the United States

Legislative Building

MANILA POST OFFICE BUILDING Arellano's masterpiece formal open court. Plaza Lawton (now Liwasang

Bonifacio) in front of the building visual breathing spaces

splendid and tall Ionic colonnade plan of the first two floors

consists =rectangle with two semicircles added at either end

middle portion are lighted and ventilated

by a rectangular court

METROPOLITAN THEATER OF MANILA principal facade was in

the form of a segmented arch with mosaic ornamentations between grilled openings

a great rectangular window of translucent glass, corresponding in size and shape to the theater proscenium

grill work at the entrances featured Art Deco birds of paradise.

exterior of the stage loft a vertical prism with decorated sides

visually very prominent. Filipino motifs for

decoration by employing stylized forms of Philippine plants.

staircases of marble while marveling at two mural paintings, entitled "The Dance" and "History of Music"

METROPOLITAN THEATER OF MANILA

Auditorium no viewing boxes on

the sides proscenium

bas-relief figures emblematic of music, tragedy, comedy and poetry.

Lamps on the sidewalks were in the shape of bamboo stalks.


1 ,670 people 846 in the orchestra 116 in the lodge 700 in the balcony

Arellano used the same flat arch in his design he had envisioned for the main entrance facade of the Metropolitan Theater.

Art Deco motifs, which included pieces of sculpture on the bases of the pillars and at the apse of the arches . were employed .


Arellano's Designs for U.P. and Other Buildings

MALCOLM HALL VILLAMOR HALL

CEBU PROVINCIAL CAPITOL

PANGASINAN PROVINCIAL CAPITOL

MANILA CITY HALL-Antonio Toledo

Quiz/ActivityPlate/Esquisse

Quiz 02 – American Period

1. What planning principle did Burnham use to design the City of Manila and Baguio?

2. One of the first building designed by Parson, which wall ornamentation are Glazed tile the roof was interrupted by three "California" gables?

3. Considered as one of the finest work of Parson which later on renovated by the prominent architect Leandro Locsin?

4. In Burnham Proposal of Manila Master Plan, thoroughfares were radiating from the government center in various directions. What are the 2 primary reasons of Burnham?

6. Arellano’s Masterpiece, it is designed with splendid and tall Ionic colonnade and planned first two floors with rectangle with two semicircles added at either end and middle portion are lighted and ventilated by a rectangular court. What is the name of this building?

7. Who was the first Filipino architect with academic title from an American Institute?

8. What architectural style that the Metropolitan Theater in Manila was influenced?

9.Why Burnham wanted to eliminate moat that surrounding Intramuros?

10. What is the First School offered the course Master Builder?

Answers:

1. What planning principle did Burnham use to design the City of Manila and Baguio? City Beautiful Movement

2. One of the first building designed by Parson, which wall ornamentation are Glazed tile the roof was interrupted by three "California" gables? Philippine Normal College

3. Considered as one of the finest work of Parson which later on renovated by the prominent architect Leandro Locsin? Manila Hotel

4. In Burnham Proposal of Manila Master Plan, thoroughfares were radiating from the government center in various directions. What are the 2 primary reasons of Burnham? Practical = center of governmental activity, readily accessible from all sides

Sentimental = every section of the capital city should look with deference toward the symbol of the nation's power

6. Arellano’s Masterpiece, it is designed with splendid and tall Ionic colonnade and planned first two floors with rectangle with two semicircles added at either end and middle portion are lighted and ventilated by a rectangular court. What is the name of this building?

Manila Post Office Building 7. Who was the first Filipino architect with academic

title from an American Institute? Carlos Barretto 8. What architectural style that the Metropolitan

Theater in Manila was influenced? Art Deco 9. Why Burnham wanted to eliminate moat that

surrounding Intramuros. For sanitary reason 10. What is the First School offered the course Master

Builder? Escuela Practica y Professional de Artes y Oficios de Manila

The Second Generation of Filipino Architects (Post-War Period)

Education

Fifty years with uncle sam - american period