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1 Can we afford CSCL? …and do we have the TIME? Paul A. Kirschner Open Universiteit Nederland

Euro Cat Cscl Paul Kirschner

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Can we afford CSCL?

…and do we have the TIME?

Paul A. Kirschner

Open Universiteit Nederland

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Affordances

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Affordance???

Possibility for action• reciprocal relation• perception-action coupling (you

perceive something and thus you do something)

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In other words, while an object can offer an opportunity, it

does not have an affordance

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What is CSCL?

• Learning• With others (Collaboration)• Supported by a computer network

contiguous learning group

asynchronous distributed learning

group

PLACE

TIMEasynchronous

time deferred

synchronous

co-presence

sameplace co-located

distributeddifferent

place

Problem-basedlearninggroups

(Electronic) projectrooms

Videoconferencing

Threadeddiscussion lists

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Premise 1

Artifacts and ourperception of theminfluence our behavior

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Premise 2

Behavior is determined by:• Culture• Material• Technology

In other words: Behavior is context-bound

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Premise 3

Education is always a combination of technological, social and pedagogic/educational affordances

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Educational

groupresponsibility

individualresponsibility

externalcontrol

internalcontrol

constructedtask

authentictask

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interdependence positive negative none

interaction promotive oppositional none

affordances acceptance, support, trust, liking

rejection, distrust, disliking

none

activitiesinformation exchange,

mutual influence, resource utilization

no or misleading communication

none

emotional involvement

high low none

cooperative competitive individualistic

Social

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Presence

Trust

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Cohesiveness / Group forming

Form Storm Norm Perform Adjourn

Belonging

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(Tele)proximity

Archetypical Social Affordance Devices

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Technical

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What’s time got to do with it?

Social awareness• Presence – Being aware of others• Cohesiveness – Group forming takes time• Trust – Needs to be built• Belonging – Feeling must grow

+ = Intermediate variables + = Variables not included in the research = Direct influence = Conditional or supporting effect

Closed‐Loop Communication

Attitudes & Beliefs

CoordinatingMechanisms

BehavioralComponents

DevelopmentalPerspective

Team Effectiveness

Team Orientation

Team Leadership

Mutual Performance Monitoring

Back-Up Behavior

Adaptability

Shared Mental Models

Mutual Trust

Psychological Safety

Forming Storming Norming Performing 1 Reforming Performing 2 Conforming

First meeting Phase 1 Transition Phase 2

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What’s time got to do with it?

Educational awareness• Transaction costs

– Communication– Coordination

• Benefits– Effectiveness– Efficiency– Understanding

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Elegant?

Unshared knowledge

External knowledge

Externalisation

Shared knowledge

Internalisation

Shared formalism

Negotiation process

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Negotiation Tool

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What’s time got to do with it?

Technological opportunities and constraints – Platform features– Synchronicity– Bandwidth– Mobility

Platform features + Learner features=

Learning AFFORDANCE

How can CSCL be optimized by proper usage of

technological, educational and social affordances?

Analyze the combination of

educational, social, and technological

affordances for collaborative learning.

Design CSCL (environments) and tools for optimizing (the perception of)

affordances for learning.

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Learner / user experience

Support / affordances

Constraints / conventions

How can we support what they do?What affordances are needed?

What are the physical, logical and cultural limitations encountered?

What do learners actually do?What do learners want to do?

Learner / user perceptions

Learner / user experience

Learning

How does the learner perceive the support?

How does the learner actually use the support?

What has the learner / learning group actually achieved?

Moltes gràcies / Muchas gracias / Kiitos paljon / Merci beaucoup /

Hartelijk bedankt / Thanks

[email protected]