TITLE: ESTIMATION OF CHEMICALS IN SOFT DRINKS

PRESENTATION SUBMITTED TO VIT UNIVERSITY

SUBMITTED BY- MOHIT DWIVEDI 12BCL0172 SOUMYA 12BEI0025 TARUN BANSAL 10BCE0337 SANJAY RAKESH 11BCH

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF FACULTY- SANGEETHA D. ASST. PROF. SENIOR SCHOOL OF ADVANCED SCIENCES VIT UNIVERSITY

24TH APRIL 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract Introduction Objective Theory Literature Reviews Experimental Work Result and discussion Conclusion References

ABSTRACT

Many youngsters today are addicted to the cool refreshing beverages, the soft drinks. Recently, Soft drink brands have been put into various questions regarding their purity. News flashed that they contain harmful pesticide, which aroused our interest in knowing its contents because we have been drinking them for so many years. We wanted to confirm whether the accusations on the major soft drink brands are true or not. Hence we took up this project.

INTRODUCTION

The era of cold drinks began in 1952 . The industry was established in India with launching of Limca and Goldspot by Parley group of companies. Since, the business involving cold drinks was highly profitable and luring, many MNCs launched their brands in India like Pepsi and Coke. Many people claim Sprite, Miranda, and Limca give feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up activate pulse and brain.

OBJECTIVE

Performing comparative study and qualitative analysis of different brands of soft drinks available in market.

THEORY Cold drinks consist of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate

ions etc. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the formation of froth on shaking the bottle. It is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y. On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:- Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugar beet which has about 10-17 % sucrose. The molecular formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture of glucose and free dose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.

LITERATURE REVIEWS

SOFT DRINKS WEIGHT STATUS AND HEALTH – NSW HEALTH

This report is aimed at: Indicating how much soft drink is being consumed in NSW in Australia and by whom.Examining the reasons why soft drinks are consumed .Providing an overview of the health consequences of a high consumption of soft drinks, particularly the evidence relating soft drink consumption to overweight and obesity.Exploring behaviour change options and strategies to reduce soft drink consumption.

CAN SOFT DRINK TAXES REDUCE POPULATION WEIGHT - Jason M. Fletcher, David Frisvold and Nathan TefftSoft drink consumption has been hypothesized as one of the major factors in the growing rates of obesity in the United States. Nearly two-thirds of all states currently tax soft drinks using excise taxes, sales taxes, or special exceptions to food exemptions from sales taxes to reduce consumption of this product, raise revenue, and improve public health. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of changes in state soft drink taxes on body mass index (BMI), obesity, and overweight. Our results suggest that soft drink taxes influence BMI, but that the impact is small in magnitude.

SOFT DRINKS, FRUCTOSE CONSUMPTION, AND THE RISK OF GOUT IN MEN: PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY - Hyon K Choi and Gary Curhan

During the 12 years of follow-up 755 confirmed incident cases of gout were reported. Increasing intake of sugar sweetened soft drinks was associated with an increasing risk of gout. Compared with consumption of less than one serving of sugar sweetened soft drinks a month the multivariate relative risk of gout for 5-6 servings a week was 1.29 (95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.68), for one serving a day was 1.45 (1.02 to 2.08), and for two or more servings a day was 1.85 (1.08 to 3.16; P for trend=0.002). Diet soft drinks were not associated with risk of gout (P for trend=0.99). The multivariate relative risk of gout according to increasing fifths of fructose intake were 1.00, 1.29, 1.41, 1.84, and 2.02 (1.49 to 2.75; P for trend <0.001). Other major contributors to fructose intake such as total fruit juice or fructose rich fruits (apples and oranges) were also associated with a higher risk of gout (P values for trend <0.05).

SOFT DRINKS – AMERICA – Judith ValentineNow that soft drinks are sold in almost all public and private schools, dentists are noticing a condition in teenagers that used to be found only in the elderly-a complete loss of enamel on the teeth, resulting in yellow teeth. The culprit is phosphoric acid in soft drinks, which causes tooth rot as well as digestive problems and bone loss. Dentists are reporting complete loss of the enamel on the front teeth in teenaged boys and girls who habitually drink sodas.

Normally the saliva is slightly alkaline, with a pH of about 7.4. When sodas are sipped throughout the day, as is often the case with teenagers, the phosphoric acid lowers the pH of the saliva to acidic levels. In order to buffer this acidic saliva, and bring the pH level above 7 again, the body pulls calcium ions from the teeth. The result is a very rapid depletion of the enamel coating on the teeth. When dentists do cosmetic bonding, they first roughen up the enamel with a chemical compound-that chemical is phosphoric acid! Young people who must have all their yellowed front teeth cosmetically bonded have already done part of the dentist's job, by roughening up the tooth surface with phosphoric acid.

SODA: THE SMOOTH CRIMINAL - André BrutusSoft drinks are 71% of the take-home sales in the supermarket and they have a “whopping 96.2% household penetration.” People buy them about twenty times a year, which makes soda the second most-bought item in Customer’s buying habits; the most bought item is bread (Male 51). On average, the ordinary American will end up drinking about 208 litres (or 55 gallons) of carbonated drinks per year (Applegate). One may ask: what is soda consumption doing to our health? For scientists, it is certain that soda consumption is not doing any good. Recent research has found that those who increase their soft drink consumption also increase their chances of getting diseases. People who consume soft drinks regularly are more likely to become obese, get some type of diabetes, and have bone related illnesses. Soft drink consumption is bad for peoples‟ health.

COCA-COLA AND PEPSI IN INDIAN MARKET - JESSE MYERS

India has proved to be perhaps the toughest battle ground for the Cola giants. Coca-Cola was the 1st international soft drinks brand to enter India in early 1970’s. Indian market was dominated by domestic brands, with Limca being the largest selling brand. Cola was the largest selling flavour with market share of 40%, Lemon drinks 31% and orange drinks only 19%.

Pure drinks, Delhi launched Campa-Cola, to take advantage of Coke’s exit and by the end of 70’s, was the only Cola drink in the Indian market. In 1980, Parle, another major Indian player launched ThumsUp, the drink which till date is most popular soft-drink in India.

PepsiCo entered as Lehar Pepsi in 1988.

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

DETECTION OF PH

1-2 drops of the sample of cold drink of each brand was taken and put on the pH paper. The change in the colour of pH paper was noticed and was compared with the standard pH scale.

Serial no. Brand Color change PH value

1 COCA COLA PINK 1-2

2 SPRITE ORANGE 3

3 LIMCA PINKISH 3-4

4 FANTA LIGHT ORANGE 2-3

Soft drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drink of different brands are different due to the variation in amount of acidic content.

TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the sample was passed through lime water. The lime water turned milky.

Serial No Brand Time taken Inference

1 COLA COLA 26 sec CO2 is present

2 SPRITE 21 sec CO2 is present

3 LIMCA 35 sec CO2 is present

4 FANTA 36 sec CO2 is present

All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for its tangy taste. CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED: Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2(g) CaCO3 (s) + H2O(s)

TEST-1 FOR GLUCOSE- Benedict’s solution test

A small sample of cold drink of different brands was taken in a test tube and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish colour confirms the presence of glucose in cold drinks.

Serial No Brand Observation Inference

1 COLA COLA Reddish color Glucose is present

2 SPRITE Reddish color Glucose is present

3 LIMCA Reddish color Glucose is present

4 FANTA Reddish color Glucose is present

All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict’s reagent. Hence all the drinks contain glucose.

TEST-2 FOR GLUCOSE- Fehling’s solution test

A small sample of cold drink of different brands was taken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehling’s A solution and Fehling’s B solution was added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in a water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirms the presence of glucose in cold drinks.

Serial No Brand Observation Inference

1 COLA COLA Reddish brown ppt. Glucose present

2 SPRITE Reddish brown ppt. Glucose present

3 LIMCA Reddish brown ppt. Glucose present

4 FANTA Reddish brown ppt. Glucose present

All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehling’s reagent. Hence all the drinks contain glucose.

TEST FOR PHOSPHATE Sample of each brand of cold drink was taken in a separate test tube and ammonium molybdate

followed by concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) was added to it, the solution was taken heated and the colour of the precipitate confirms the presence of phosphate ions.

Serial No Brand Time taken Inference

1 COLA COLA Canary yellow ppt. PO4- is present

2 SPRITE Canary yellow ppt. PO4- is present

3 LIMCA Canary yellow ppt. PO4- is present

4 FANTA Canary yellow ppt. PO4- is present

All the soft drinks contain phosphate ions which are detected by the presence of phosphate when canary yellow colour appeared.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED: NaHPO4 + 12 (NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 +3H+ (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 +21HN4NO3 +12H2O

TEST FOR ALCOHOL Samples of each brand of cold drinks are taken in sample test tube and iodine followed by potassium iodide

and NaOH solution is added to each test tube. Then the test tube are heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes yellow coloured precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks

Serial No Brand Time taken Inference

1 COLA COLA Yellow ppt. Alcohol is present

2 SPRITE Yellow ppt. Alcohol is present

3 LIMCA Yellow ppt. Alcohol is present

4 FANTA Yellow ppt. Alcohol is present

All the Brands of Cold Drinks Contain Alcohol.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED:CH3CH2OH +4I2+ 6NaOHàCHI3 + HCOONa +5NaI +5H2O

TEST FOR SUCROSE 5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks was taken in a china dish and heated very strongly until

changes occur. Black coloured residue left confirms the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.

Serial No Brand Time taken Inference

1 COLA COLA Black residue Sucrose is present

2 SPRITE Black residue Sucrose is present

3 LIMCA Black residue Sucrose is present

4 FANTA Black residue Sucrose is present

All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contained highest amount of sucrose.

RESULT After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of cold drinks

namely

1. Coca cola

2. Sprite

3. Limca

4. Fanta

All contain glucose, alcohol sucrose, phosphate, ions and carbon dioxide. All are acidic in nature.

On comparing the pH value of different brands coca cola is most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken.

pH value of coca cola is nearly equal to disinfectant which is harmful for body.

Sprite has maximum amount of dissolved Co2 while Fanta has the minimum

CONCLUSIONS

There are many disadvantages of having cold-drinks.

Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As they contain sugar in large amount which cause “diabetes”.

Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body’s natural ability to suppress hunger feeling.

Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also harmful for our bones.

Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8. So they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days.

For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly concessive material.