FUTURISTIC MATERIALS FOR STRATEGIC APPLICATIONS

SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH19, UNIVERSITY ROAD, DELHI-110 007

Email : sridlhi@vsnl.com Website : www.shriraminstitute.org

Presented by :

DR. R.K. KHANDALDIRECTOR

Maximum output from minimum inputs is the key criteria

Innovation means High Level of Creativity; acceptable to all !

Futuristic Materials

Ahead of times

Innovative

Revolutionary

Dynamics of Future

Futuristic Materials

Applications Sustainability Continuity

Existence KnowledgeGrowth

• Safety

• Security

• Infrastructure

• Industry

• Value Addition

• Value Creation

• Health • Energy • Continuos improvement

Better living standards

Increasing population

Developments in science & technology

Products’ Functionality

End-use applications

Miniaturization of products

Energy, food & water

Safety, health

Market forces &

competition

National security

Environment Protection

Sustainability

New or modified materials & processes

New & adapted product

Opportunities Challenges

Futuristic Materials: Drivers

Challenges & Opportunities are the drivers of Innovations

Future Challenges

Energy Dependence on fossil fuels

Sustainability Parameters

Present Status

Future Challenges

Food

Environment

Security

Localized self- reliance

Global warmingGHG emissions

PolarizationGlobal dynamics

Tapping renewable resources

SecuritySafety

ProtectionGreen technology

EmpowermentSovereignty

Sustainability

Challenges of future would be overcome by unique futuristic materials

Materials: Requirements & Challenges

Agro

Renewable resources

Green buildings

Modifying materials

Energy efficientGreen substitutesWealth

Better functionalityCost-effectiveness

Environment protection

Food Safety

Security

Solar

Hydro

Global warmingWaste

Heat,light,electricityFuelFuel & Electricity

Plastic Value added products Agro Composites

Novel materials

Parameters Challenges

Localized self- reliance

Security & Safety

Futuristic materials would render devices required to overcome challenges

Materials as Renewable Resources

•Solar•Agro•Hydro

Solar Energy : ConversionSolar Energy

Electrical (Photovoltaics) Thermal

Ele

ctri

c E

ner

gy

Th

erm

al E

ner

gy

Thermo Chemical Process

Ch

emic

al E

ner

gy

Mec

han

ical

En

erg

y

Photon

Solar Thermal; Most exploited : Material & Design specific Solar Chemical; Evolving : Material specific

Electrochemical

Need exists for development of materials capable of converting solar energy to chemical energy i.e. photochemical conversion

Solar Energy : Photochemical Conversion

For degradation of undesired

molecules

Create new species /

molecules

Solar Energy

Transform one form to another

Bio or chemical degradation

Association Linkages Conversions

Reversible Irreversible

Photochemical Conversion

Development of materials active under solar energy; various spectral regions & their intrinsic properties

Photoactive materials would enable tapping solar energy

Materials for Energy Conversion : Semiconductors

Challenge is to maneuver the band gap;sensitive to visible light.

6.3 eV 3.15 eV 1.58 eV

U.V

200 nm 400 nm 800 nm

Visible

TiO2

ZnOCdS

WO3

Band gap Energy

EMS()

TiO2 = 3.20 eV

ZnO = 3.35 eV

WO3 = 2.80 eV

CdS = 2.42 eV

Semiconductors are the most ideal and preferred materials.

Solar Energy : Scope & Challenges

Dilute (1kW/cm2)

Materials for thermal conversion are well developed & being exploited.

Intermittent (2-8 hrs/day)

Concentrated (High energy density)

INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC

Storable (24 hrs/day)

Easy accessibility

Solar energy Photochemical pathway Fuel High grade

energy

Low accessibility

Thermal Chemical

MaterialsMetalsGlassPolymer

DevicesCollectorsMirrorsPlates

?

Designing materials for harnessing solar energy through photochemical conversion is the challenge.

Materials active in visible light would be the aim for photochemical conversion.

SCOPEENERGY CHALLENGES

Materials for photochemical conversion

Futuristic Materials : Photochemical Conversion

Nanostructures

Advantages Utilization of unabsorbed part of solar spectrum Reduced heat dissipation

100 nm50 nm

Rea

ctiv

ity

10 nmSize (nm)

Mesoporous

Nanotubes & Nanowires

Quantum Dots

Renewable Resources : Agro Sector

For wine productionNot a viable feedstock of ethanol in transport fuel

For potable ethanol productionNon viable feedstock of ethanol in transport fuel

Cassava has been used for potable ethanol productionCant become major feedstock

Technology is still under development stage

Plant Biofuel

Cellulosics & Lignocellulosics

Fruits

Grains

Tuber

“Food vs Fuel” is a challenge to realize agri products for fuel

Futuristic Materials: Hydro based

Light will be captured by the Ruthenium, electrons will move from the donor(D) to acceptor(A), electrons will be taken from the water by the donor, just as in nature and will be used to make hydrogen

DONOR This system is a analogue to Dye-senstized solar cell

Photon

ACCEPTOR

Coupled Supercomplexes for Water Splitting

Materials for Environment Protection

Smart materials

Green Buildings

Solar Selectivity : Materials Response Frequency (Hz)

Visib

le

Infrared

Ultra

vio

let

X-ra

ys

Co

sm

ic ray

s

1081010101210141016101810201022R

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Ga

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Mic

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High Potential for harnessing the solar energy

Processes involved Inner

electronic transition

Outer electronic transition

Molecular Vibrations

Molecular rotations vibrations

Electron spin resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance

Change at atomic & molecular levels can become the via media for harnessing solar energy.

Solar sensitive materials undergo region specific transition Solar energy conversion

Energy Efficient Materials : Requirements

Thin coatings based on the unique properties of spectrally selective materials on building components can help conserve energy.

Criteria Requirement Design Materials

Admit light,

reject solar heat

Transmit: 400 to 700nmReflect: 700 to >2500nm

Solar heating

Radiativecooling

Transmit /absorb: <2500nm

Reflect : >2500nm

Emit : >5000nm

TiO2 Bi2O3 Zn/ Cu, Ag, Au/TiO2

Bi2O3

Al2O3 / MO/ Al2O3

SiO2;oxynitrides

Dielectric/ Metal/

Dielectric layer

Cermet Coating

Oxides

Semiconductor

Futuristic Materials : Amorphous Metals

Super-cooled; Glassy metals

Twice as strong as steel

Unique electronic properties

Suitable for military applications & power grid applications

Futuristic Materials : Metal foams

Titanium hydride + Molten aluminium Metal foam

High strength to weight ratio

Strong; Light; 75-95% empty space

Futuristic material for building floating cities

cool

Smart Futuristic Materials : Green Buildings

On exposure to inputs, some materials exhibit change Utilization of such materials is key for green buildings

Thermochromic

Material Input

Heat

Electrochromic

Photochromic Radiation (light)

Output

Colour

Electroluminescent Electric potential

Solar Radiation

Heat

LightPhotoluminescent

Thermoluminescent

Piezoelectric Mechanical Force

Heat

Electric potentialShapePyroelectric

Electrostrictive

Magnetostrictive Magnetic potential

Electric Potential

Materials for Security

Nanocomposites

Metamaterials

Modifying existing materials

Designing novel materials

Futuristic Materials: NanomaterialsShapes

Quantum dots

Size

Nanoparticles

Nanowires

Nanotubes

1-10 nm

1-100 nm

1-100 nm

1-100 nm

Materials

Metals, Semi-conductor, Magnetic materials

Ceramic oxides

Carbon, layered metal chalcogenides

Nanoporous solids

2-D arrays

0.5-10 nm

Several nm2-µm2

Metals, oxides, sulfides, nitrides, Semi-conductors

Zeolites, phosphates, etc.

The unique size & shape of nanomaterials have led to novel chemistries

Metals, Semi-conductor, Magnetic materials

Surface & thin films 1-1000 nm A variety of materials

Futuristic Materials: Fullerenes

Chemically and Physically stableHigh Tensile strengthHighest packing densityResilient; Used in combat armorBase material for superconductors and insulatorsSuitable for hydrogen storage

Unique chemistry

Superconductive materials; Ideal for electronics

300 times stronger than steel

Futuristic Materials: Carbon Nanotubes

Futuristic Materials: Metamaterials

= µrr

Metamaterials are engineered to have EM responses which are impossible in naturally occurring materials

1

2

1

2

+ve R.I.

-ve R.I.

Refractive Index

= µrr

µr: Permeability to magnetic field r: Permeability to electric field

µr or r= - ve Induced phenomena

µr, r= +ve Natural phenomena

Thank You