DIGESTIVE SYTEM OF VERTEBRATES

Digestion

•Lipids to Fatty Acids

•Proteins to individual Amino Acids

•Carbohydrates into simple sugar

Phases of Digestion

Ingestion

Movement

Digestion

Absorption

Further digestion

Digestive TractMouth (Oral Cavity)

Tongue

Parotid GlandSublingual GlandSubmandibular Gland

Salivary Glands

Esophagus

Liver

Gallbladder

Small Intestine•Doudenum•Jejunum•Ileum

Pharynx

Stomach

Pancreas

Spleen

Large Intestine•Transverse Colon•Ascending Colon•Cecum•Sigmoid Colon•Rectum•Appendix •Anal Canal

Anus

•Descending Colon

Digestive Tracts of Vertebrates

Oral Cavity

Fish Tetrapods

Mammalian

Palate

•Primary Palate: internal nares lead into the oral cavity anteriorly.

•Secondary Palate: Nassal passages are located above the secondary palate and open at the end of the oral cavity

Teeth

Teeth

Morphological Variations of Teeth

Tongue

Amphibiansprimary tongue (or hypobranchial eminence) + glandular field (or tuberculum impar) ('stuffed' with hypobranchial musculature)

Reptiles and Mammalsprimary tongue + glandular field (or tuberculum impar) + lateral lingual swellings (more hypobranchial muscle)Birds lateral lingual swellings are suppressed & intrinsic muscle is usually lacking

Tongue

Turtle

Crocodile

Ostrich

Whale

TongueSnake

Insectivorous

Lizard

Amphibian

Humming Bird

Tongue

Cat Dog Monkey

Human

Tongue

Functions:•Capturing and Gathering food•Taste •Manipulating fluids and solids in the oral cavity•Swallowing •Thermoregulation •Grooming •Human speech

Oral Glands

•Saliva

•Poison

•Anticoagulant

Pharynx

Pharynx

Pharynx

Esophagus

Bird

Stomach

Stomach

Intestine

Intestine

Accessory Organs

Cecum

Thank You!