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Financial —
Ellen Kester is the founder and owner of Bilinguistics. Ellen Kester and Scott Prathreceive salaries from Bilinguistics. Bilinguistics receives royalties from product sales.
Nonfinancial — None
• Bilingualism and Language • Typical Language Development in Bilinguals▫ Form Syntax Morphology
▫ Content• Application to All Languages• Case Studies
Outline
Demographic Example: Texas Public Schools
48%
34%
14%4%
How do we qualify and work with a bilingual population when:
▫ The tests we use are not normed on this population.
▫ My gut feeling doesn’t match the test results.▫ I don’t know what goals are appropriate.
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Difference vs. Disorder
NORMAL ERRORS
SECOND-LANGUAGE INFLUENCE
ATYPICAL ERRORS
S Se Se SE Es Es E
Spanish
Engl
ishED BE
BS
SD
ED = English DominantBE = Bilingual EnglishBS = Bilingual SpanishSD = Spanish Dominant
Spanish
Engl
ishED BE
BS
SD
ED = English DominantBE = Bilingual EnglishBS = Bilingual SpanishSD = Spanish Dominant
Low Spanish
Proficiency
Spanish
Engl
ishED BE
BS
SD
ED = English DominantBE = Bilingual EnglishBS = Bilingual SpanishSD = Spanish Dominant
High English
Proficiency
Low English
Proficiency
Spanish
Engl
ishED BE
BS
SD
ED = English DominantBE = Bilingual EnglishBS = Bilingual SpanishSD = Spanish Dominant
Spanish
Engl
ishED BE
BS
SD
ED = English DominantBE = Bilingual EnglishBS = Bilingual SpanishSD = Spanish Dominant
Low English
Proficiency
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Conceptual
L1 Lexical L2 Lexical
(Kroll, Michael, Tokowicz, & Dufour, 2002; Kroll, van Hell, Tokowicz, & Green, 2010)
Conceptual
L1 Lexical L2 Lexical
(Kroll, Michael, Tokowicz, & Dufour, 2002; Kroll, van Hell, Tokowicz, & Green, 2010)
Conceptual
L1 Lexical L2 Lexical
(Kroll, Michael, Tokowicz, & Dufour, 2002; Kroll, van Hell, Tokowicz, & Green, 2010)
Conceptual
L1 Lexical L2 Lexical
(Kroll, Michael, Tokowicz, & Dufour, 2002; Kroll, van Hell, Tokowicz, & Green, 2010)
• Children tend to shift - L1 to L2▫ 8-10 year-olds were faster in English
but more accurate in Spanish.▫ 11-13-year-olds showed no clear
advantage in either language.▫ By 14-16 years of age children were
more accurate and faster in English.
• Consider:▫ Transitional programs▫ Dual language programs
Language Activity
Children code switch between languages because they don’t know
either language well.
FACTor
MYTH
Language Activity
Raising children with two languages will confuse them.
FACTor
MYTH
Language Activity
Parents should not use more than one language with their child.
FACTor
MYTH
Language Activity
Children with language impairment should not learn more than one
language at a time.
FACTor
MYTH
Differences Similarities
+ = Positive transfer
+ = Negative transfer
• 0-1 month – crying and vegetative sounds• 2-3 months – eye gaze• 6-9 months – joint attention• 9-12 months – using gestures• 12-15 months – following simple commands• 18 months – symbolic play, pretend play• 24 months – sequencing of activities• 36 months – episodic play
• Based on the Competition Model as applied to bilingual development (MacWhinney & Bates, 1989)
▫ Forward Transfer (L1 to L2) expected for ELLs
• The effects of Spanish on English can result in errors in:▫ Verb errors (especially unmarked present for past
tense)▫ Content word errors (more than general words)▫ Prepositions▫ Pronouns▫ Word order
05
101520253035
PK K 1st 2nd 3rd
Num
ber o
f Err
ors
Mean Errors Per Grade Spanish
SpnMorph
SpnSemantic
SpnSyntactic
SpnTotal
05
101520253035
PK K 1st 2nd 3rdNu
mbe
r of E
rror
s
Mean Errors Per Grade English
EngMorph
EngSemantic
EngSyntactic
EngTotal
Cross-linguistic Errors in Children with Typical Development
05
101520253035
PK K 1st 2nd 3rd
Num
ber o
f Err
ors
Mean Errors Per Grade Spanish
SpnMorph
SpnSemantic
SpnSyntactic
SpnTotal
05
101520253035
PK K 1st 2nd 3rdNu
mbe
r of E
rror
s
Mean Errors Per Grade English
EngMorph
EngSemantic
EngSyntactic
EngTotal
Cross-linguistic Errors in Children with Typical Development
Morphological Errors Spanish
012345678
Plurals
Adj/Adv
Negati
onOthe
r
Verb:P
ast/P
resen
t
Verb:P
resen
t/Pas
tVerb
:Reg
/Irreg
Verb:U
nmark
edPres
/Past
Verb:P
erson
Verb:O
ther
Gende
r
PKK123
Morphological Errors English
012345678
Plurals
Adj/Adv
Negati
on
Other
Verb:Pas
t/Pres
ent
Verb:Pres
ent/P
ast
Verb:R
eg/Irr
eg
Verb:U
nmark
edPres
/Past
Verb:Pers
onVerb
:Othe
r
PKK1st2nd3rd
Bilingualism and Language: Form
Morphological Errors Spanish
012345678
Plurals
Adj/Adv
Negati
onOthe
r
Verb:P
ast/P
resen
t
Verb:P
resen
t/Pas
tVerb
:Reg
/Irreg
Verb:U
nmark
edPres
/Past
Verb:P
erson
Verb:O
ther
Gende
r
PKK123
Morphological Errors English
012345678
Plurals
Adj/Adv
Negati
on
Other
Verb:Pas
t/Pres
ent
Verb:Pres
ent/P
ast
Verb:R
eg/Irr
eg
Verb:U
nmark
edPres
/Past
Verb:Pers
onVerb
:Othe
r
PKK1st2nd3rd
Bilingualism and Language: Form
Morphological Errors Spanish
012345678
Plurals
Adj/Adv
Negati
onOthe
r
Verb:P
ast/P
resen
t
Verb:P
resen
t/Pas
tVerb
:Reg
/Irreg
Verb:U
nmark
edPres
/Past
Verb:P
erson
Verb:O
ther
Gende
r
PKK123
Morphological Errors English
012345678
Plurals
Adj/Adv
Negati
on
Other
Verb:Pas
t/Pres
ent
Verb:Pres
ent/P
ast
Verb:R
eg/Irr
eg
Verb:U
nmark
edPres
/Past
Verb:Pers
onVerb
:Othe
r
PKK1st2nd3rd
Bilingualism and Language: Form
Morphological Errors Spanish
012345678
Plurals
Adj/Adv
Negati
onOthe
r
Verb:Pas
t/Pres
ent
Verb:Pres
ent/P
ast
Verb:R
eg/Irr
eg
Verb:U
nmark
edPres
/Past
Verb:Pers
onVerb
:Othe
rGen
der
PKK123
Morphological Errors English
012345678
Plurals
Adj/Adv
Negati
on
Other
Verb:Pas
t/Pres
ent
Verb:Pres
ent/P
ast
Verb:R
eg/Irr
eg
Verb:U
nmark
edPres
/Past
Verb:Pers
onVerb
:Othe
r
PKK1st2nd3rd
Bilingualism and Language: Form
012345678
Syntax Errors English
PK
K
1st
2nd
3rd
012345678
Syntax Errors Spanish
PK
K
1st
2nd
3rd
Bilingualism and Language: Form
Verb Differences - Form
English (2 verb person forms) Spanish (5-6 verb person forms)
• I eat• You eat • He eats • We eat • Y’all eat• They eat
• Yo como • Tú comes• Él/Ella/Ud. come • Nosotros comemos • Vosotros coméis• Ellos comen
Most frequent Spanish-influenced English (SIE) verb error:Unmarked present tense for past tense
Pronouns - Form
• Spanish is called a Pro-Drop language because subjects/pronouns are usually dropped once the subject has been established.
• In English, pronouns are required.
Spanish English
Maria fue a la tienda. (Ella) Compró pan.
Maria went to the store. Shebought bread.
Multi-Purpose Verbs
Spanish phrases with multi‐purpose verbs
English Equivalents Spanish‐Influenced English
Tomar una decisión To make a decision Did you take a decision?*
Poner una cita To make an appointment Do you want to put an appointment?*
Tener hambre To be hungry Do you have hunger?*
Tener 4 años To be 4‐years old I have 4 years.*
•Verbs such as “do,” “make,” “put,” and “take” generally have one primary meaning and other less frequent uses. • Subject to transfer of meaning from L1.
Word Order - Form
English Spanish
• Strict Word Order• SVO▫ John threw the ball.
• Flexible• SVO, OSV, VOS▫ Juan tiró la pelota.▫ La pelota Juan tiró.▫ Tiró la pelota Juan.
Semantic Errors English
012345678
Meanin
gXStor
y
Articles
Prepos
itions
Pronou
nsPron
ounN
oRefe
rent
Genera
l Word
Use
Word U
se
PKK1st2nd3rd
012345678
Semantic Errors Spanish
PK
K
1st
2nd
3rd
Bilingualism and Language: Content
Semantic Errors English
012345678
Meanin
gXStor
y
Articles
Prepos
itions
Pronou
nsPron
ounN
oRefe
rent
Genera
l Word
Use
Word U
se
PKK1st2nd3rd
012345678
Semantic Errors Spanish
PK
K
1st
2nd
3rd
Bilingualism and Language: Content
Prepositions
Semantic Errors English
012345678
Meanin
gXStor
y
Articles
Prepos
itions
Pronou
nsPron
ounN
oRefe
rent
Genera
l Word
Use
Word U
se
PKK1st2nd3rd
012345678
Semantic Errors Spanish
PK
K
1st
2nd
3rd
Bilingualism and Language: Content
Pronoun Dropping
Semantic Errors English
012345678
Meanin
gXStor
y
Articles
Prepos
itions
Pronou
nsPron
ounN
oRefe
rent
Genera
l Word
Use
Word U
se
PKK1st2nd3rd
012345678
Semantic Errors Spanish
PK
K
1st
2nd
3rd
Bilingualism and Language: Content
Word Use
English
• Satellite-framed▫ verb + preposition▫ e.g., To look for,▫ To get on
• Typically 1:1 correspondence of meaning▫ In▫ On ▫ Around
Spanish
• Verb-framed▫ Directional information in
the verb▫ e.g. Buscar (to look for)▫ Subir (to get/go up on)
• Not 1:1 correspondence of meaning▫ En = on, in▫ Por = for, by
Preposition Differences - Content
Frequent Spanish-influenced English (SIE) error:Preposition error or omission
Prepositions - ContentSpanish Prepositions English Equivalent Spanish‐influenced Eng
en “in” and “on” Put the food in the plate.*, Put the soup on the bowl.*
Pensar en OR Pensar de To think about or think of I think on him every day.*
Enojarse con/de Get mad at Get mad with/of*
Decidir de To decide on Decide ofwhat you want?*
Casarse con To marry or be married to Is he married with her?*
Enamorarse de To be in love with Is he in love of her?*
Consistir en To consist of What does your plan consist in?*
Buscar To look for I look my toy.*
Subir To go up, to get on I go the stairs.*
Click here to download this chart as a pdf.
Pronoun Differences• English▫ Pronouns are required▫ Once subject is
established a pronoun is used
▫ Related to the simple verb system
• Spanish▫ Pro-drop language▫ Once subject is
established, pronoun is dropped
▫ Related to the complex verb system
Frequent Spanish-influenced English (SIE) error:Pronoun without a reference
Content Errors• Spanish-influenced English may include use of
words close in meaning to the target ▫ “moose” for “deer”▫ “turtle” for “frog”▫ “rat” for “chipmunk”▫ “cone house of the bees” for “beehive”
• Typically do not use general, non-specific vocabulary (“this,” “thing”)
Frequent SIE error:Incorrect but related vocabulary
• Bilingual children develop early vocabulary at the same rate as monolingual children (Pearson, 1993).
• Early language milestones are similar (single words, lexical spurt, 2-word phrases) (Pearson and
Fernandez, 2001).• Conceptual scores are similar (Pearson, 1998).• Language exposure drives vocabulary
production (Pearson, Fernandez, Lewedeg, and Oller, 1997)
• For bilingual toddlers 30% of vocabulary are translation equivalents1
• Young school-age bilinguals produce same # of category items in Spanish and English BUT 70% are unique to one language2
• Task performance varies by language3
• 1 Pearson, Fernandez & Oller, 1995• 2 Peña, Bedore & Zlatic, 2002• 3 Peña, Bedore, & Rappazzo, 2003
Cumulative not ComparativeLanguage and Content of Intervention Select based on what is appropriate in each language and
what is appropriate for child’s and family’s situation. For example:
Spanish•Gender•Verbs•Article+nouns•Food •Clothing•Household items
Both•People•Functions•Categorization•Part-Whole
English•Pronouns•Prepositions•Nouns•Colors•Numbers•Shapes
Peña & Kester, 2004
Code-switching
• A natural dynamic phenomenon that serves specific purposes in specific contexts.
• Used for a variety of functions▫ Emphasis▫ To gain a listener’s attention▫ To change speaking roles
• Draws on the resources of both codes at once• Rule-based• Indicative of socio-linguistic competency
00.5
11.5
22.5
PK K 1 2 3Aver
age
Occ
urre
nces
per
sa
mpl
e
Spanish Code-Switching/Borrowing
CS Word
CS Phrase
CS Sentence
CS Total
CS Borrow
Measures of Productivity & ComplexityOften used as measures of proficiencyLook very similar in English and Spanish
Mean Length of Utterances Spanish
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PK K 1st 2nd 3rd
MLU MLU Words
MLU Morphemes
Mean Lenth of Utterances English
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PK K 1st 2nd 3rd
MLU MLU Words
MLU Morphemes
Productivity Measures Spanish
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
PK K 1st 2nd 3rd
NDWTNW
Productivity Measures English
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
PK K 1st 2nd 3rd
NDWTNW
NDW: Number of Different Words
TNW: Number of Total Words
Spanish-Influenced EnglishLinguistic Element Spanish Syntax English Syntax Examples of SIE
Sentences Flexible Word Order Ridged Word Order “Juan me hit.”
Modifiers Noun + Adjective Adjective + Noun The river big.
Questions No auxiliary Auxiliary “Where you went?”
Pronouns Pronoun dropping Maintenance of pronouns
“Is hot today.”
Negation Double Single “I no want nothing”
Plurals Nouns & Adjectives marked
Only nouns marked “The bigs trees”
Prepositions (syntax)
Verb‐framed Satellite‐framed To climb (on*) the bus.
Multi‐purpose verbs (semantics)
Often no Direct Translation
Often no Direct Translation
I put an appointment.
Verb system Complex (3rd
person unmarked, 5‐6 person forms/verb)
Simple (3rd person marked, 2 person forms/verb)
He look for the frog
Intervening with other languages of the world
Vietnamese
Romanian
HindiUrdu
Arabic
Other Common Languages
• “difference between ___________ and English Language”
Portuguese vs. English
• Grammar - Verb/Tense: Portuguese leads to such errors as…▫ Tense choice is a significant problem for…
• Grammar - Other: Portuguese word order is…• Vocabulary: Because of shared Latin roots…
Russian vs. English
• Grammar - Verb/Tense: Russian and English convey meaning through…
• learners often omit the auxiliary in questions or negatives: How you do that?▫ Tense choice is a significant problem for Russians
learning English…• Grammar - Other: Russian has no articles…
Language Outcomes
• Qualifies• DNQ
• DNQ• DNQ
Typical in both
languages
Typical in English,
not Spanish
Below normal
Limits in both
languages
Typical in Spanish,
not English
Click to visit www.bilinguistics.com
Difference or Disorder? Understanding Speech and Language Patterns in Culturally and Linguistically
Diverse Students
Rapidly identify speech‐language patterns related to second language acquisition to distinguish difference from disorder.
Thank you!