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Presentation for a doctoral seminar at the Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow, UK, March 25, 2010. The argument put forth is that open, distributed infrastructures are the way go for networked learning, particularly in the non-formal settings that are needed for professional development to thrive.
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Designing open infrastructures for professional development
Peter B. SloepSupporting Sustainable eLearning Forum
March 25, 2010 Glasgow
Sunday, March 28, 2010
overview• the problem - six use cases
• inspiration - open source networks
• a hypothesis- Learning Networks
• performance tests - design research
• design requirements - two scenarios
• break
• discussion - summarise, discuss, report back
Sunday, March 28, 2010
the problemsix use cases
1
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update & upgrade
James is a chemical engineer working for an SME. He wants to pursue a career as a water manager with the local water board. He therefore needs to update and upgrade his skills.
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extendJean, a lawyer working for a
pharmaceutical company, finds out she needs to expand her knowledge in order to get a
more thorough understanding of the science part of the company,
in particular about biotechnology.
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internal knowledge
sharing/buildingA multinational wants to do away with its travelling road show of
trainers and stimulate its employees to study online. They
also want to stimulate the build-up of a collective knowledge base and stimulate the emergence of
communities of practice.
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innovationThe association of public
libraries wants to rethink its role in society and retrain its personel in the process.
Collaborative open innovation and creativity as well as joint sense making and learning are key.
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keeping up to date
An SME wants to innovate constantly and therefore needs to keep its personel up to date. Collaborative open innovation and creativity as well as joint sense making and learning are key.
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world-wide knowledge
sharingA large international agency wants to distribute existing
knowledge on a particular topic more equitably. Not duplicating
existing work and world-wide knowledge sharing are key.
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inspirationopen source networks
2
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‘Internet technologies radically undermine organizational structures because they reduce the cost of communications and transactions toward an asymptote of zero (p.171).’
Hence, go online.
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‘This enables the formation of ‘episodic communities on demand’, so-called virtual organizations that come together frictionlessly for a particular task and then redistribute to the next task just as smoothly.’
Hence, use a networked approach.
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• There are deeper levels to the book
• micro-foundations, what drives people: pride; being an innovator; self-promotion; doing things together
• macro-organisation, how to make it work: co-ordination (individual incentives, shared norms, and leadership), cope with complexity (division of labour)
Weber, S. (2004). The Success of Open Source. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press.
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a hypothesisLearning Networks
3
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a hypothesis
All use cases may be addressed by working with Learning Networks, online, social networks that have been modelled after networks for open source software development.
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formallearning
non-formallearning
informallearning
initial education
post-initial education
‘ordinary’ education
rare occasion
out of scope
‘continuous’ education
lifelong learning
out of scope
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A Learning Network = DF
an online social network that is specifically designed to support lifelong learning and lifelong professional development
(note: emphasis on post-initial education)
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performance testsdesign research
4
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smokesmoke
S1 S2 S3
Ia Ib
Ic
play online games
therapy
do nothing
healthy out of balance
addicted
theoretical models
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• such models are tested by predicting future behaviour (a hypothesis) and comparing it with actual behaviour (data)
• this leads to confirmation, rejection, but usually adaptation of the model
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• a Learning Network is a natural system, but one that is designed for a purpose: artefact
• its design is based on confirmed knowledge and to the extent that that is missing, on assumed knowledge (and we never have full knowledge)
• so artefacts may fail to do what they were designed to do
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Si
St
SoI
targeted state of the system (artefact) is different than the obtained (observed) state
the existence of a difference means: i) our theoretical model is wrongii) our assumptions are wrong
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• unlike natural systems artefacts are tested for performance (so you need criteria!)
• testing leads to rejection, acceptance, but usually redesign
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goals to be achieved
goals achieved
learning activities
teacherperception
teacherdesign
teacherdesign
studentperception
learning activities
design for social learning
Wiebe Bijker: the interpretative flexibility of artefacts (philosophy of technology)
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design requirementstwo scenarios
5
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support services• online profiling
• e-portfolio
• assessment of (prior) learning
• collaboration support (scheduling)
• off-topic socialising
• content matching
• coaching & tutoring (peer, teacher)
• authoring
• network visualisation
• billing
• live streaming
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• there is an organisation which is in control, acts as a one-stop-shop for services
• an online environment is designed, developed, maintained by them
• you have to ‘go there’ to participate in the network
• it is a closed infrastructure
centralised control
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examples
• VLEs such as Moodle, Blackboard
• Content Management systems such as Sharepoint, Drupal
• portals such iGoogle, Netvibes, Liferay
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distributed control
• your desktop is your environment, no one is in control
• use all kinds of Web 2.0 tools to assemble an open infrastructure for learning
• but: tools should somehow be interoperable (APIs, open social, Open ID, IMS tool interoperability, widgets)
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examples• LinkedIn, FaceBook, Yammer, Academia
• Mindmeister, Google docs
• Twitter, Jabber
• Slideshare
• Del.icio.us, Zotero, CiteUlike, Connotea
• Wikipedia, Wikiversity, Wikibooks
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break
6
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in summarysummarise, discuss,
report back
7
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1. the problem - design for professional development, taking personal and organisational interests into account
2. inspiration - open source development shows the way
3. a hypothesis - networks for learning, best modelled after open source networks?
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4. test - use a design-research methodology for ‘hypothesis’ testing
5. requirements - look at what we already know about learning and interaction
6. two solution scenarios - differentiate between a centralised and distributed approach
Sunday, March 28, 2010
Yochai BenklerUniversity networks and technical platforms will have to focus on managing the increasingly permeable boundaries among universities, and between universities and the world outside them. University platform design should be focused on ensuring that faculty and students have the greatest degree possible of authority and capacity to act freely, innovate internally, and participate externally.
Benkler, Y. (2009). The Tower and the Cloud: Higher Education in the Age of Cloud Computing. In R. N. Katz (Ed.), The University in the Networked Economy and Society: Challenges and Opportunities (pp. 51-61). Educause.
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questions 1. How should one piece together out of
existing ‘parts’ a learning environment for the distributed scenario?
2. Is my list of services jointly exhaustive and mutually exclusive?
3. What ‘applications’ match what services?
4. How can this be made economically viable?
Sunday, March 28, 2010
Questions?Follow-up
mail: peter.sloep <at> ou.nlhttp:pbsloep.nlhttp:celstec.org
http:dspace.ou.nltwitter: pbsloepjabber: pbsloep
del.icio.us: pbsloepslideshare: pbsloep
Sunday, March 28, 2010